EXTENSIONS IN READING B Extensions in Reading Name
Table of Contents STRATEGY ONE Finding Main Idea..................................4 STRATEGY TWO Recalling Facts and Details...........................14 STRATEGY THREE Understanding Sequence............................24 STRATEGY FOUR Recognizing Cause and Effect........................34 STRATEGY FIVE Comparing and Contrasting.........................44 STRATEGY SIX Making Predictions.................................54 STRATEGY SEVEN Finding Word Meaning in Context....................64 STRATEGY EIGHT Drawing Conclusions and Making Inferences...........74 STRATEGY NINE Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion..............84 STRATEGY TEN Identifying Author s Purpose.........................94 STRATEGY ELEVEN Interpreting Figurative Language.....................104 STRATEGY TWELVE Distinguishing Between Real and Make-believe.........114 STRATEGY ONE TWELVE REVIEW........................................124 3
STRATEGY T WO Recalling Facts and Details Learn About Recalling Facts and Details Thinking about the strategy When you read a story, facts and details can help you understand the main idea of the story. The main idea is the most important idea in a paragraph or a whole story. Facts and details give information. They answer questions such as Who? What? and Why? To recall, or remember, facts and details, think about the words that the author uses to explain the main idea. Main Idea (what a story is mostly about) Who? What? Why? Studying a model The main idea of the paragraph is that trucks are an important part of our lives. Details tell what trucks carry. Other details tell how trucks make a difference in people s lives. Read the paragraph and the notes beside it. Trucks are an important part of our lives. Trucks carry food and other things across the country. Some trucks carry fruit and vegetables from farms. Because of this, people in cities can eat fresh fruit and vegetables all year long. When people move, they use trucks to carry their furniture. Trucks also carry wood that people use to build new houses. 14
Learn About a Graphic Organizer Understanding a facts-and-details web A facts-and-details web will help you find and recall facts and details in a story. You can use a facts-and-details web when you read short stories, fables, fairy tales, articles, or any kind of story. Here is a facts-and-details web for the paragraph on page 14. Write facts and details around the main idea. Trucks carry food and other things across the country. Some trucks carry fruit and vegetables from farms. Write the main idea in the center of the web. Trucks are an important part of our lives. Trucks carry people s furniture and wood to build new houses. People in cities can eat fresh fruit and vegetables all year long. When you fill in a facts-and-details web, you pay attention to how the author explains the main idea. This can help you to retell a story or answer questions about a story. Why are trucks important to people? Trucks carry fresh fruits and vegetables for people in cities to eat. They help people move. They help people build new homes. As you read, ask yourself What is the main idea of the paragraph or the whole story? What facts and details tell more about the main idea? 15
Learn About a Form of Writing Focusing on a travel journal Some people keep a journal whenever they travel. A travel journal tells about a person s vacation trip. A travel journal describes things that happen on the trip. It also tells about places and people seen on the trip. A travel journal tells about one or more places. A travel journal usually has facts and interesting details. A travel journal may tell the writer s feelings. Here is a paragraph from a travel journal. The desert is a busy, lively place. Yesterday, Mom and I saw mountain lion tracks in the sand. Mom said that mountain lions are also called cougars. This morning, I saw a gopher and a jack rabbit from the window of our camper. There are a lot of insects here, too. So far, I ve seen a scorpion, spiders, fire ants, and dragonflies. The ants and dragonflies were near a small pond. Big yellow cactus flowers grew beside the pond. Organizing ideas in a facts-anddetails web You can use a facts-and-details web when reading a travel journal. Here is a filled-in facts-and-details web for the paragraph above. I saw mountain lion tracks. I saw a gopher and a jack rabbit. The desert is a busy, lively place. Big yellow cactus flowers grew beside the pond. I ve seen a scorpion, spiders, fire ants, and dragonflies. 16
