CHAPTER II METHOD OF ANALYSIS 2.1 Research Methods This thesis was being done by using library research. I use some books and many other sources as references that I think related to the subject matter that is being analyzed. Those books are the analyses such us; literature, novel, intrinsic and extrinsic unsure. That are written by many scholars and I also browse some opinions about the intrinsic element, extrinsic element, psychology approach shopping addiction from the internet to add my understanding. In this anlysis, the writer uses both of two unsure in literary work in analyzing the novel, that are intrinsic unsure and extrinsic unsure. The writer choose a character in the intrinsic unsure and choose the psychological approach in the extrinsic unsure, it;s talk about shopping addiction. Wellek and Warren explain a relation between literatures and psycology that there are of psychological approach in literary work namely author s mind, writing process, character s mind, and audiances mind. Istilah psokologi sastra mempunyai empat kemungkinan pengertian. Yang pertama adalah studi psikologi pengarang sebagai tipe atau sebagai pribadi. Yang kedua adalah studi proses kreatif. Yang ketiga studi tipe dan hukum hukum psikologi yang diterapkan pada karya sastra. Dan yang keempat mempelajari dampak sastra pembaca. (Wellek & warren, 1995: 90) 2.1.1 Novel The term novel comes from Italian word novella which means something new and small, a term applied to a newly story talking place a long time ago. Novel are gerally thought of as containing about forty-five thousand words or more, it means that it is to be read at a long time. Novel rises as something that people may undestood with the same principle in daily life. There are some defenitions of novel. According to william Harmon (1996: 350-352) in his book A Handbook to literature stated that Novel is used in its broadest sense to designate any extended fictional narrative almost always in prose. In practice, however, its use is customariy restricted to narrative in which
the representation of character occurs either in a static condition or in the proces of development as the result of events or actions Richad Gill in his book martering english literature that (2006: 59) A novel is about the world. That is a very sweeping statement, so some qualificationa are necessary. The world about us is the world of human interactions. The way we engage with each other, what we want from each other, and what we hope and fear for each other is the stuff of the novel. Novels are social; they are about people. Yet they are not about people in the way in which, say, a televison documentary or an articel in a magazine is about people. People in novels are people, but they are not the same as the ones we meet every day. They are fictional; they have been made up. From that defenition so we know that a novel is a world made in word which has some links with the world we know outside literature. Because novels are veried, we can to know about the element of novel that explained from the book Richad Gill (2006: 7-8) we can to know the point to the following element: It is a composition, usually in prose, concerned with the acts and speech of imagened characters. A story is told; there is a teller of the tale. It is a story in which the events are related in a particular order and for a particular reason. The events are imagined as taking place in specific places. The characters and events from a fictional world, which may be close to or remote from our everyday world. The totality of characters and events adds up to something. We can find meanings in the work. From R.J. rees s book English Literature state that a novel is a fictious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and actions representatives of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. Novel is usually prose fiction, Roberts and Jacob (1983: 2) state that fiction meant anything made up, created or shaped but today the words refers to prose stories based in the author s imagination.
Work of fiction usually focus on one or few main character who undergo a change of attitude or character as they interact with other characters and deal with a problem. 2.1.2 Intrinsic Element 2.1.2.1 Character As reader, we find we are drawn into the lives of characters: we listen to them, observe their actions, try to understand their thigking, feel for their plights, judge their motives, recoil from their attitudes, appreaciate their wit, and wonder at their insights. Character is the most important thing in a story. An existence of a character make every story becomes special and specific, because the characteristics of character can make differentiation in story. Such existence is presumed in the performance as audience, readers or the actors. Character exists not only in a human being form, but also in other form, for example animal, and also unliving thing as long as the living thing contribute important event that can create plot. A character occupies a strategic position to bring and convey massage, moral, or something that is purposely converged to the reader. Abrams (1985:21) says that Characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue, and by what they do the action. In studying a character is standing a trait. A trait is a quality of mind or habitual mode of behavior, such as never repaying borrowed money, or avoiding eye contact, or always thingking one self te center of attention. Sometimes the traits encounter are minor and therefore negligible. But often a trait maybe a person s primary characteristic (not only in fiction but also in real life) Characterization is the author s way of describing his characters in a literary work. Characters are closely related to plot because character means actions, while actions form the plot of a literary work. Author has some ways to tell and describe his characters. The first way is directly telling his readers the characters qualities. The second is by showing the character s action. This means that the authors show the characters deeds towards an event. The last is by using the others characters statement about the character who is being discussed. There are four level of characterization, they are as follow:
1. Physical Physical level supplies such basic facts as age, size, sex, the posture. This is the easiest and simplest level of characterization because it only reveals external traits. 2. Social Social level of characterization can be seen through his or its economic status, occupation, religion, family, social relationship, education background and all factors which place a character in his environment. 3. Psychological This level of characterization reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires, motivation, intellectual which led to action. Because feeling, thoughts and behavior define a character more fully than through two others level and because literary work usually arises from desires in conflict, the psychology level is the most essential part of characterization. 4. Moral Moral decisions more clearly differentiate characters than any other level of characterization. A moral decision usually causes a character to examine his own motives and values and in the process his true is revealed both to himself and to readers. a. Main Character In the novel, there are several characters present. And each of the character has a different role. Based on the role of characters in developing the plot, character are distinguished into main or major character. Main character is the important and special character, so it dominates the story. The main character can be make any problem in a story it is just the character with the lead role. As a rule of thumb, main characters usually have a lot to say and appear frequently throughout the play. Even in certain novels, a main character always presents in every event and can found in every page of novel concern. The main character in a novel can be more than one.
