Documenting and Citing Sources

Documenting and Citing Sources

Giving Credit to your Sources To avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the sources you used To demonstrate the thoroughness of your research To allow readers to find the sources you used

Plagiarism is... Using others ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information. Attributing information to an incorrect source. Plagiarism undermines the relationship between teachers and students, turning teachers into detectives instead of mentors, fostering suspicion instead of trust, and making it difficult for learning to take place (MLA Handbook, 2016, p.7).

To Avoid Plagiarism You Must... Give credit to: quotations of another person s actual spoken or written words; paraphrase or summary of another person s spoken or written words; another person s idea, opinion, or theory; or any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings -- any pieces of information -- that are not common knowledge

make sure you have a Reference list at the end of your paper (use NoodleTools) use parenthetical references (in-text citations) or signal phrases to cite all borrowed information in your paper (direct quotes, paraphrasing, and summarizing) avoid cutting and pasting information

When DON T you need to cite? If the information is COMMON KNOWLEDGE General information the average person on the street will know Examples: George Washington was the 1st President of the United States The United States is comprised of 50 states The Revolutionary War was fought by the American colonies and Great Britain

How to Decide? You SHOULD cite if the information appears in only one source it s highly specific (statistics and numbers) it s controversial -- Americans should be willing to give up their civil liberties if it means we re safer as a country the MAJORITY of your readers will not know the information

When in Doubt, Cite it Out! It s better to cite more often than not enough!

How to Cite Create your Reference List by printing/exporting from NoodleTools Use the Reference list to determine what goes in the parenthetical reference (in-text citation) or signal phrase

In-text References Parenthetical references and signal phrases indicate to your reader exactly what information you used from the source and where that source can be found. It s the breadcrumb path in the paper back to the Reference List.

Parenthetical Reference Content: With Author(s) What goes into a Parenthetical Reference? author(s) (or article title if there is no author), year of publication, and page numbers (for print sources only) connect back to the left hand side of the Reference List With an author (print source): (Davenport, 2007, p. 2) With an author (electronic source): (Davenport, 2007) With an author, no date (electronic source): (Davenport, n.d.) With multiple authors (electronic source): (Smith, Jones, & Miller, 2005) make sure to use the & sign (ampersand) in the parenthetical

Parenthetical References: No Author No Author? Use the first few words of the title, the year of publication, and page numbers (print source only) No Author (electronic source): ( Boston Tea Party Location, 1998) No Author and no date (electronic source): ( Boston Tea Party Location, n.d.) No Author (print source): ( Boston Tea Party Location, 1998, p.10) put quotes around article titles (if it s a book, italicize the title) *article titles will not appear in quotes in your Reference List capitalize the first letter of all major words in the title (this will not match the capitalization in the Reference List)

Which Parenthetical is correct? Clay, R. (2008). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from http://search.apa.org/monitor A. ( Science vs. ideology ) B. (Clay, 2008) C. (Clay) D. ( Clay, 2008)

Which Parenthetical is correct? Cloning debate. (2001, January 5). Retrieved from Issues and Controversies database. (Accession No. 0200840) A. ( Cloning debate ) B. (Cloning debate, 2001, January 5) C. (Cloning Debate, 2001) D. ( Cloning Debate, 2001)

Which Parenthetical is correct? Aldy, J. E., Eduardo, L., & Parry, I. (n.d.). A tax-based approach to slowing global climate change. National Tax Journal, 61, 493-500. Retrieved from Business Resource Center/ReIT database. (Accession No. A190149937) A. (Aldy, Eduardo, and Parry, n.d.) B. (Aldy, Eduardo, & Parry, n.d.) C. (Aldy, Eduardo, & Parry, n.d., p.493) D. (Aldy, Eduardo, and Parry, n.d., p.493)

Parenthetical References Placement: Paraphrasing When citing a paraphrase, place the PR at the end of the sentence BEFORE the end punctuation Example: Some assert that commercial interests, more so than political interests, were the drive behind the Boston Tea Party protests (Klein, 2012). If you have multiple sentences in a row, all from the same source, AND all paraphrased, one PR at the end of the last paraphrased sentence is acceptable. All 3 criteria must be met to do this

Parenthetical References Placement: Direct Quotes When citing a direct quote, and the quote appears mid sentence, cite the source in parentheses immediately following the quotation marks. Example: The Britons looked at the colonists and saw spoiled and ungrateful children who lacked a decent respect for parliament and the king (Davenport, 2007, p.10) furthering their divide. When citing a direct quote that ends the sentence, place the PR immediately after the quotation marks, and before the end punctuation. Example: Furthering the divide, the Britons looked at the colonists and saw spoiled and ungrateful children who lacked a decent respect for parliament and the king (Davenport, 2007, p.10).

Signal Phrases If you use a signal phrase to cite a source, you still need to include a parenthetical reference to include the year of publication (and page numbers if it s a print source). Signal Phrase Example for a Print Source: According to Davenport (2007), the Britons looked at the colonists and saw spoiled and ungrateful children who lacked a decent respect for parliament and the king (p.10), which furthered their divide. Signal Phrase Example for an electronic source: Klein (2012) asserts that commercial interests, more so than political interests, were the drive behind the Boston Tea Party protests. Signal Phrase Example for source with no author and no date: As was stated in the Boston Tea Party (n.d.) Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

Common Questions/Potential Problems Works by multiple authors? 2 authors Parenthetical: (Smith & Jones, 2011) Signal Phrase: Smith and Jones (2011) note 3-5 authors Parenthetical: (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2011) Signal Phrase: Smith et al. (2011) note 6+ authors Parenthetical: (Smith et al., 2011) Signal Phrase: Smith et al. (2011) note...

Common Questions/Potential Problems Works by authors with the same last name: If two or more authors in your reference list have the same last name, add their first and middle initials as well. J. Smith (2001) and R. G. Smith (2002) have proven (J. Smith, 2001) (R.G. Smith, 2002)

Distinguishing works by the same author with the same publication date To differentiate works that have the same author and the same publication date, follow the publication date of each work with a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) in both the reference list and the parenthetical reference, in the order they appear in the reference list. NoodleTools does not do this for you automatically, so you will need to add this manually when applicable.

For Example In the reference list: Smith, J. (2001a). Eggs. Egg Journal, 8(1), 17. Smith, J. (2001b). More about chickens. Poultry Journal, 2(3), 3-5. In text: It has been proven that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2001a). Smith (2001b) has proven that the chicken came first.

Don t forget your resources... Use the in-text citation button in NoodleTools to determine the content of the Parenthetical Reference Note: Only include page numbers for print sourcesnot for electronic sources Revisit this presentation found on the GHS Library Website under Juniors: U.S. History Ask a Librarian!