Prepare for the Reading Selections Gaining knowledge On the following pages, you will read two travel journals. In the first journal, you will read about the Blue Ridge Parkway. This road runs along the crest, or top, of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The Blue Ridge Mountains are part of a larger mountain chain called the Appalachians. The Appalachian Mountains stretch 1,500 miles from Canada to Alabama. They are the oldest mountains in North America. In the second journal, you will read about an island. Learn Vocabulary Understanding vocabulary range canyon adventures narrow lagoon The boxed words below are in dark print in the reading selections. Learn the meaning of each word. Then write the word that matches the clue. 1. Where might you swim? 2. Which word goes with thin and skinny? 3. What is another word for valley? 4. What word can also mean a stove or open land where animals munch on grass? 5. What might trips into outer space be called? Word Meanings range: a group of things that are in a line or a row canyon: a deep place between high rocky walls adventures: events that are different and exciting narrow: not wide lagoon: a body of water that is not deep 17
Reading Selection Part One Read Jade s Travel Journal. Jade s Travel Journal Monday We are going to spend a week driving south along the Blue Ridge Parkway. We will camp and hike along the way. The Parkway is 469 miles long. It joins two parks. We will start our drive at Shenandoah National Park. That s in Virginia. We will end up in Great Smoky Mountain National Park in Tennessee. We will see many beautiful things on our trip. I looked at a map of Virginia. The state is shaped like a mountain. That s funny because a mountain range runs from the bottom of Virginia to the top. As we started our drive, the woods looked like someone had spilled pink and white paint all over them. So many trees were in bloom. Some trees had light pink flowers. Some had white flowers. Some had dark pink flowers. Mom told me that the trees are dogwoods. The dogwood tree is Virginia s state tree. The dogwood flower is Virginia s state flower. I m going to write down the state tree and the state flower of every state we visit. Tuesday Everyone told us that the best part of our drive would be along Skyline Drive. They were right. Skyline Drive is 105 miles long. It is very high and twisty. When you look down, you can see forever. Well, you can t really see forever. It just feels like you can. When Skyline Drive ends, the Blue Ridge Parkway begins. 18
Dad stopped the car to take pictures of a waterfall. The water rushed into a deep canyon. As Dad snapped pictures, I stared at a large black spot on the rocks. Then the spot broke up into three spots. The spots were not spots at all. They were a family of black bears. It s a good thing the mother bear didn t see us. Completing a factsand-details web Some of the facts-and-details web has been filled in. Add more facts and details that tell more about the main idea of Jade s Travel Journal. The Parkway is 469 miles long. We will start our drive in Virginia. We are going to spend a week driving south along the Blue Ridge Parkway. So many dogwood trees were in bloom. 19
Reading Selection Part Two Read Mike s Travel Journal. 20 Mike s Travel Journal Saturday This is going to be a week of fun and new adventures! We got to Kiawah Island, South Carolina, late last night. We had to drive down a long narrow road. The road was dark. But I could see live oaks all along the way. The trees had huge trunks. Their branches stretched across the road like big hairy arms. The house we are staying in is one block from the ocean. My mother s cousin owns the house. She s letting us stay here for a week. The house has a small porch near a lagoon. Alligators live in the lagoon. Before I went to bed last night, I shined my flashlight on the water. An alligator stared back at me. Sunday Mom got us up very early today. I was still yawning when we got to the beach. It was the first time I had seen the ocean. But we hadn t come down to see the water. We had come to wait for the Nesting Patrol team. The team drives on the beach each day before the sun is up. It looks for tracks of mother turtles and large flat spots with sand thrown over them. Each flat spot is a sign of a turtle nest. This morning the team found a nest. The mother turtle was gone. She would never come back. Joe, the team leader, let me help check the nest. I counted fifty eggs! Joe told us that waves can wash the nest away. So his team moved the eggs to a new nest up in the sand dunes. Then they put a fence around it.
