Metodologija NIR-a - drugi dio - Prof. dr. Nijaz Bajgorić nijaz.bajgoric@efsa.unsa.ba www.efsa.unsa.ba/~nijaz.bajgoric 3/10/2008
Naučni radovi i publikacije; struktuiranje magistarskog rada (master teze) 3/10/2008
Karakteristični problemi prilikom strukturiranja istraživanja/magistarskog rada: Nedovoljna znanja u smislu naučno-istraživačkih metoda, tehnika i metodologija Nepripremljenost u pogledu research metodologije Pogrešno shvatanje poistovjećivanje naučnog i stručnog rada Nedovoljno poznavanje naučnih paradigmi, kvantitativnih i kvalitatitivnih metoda, tehnika i metodologija Pogrešne percepcije u smislu šta je to istraživanje i istraživački rad Problemi kod definisanja teza, predmeta, cilja, istraživanja Neadekvatan pregled dostignutog razvoja istraživanja u odnosnom području Nepoznavanje savremenih načina korištenja naučnih izvora Nedovoljna informatička pismenost u smislu korištenja savremenih softverskih tehnika i alata Nedovoljna naučno-istraživačka podloga mentora 3
Vrste naučnih djela kratki pregled Naučna knjiga Monografija Doktorska disertacija (teza) Magistarska teza Naučna studija Naučni rad (članak/paper/article) Research report Book review 4
Vrste naučnih radova članaka (scientific papers) Članak u naučnom časopisu (Journal Paper) Članak u editovanoj knjizi (Book Chapter) Članak prezentiran na conf., publiciran u zborniku sa konferencije (Conference Proceedings) Research report Technical report 5
Vrste naučnih radova (obično u zbornicima radova) Izvorni naučni rad Prethodno saopštenje Pregledni članak Stručni rad Prikaz 6
Kategorije stručnih radova Stručni članak Prikaz Elaborat Stručna ekspertiza Recenzija 7
Cases White papers Ostale kategorije publikacija raspoloživih na Internetu Success stories Horror stories Webcasts/Webinars Manuals/user s guides Technical reports 8
Knjiga kao naučno ili naučno-stručno djelo Udžbenik (Coursebook, Textbook) Monografija Enciklopedija Leksikon Praktikum Rječnik Zbornik radova Bibliografija 9
Knjiga - Enciklopedija 10
Knjiga: monografija i udžbenik 11
Autorska knjiga 12
Edited Book (zbirka naučnih članaka) 13
Kategorije naučnog rada (scientific paper): Research paper Viewpoint Technical paper Conceptual paper Case study Literature review General review 14
Primjer naučnog rada (scientific paper): 15
Osnovni metodološki okvir naučnoistraživačkog rada Cilj rada Metodološki okvir/pristup (kvantitativna, kvalitativna metodologija, itd.) Očekivani rezultati istraživanja Ograničenja u istraživanju Praktične implikacije Originalnost Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja Pravci daljnjih istraživanja 16
Struktuiranje magistarskog/doktorskog rada Uvod (Introduction) Definiranje problema problemskog područja (Problem definition, Problem statement), teorijske osnove i praktični aspekti Definiranje ciljeva rada, postavljenje teze (teza) Pregled literature trenutno stanje istraživanja koje se odnosi na definirano problemsko područje (Review of the Literature): navesti šta su drugi autori radili i dokle su došli u rješavanju odnosnog ili sličnih problema (Previous studies of similar peoblems). Metodologija koja će se koristiti (Methodology) Rezultati istraživanja (results) Zaključna razmatranja i preporuke za dalji rad (Conclusions and Recommendations) 17
Literature Review Odnosi se na problemsko područje kojim se rad bavi Ne ograničiti se samo na uski (napr. lokalni, državni okvir) u pogledu relevantnih istraživanja Neophodno je sagledati sve relevantne i najnovije izvore (posljednjih 5-6 godina) Naglasak je na korištenju naučnih radova objavljenih i naučnim časopisima; manje na klasičnim knjigama Značaj tzv. e-sources (online baze, online časopisi, e-books, itd.) 18
Master vs. PhD Thesis There are different expectations for Master's theses and for Doctoral theses. This difference is not in format but in the significance and level of discovery as evidenced by the problem to be solved and the summary of contributions; a Doctoral thesis necessarily requires a more difficult problem to be solved, and consequently more substantial contributions. The contribution to knowledge of a Master's thesis can be in the nature of an incremental improvement in an area of knowledge, or the application of known techniques in a new area. The Ph.D. must be a substantial and innovative contribution to knowledge. 19
Postavljanje teze i/ili research question-a: primjer 1 Naprimjer, u radu Louis Raymond, Francois Bergeron, Enabling the business strategy of SMEs through e-business Capabilities: A strategic alignment perspective, in: Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 108 No. 5, 2008, pp. 577-595 Is the strategic alignment of their e-business activities as critical? Does this alignment allow manufacturing SMEs to perform better in terms of growth, productivity, and profitability? Since IT alignment with business strategy has been shown to significantly contribute to the business performance of SMEs (Chan and Horner Reich, 2007a), the alignment of e-business activities on business strategy should also be of the utmost importance for these organizations. 20
The research question and hypothesis: RQ. Can SMEs enhance their performance by aligning their e-business activities with their business strategy? H1. Greater alignment of e-business capabilities with business strategy is associated to greater performance. 21
Postavljanje teze i/ili research question-a: primjer 2 Namchul Shin, The impact of information technology on the financial performance of diversified firms, objavljeno u: Decision Support Systems 41 (2006) 698 707 H1. There is a positive relationship between gross margin and the interaction term of IT and strategic direction. H2. There is a positive relationship between ROA and the interaction term of IT and strategic direction. H3. There is a positive relationship between ROE and the interaction term of IT and strategic direction. 22
Postavljanje teze i/ili research question-a: primjer 3 Tom R. Eikebrokk, Dag H. Olsen, An empirical investigation of competency factors affecting e-business success in European SMEs, objavljeno u Information & Management 44 (2007), pp. 364 383 There is general consensus that knowledge and competency are necessary in developing an IT capability, but there is very little understanding of what the necessary competencies are, and how they influence IS usage in different contexts. The small and medium-sized enterprise context is particularly interesting for two reasons: it constitutes a major part of the economy and it has been relatively unsuccessful in exploiting e- business. We explored the relationship between e-business competency and its success in European SMEs. A literature review was used to determine factors representing e- business competency, and develop hypotheses, which were tested using data collected from 339 SMEs in Europe. Our results provide evidence on the importance of certain e- business competencies on e-business success, and have implications for both research and practice in the field of SMEs. 23