b. Peripheral Character There are some characters that are presented only once or couple times in a story, and it may be in relative short narration. According to Nurgiantoro (1998: 177) stated that peripheral is the character that appears once or sometimes in the novel, it may exist relatively in short portion; and peripheral character usually appears only if there is any connection with the main character, directly or indirectly. 2.1.3 Extrinsic Element. In addition, there are also external elements in short stories included. Voters are called extraneous. extrinsic factor is the outer part of the work of short stories which have no direct connection with the contents of the story. can work, however, to think about when and how the situation of the work is. 2.1.3.1 Personality Personality comes from Latin Language is : Persona, and may word have multiple meanings and personality is certainly no exception. Different people use the word personality in different ways. The general public often uses the term to represent a value judgment, if you like someone, it is because he or she as a good personality or lost of personality. A boring person has no personality. Personality Defenition in Lawrence A. Pervin s book Personality Teory and Research (2005: 6) personality refers to those characteristics of the person that account for consistent patterns of feeling, thingking, and behaving. Personality has been suggested here, others are possible. Alternative definitions should not be construed as right or wrong, rather, they may be more or less useful in directing us to importand areas of understanding. In the other defenition of personality is mention in mischael s book (2003: 3) is: Personality is the complex organization of cognitions, affecs, and behavior that gives direction and pattern (coherence) to the person s life. Like the body, personality consists of both structures and process and reflects both nature (genes) and nurture (experience). In addition, personality includes the effects of the past, including memories of the past, as well as constructions of the present and future.
It can be also said the personality patterns of behavior and to qualitiesinside the person that account for these regularitiest, as opposed, for example, to looking exclusively at qualities in the environment that account for such regularities. The regularities of interest to us include te thoughts, feeling, and overt behaviors of people. Of particular interest to one another, or cohere, to from the unique, distinctive individual. 2.1.3.2 Addiction Behavior Many people make definition of addiction is different, so we define an addicton is related to drugs, addiction to use the drugs with compulsive and can not be control (Diclemente: 2003). But nowadays there are the development of addiction that explain the definite behavior and have a potensial as a addiction behavior like, internet, pornografi, games, relationship and so on. Because of that the Oxford (1985, dalam Diclement, 2003) explain that addiction is definite behavior that repeatedly, compulsive, self-destructive, and very difficult to stoped and to changed it. Million of people suffer from compulsive behavior patterns that have an addictive quality there are smoking, dringking, gambling, drug abuse, overeating and until shopping. Often they give up the trouble some behavior for a period time, only to find that returns. Although many people claim a psycologycal basic for addictive behavior, two points are: 1. In some of these compulsive patterns, no true phsyological addiction exists. Yet a phsyological craving remains. Generally, periods of intense craving are associated with feeling of threat and anability to cope with events. 2. Many people are able to go through an extended period of abstinence, only to experience a relapse of overeating after weight loss, habitual smoking afterabstinance, and shopping addiction, and so on. In thesis of Hamanda with title Attachment Style pada wanita yang mengalami Shopping Addiction (2008: xvi) that Peele (1985, in Thombs, 2006) explain about addiction is a methods maladaptive to take the problems and it s a challenge in this century.that s problem like to build a relationship, to learn for emotion control, far form your family and so on. That is to do as the avoid and
waiting the problems. Addiction is pattern from the behavior that have bad consistency for the addict and his or her family. 2.2 Data Colection The first step, the writer read the novel on and on to get full understanding about what is being told about and to find out the intrinsic and extrinsic elements that are contained in the novel. The writer don t read the English version only, but also the translation version. The primary source of the data is the text itself. The writer underlined and collected the important things from the novel such as the information about the characteristics of each character, the way the characters interact with others, and the ideas that the characters posses in facing an event in the novel. 2.3 Data Selecting In the second step is selecting the data. For all the information that had collected in the first step were being selected and only the very significant data or related data were used in the process of making the analysis of this thesis. The selection is based on the characters and psychological side is shopping addiction that are discussed, because the selected data is used to support the character that is being discussed. 2.4 Data analyzing In writing this thesis, the writer use library and field research. In the library research, I collect and read some books and thesis which relate to this topic. In last step is analyzing the data. The writer use the descriptive method in analyzing the data. Descriptive method is a method of analysis by describing and analyzing the data and then giving interpretation and explanation. All the selected data were being analyzed to prove what are being written in the objective of this thesis and finally I can draw the conclusion for this thesis.