Tuesday This morning, while I was riding my bike on the beach, I saw something in the water. At first, I thought it was a shark. Then it leaped out of the water. I almost fell off my bike. It was a dolphin. I followed the dolphin all the way down the beach. The dolphin kept looking my way. I think it wanted to be my friend. I m going to miss this place when we go back to Ohio and our home in the city. Using a factsand-details web Fill in the facts-and-details web for Mike s Travel Journal. Mike s journal describes the fun and new adventures he had on vacation. 21
Check Your Understanding Think about what you ve read. Then answer these questions. 1. Great Smoky Mountain National Park is in A Virginia. B South Carolina. C Ohio. D Tennessee. 2. A mountain range is a A mountain top. B person who climbs a mountain. C row of mountains. D kind of flower. 3. During her vacation, Jade will probably A be chased by wild bears. B learn the names of some state flowers. C paint pictures of pink and white flowers. D draw a map of Virginia. 4. Which of these sentences from the travel journal tells what Jade feels or thinks? A The Parkway is 469 miles long. B It joins two parks. C Skyline Drive is 105 miles long. D It is very high and twisty. 5. When Jade looked into the canyon, she was looking A down steep rocks. B into a camera. C at the sky. D into the woods. 22 6. Which of these happens last in Jade s travel journal? A Jade s dad takes pictures of a waterfall. B Jade looks at a map of Virginia. C Jade sees a family of bears. D Jade learns that the dogwood is Virginia s state tree. 7. M i k e s travel journal is mostly about A how islands are different from cities. B the new things he saw and did on the island. C meeting interesting people. D w hy family vacations are special. 8. Mike compares the branches of the live oak trees to A hairy arms. B a small porch. C elephants trunks. D a long dark road. 9. A lagoon might also be called a A snake. C friend. B house. D pond. 10. From Mike s travel journal, you can guess that mother turtles A stay with their eggs until they hatch. B do not know how to make a nest. C lay their eggs in the sand at night. D never lay more than 25 eggs at a time.
11. Why does Joe s team move the eggs to the dunes? A so they won t get washed away B to hide them from the mother turtle C so alligators won t eat them D so everyone can see them 12. Which of these does Mike not see? A an alligator B a shark C a dolphin D turtle eggs Extend Your Learning Write a Travel Journal Fill in a facts-and-details web about a place you visited on vacation or another place you know well, such as a park or playground. Then use the web to write a short travel journal about the place. Read About a Place Choose a place you and a partner would like to visit one day. Read about that place in an encyclopedia. As you read, fill in a facts-and-details web. Use the web to share what you learn about the place with the class. Picture That With a group, draw a mural that tells about Jade s Travel Journal or Mike s Travel Journal. Use the details in your filled-in webs on page 19 or page 21 to help you decide what to put in your drawing. 23
STRATEGIES ONE TWELVE Re v i e w Reading Selection One Read the article Cool Caves. Cool Caves You might not want to crawl inside a cave. But lots of other animals think that caves are cool! WHAT IS A CAVE? A cave is a hole in the earth. A cave forms when water under the ground wears away rock. This does not happen in a snap. It can take thousands of years for a cave to form. Some caves are shallow. They may be just one room, a few yards deep. Some caves can be miles long. They may be made up of many rooms that are joined. Sunlight cannot enter the inside of a cave. So all caves are dark. WHAT KINDS OF ANIMALS LIVE IN CAVES? There are three kinds of animals that live in caves. The first kind uses a cave as a part-time home. These animals spend most of their lives outside the cave. Sometimes, they will use a cave to sleep, to have babies, or to get warm. Little brown bats, raccoons, tigers, and bears sometimes use caves this way. The second kind like to live in cool, dark, and damp places. These animals could live outside a cave. But some of them live their whole life inside a cave. Daddy-long-legs belong in this group. The third kind of cave animal lives deep inside caves. These animals would die outside the cave. Because there is nothing to see in the dark, these cave animals have no eyes. The blind shrimp and the blind flatworm are examples of this kind of cave animal. 124