Hipoteze: H1a d. Competency in e-business strategy is positively associated with e-business success in terms of (a) efficiency, (b) complementarities, (c) lock-in and (d) novelty. H2a d. Competency in e-business strategic planning is positively associated with e-business success in terms of (a) efficiency, (b) complementarities, (c) lock-in and (d) novelty. Itd. 24
Rezultati statističke analize: 25
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Primjer vodiča za master tezu www.rsm.nl RSM je jedna od 10 vodećih škola u Evropi (prema FT). Ima trostruku akreditaciju: EQUIS, AACSB, AMBA 28
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Primjer sadržaja teze (doktorske ili magistarske) 38
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Korištenje literature Citiranje, navodjenje izvora, references styles, plagiarism, itd. 3/10/2008
What is a Citation? When you bring research (quotations, paraphrases, facts, statistics, etc.) into your paper, you must give credit to the source and its author(s). Giving credit to a source is also called citing a source. You do this with in-text or parenthetical citations. They are called parenthetical citations because the bibliographic information goes inside parentheses. Izvor: http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/asguest7014-124422-research-paper-others-misc-ppt-powerpoint/ 43
What to Cite Quotations: Someone else s exact words, enclosed in quotation marks. The ideas, opinions, and theories of someone else even if you restate them in your own words in a paraphrase or summary. Facts and statistics - unless they are common knowledge and are accessible in many sources. 44
Quoting When you quote, you borrow an author s exact words. Use a quotation when the wording is so memorable or expresses a point so well that you cannot improve or shorten it without weakening it; when the author is a respected authority whose opinion supports your own ideas; when an author challenges or disagrees profoundly with others in the field. 45
Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is putting material (including major and minor points) into your own words and sentence structure. You can paraphrase a theory, an idea, the results of a study, or a passage in an original source, as long as you use your own words to describe it. A paraphrase is often the same length as the original, but it is in your own words. 46
Example of a Paraphrase Original Text (from James C. Stalker, Official English or English Only ) We cannot legislate the language of the home, the street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us if we speak something other than English (21). Paraphrase Stalker points out that in a democracy like the United States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of a language and it certainly would not be possible to make police enforce such laws in homes and public places (21). Example taken from Pocket Keys for Writers by Ann Raimes 47
What is Plagiarism? It is fine to bring the words and ideas of other writers into your paper. However, when you do so, you must acknowledge your debt to the writers of these sources. If not, you are guilty of plagiarism, a serious academic offense. 48
Avoiding Plagiarism In order to avoid plagiarism, be sure that you not only give credit where credit is due, but that you follow the appropriate formats, often either MLA (Modern Languages Association) or APA (American Psychological Association) styles of documentation. There are also several good publications available with which students should be familiar. They will be mentioned later in this presentation. 49
Creating a References Page A References page contains the full bibliographic information to which you have been referring in the body of your paper. The References page is the last page of your paper double-spaced alphabetized 50
Reference journal article one author journal article five authors from a database Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness. American Psychologist, 48, 674-576. Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycARTICLES database. book with editors Fox, R. W., & Lears, T. J. J. (Eds.). (1993). The power of culture: Critical essays in American history. Chicago: University of online document Chicago Press. Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000. Task Force private organization on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.) Who has time for a family no date meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http//:www.family 10/6/2011 3/10/2008 Prof. dr. N. Bajgorić, Ekonomski mealtime.org 51
MLA - style of referencing If you are writing a research paper in English, foreign languages, or other humanities classes, use MLA-style documentation. MLA stands for the Modern Language Association. The MLA publishes the MLA Handbook for Writing Research Papers. This book contains all of the rules that govern MLA-style documentation. 52
While this presentation attempts to give a brief introduction to MLA, it cannot cover all aspects of it. If you still have questions, it is best to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers, which is available in the Academic Support Center, or any of the English handbooks mentioned in this presentation. You can also visit MLA s web site at http://www.mla.org/. Click on MLA-Style. 53
APA-Style Referencing http://www.apastyle.org What is APA? How To Integrate Research Into the Body of Your Paper How to Create a References Page 54
What is APA? If you are writing a paper for the sciences or social sciences, follow APA-style documentation. APA stands for the American Psychological Association. This organization publishes the The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which offers complete guidelines for manuscript style and citation in APA. 55
APA Style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography In general, the list of references is doublespaced and listed alphabetically by first author's last name. Fine, M. A., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48, 1141 1147 http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html 56