Check Your Understanding Think about what you ve read. Then answer these questions. 1. What is Cool Caves mostly about? A how cold caves are B caves and the animals that live in them C animals without eyes D why caves are dark and damp 2. What do the words in a snap mean? A loudly B safely C quickly D happily 3. How do caves form? A Water wears away rock. B The sun melts a hole in the earth. C Animals dig them. D No one knows. 4. You can tell that shallow means A inside. C many. B one. D not deep. 5. Which of these is an opinion? A But lots of other animals think that caves are cool! B A cave is a hole in the earth. C Some caves can be miles long. D All caves are dark. 6. Why are caves dark? A Animals do not need to see. B They are made up of many small rooms. C Sunlight does not get inside. D Animals block out the light. 7. How are raccoons and bears alike? A They spend their whole lives inside caves. B They spend most of their lives outside caves. C They are blind. D They like cool, damp places. 8. From the article, you can tell that A people have never lived in cave s. B blind shrimp do not eat. C daddy-long-legs like to live in cool damp places. D all animals have their babies in caves. 9. You can predict that if a blind flatworm left its cave, it would A die. B be able to see. C get cold. D look for another cave. 10. The author s main purpose in the article is to A persuade people to stay out of caves. B tell an entertaining story about a family of cave animals. C describe a cave wall. D explain why caves are interesting places. 125
Reading Selection Two Read the story Stone Soup. 126 Stone Soup Once, a soldier was walking toward a poor village. The people of the village saw the soldier coming. Hide your food, one woman called out to her neighbors. That soldier looks as hungry as a lion. He is a big man. If we feed him, we will not have enough food to last the winter. So all the people of the village hid their food. The soldier knocked on the door of the first house he came to. Please, he asked. I am hungry and weary. Would you have some food for me to eat while I rest? You are welcome to rest, the owner of the house said. But we have no food, not one bit. The soldier seemed happy to sit by the fire for a while. Then he got up and pulled something from the bottom of his bag. It was a large gray stone. Is there a big pot in the village where I can make some soup? the soldier asked the woman of the house. The woman said, Yes, in the town square. So the soldier took his stone to the town square. He filled the pot with water and threw in the stone. Then he lit a fire under the pot. While he waited for the water to boil, people gathered around him. How can you make soup from a stone? they asked the soldier. Is that a magic stone?
The soldier did not answer. But a few minutes later, he tasted the soup. This is good, he said. Of course, it would be even better if it had the taste of fresh carrots. I think I have some carrots, someone said. I ll go get them. The carrots and a little corn went into the soup. A while later, the soldier tasted the soup. This is good, he said. Of course, it would be even better if it had the taste of fresh onions and potatoes. I am sure I can dig up a few onions and potatoes, someone said. I ll go get them. The onions, potatoes, and some peas went into the soup. Some time later, the soldier tasted the soup. This is good stone soup, he said. But it would be the best stone soup ever if it had some beef. We have some beef, someone said. I ll go get it. The beef and a few beef bones went into the soup. Finally, the soldier tasted the soup one last time. This surely is the best stone soup ever, he said. But there is too much for me to eat alone. Please share it with me, he told the villagers. And so the soldier and the people of the village sat down to a great feast of stone soup. 127
Check Your Understanding Think about what you ve read. Then answer these questions. 11. In the story, the soldier is compared to A a big pot. B a stone. C a lion. D a house. 12. Which word gives a clue to the meaning of weary? A door C welcome B food D rest 13. Why does the soldier ask if there is a big pot in the village? A He wants to cook. B He hopes to take a bath. C He wants to wash his clothes. D He wants to do a magic trick. 14. Which of these could not really happen? A A soldier walks into a village. B A soldier asks for food. C A soldier takes a stone from his bag. D A soldier makes soup from a stone. 15. What does not go into the soup? A carrots C onions B beans D potatoes 16. Which of these is the last to go into the soup? A beef C peas B the stone D corn 17. You can tell that the soldier is A mean. B not smart. C silly. D kind. 18. The next time the soldier visits, the people will probably A hide their food. B ask him to make stone soup. C tell him to leave. D give him all their food. 19. What is the main idea of this story? A People can help each other by working together. B Some people do not know how to share. C Even stone soup tastes good when you re hungry. D If you want something, you have to ask for it. 20. The author wrote this story mainly to A tell an entertaining story about a soldier who visits a village. B explain how to make stone soup. C persuade people to share their food with strangers. D describe what it feels like to be hungry. 128