Oceanic; Admiralties Cluster; East Manus SubFamily Population census: 3000 (2000 census) Organised Phonology Data Kurti (Ndrukul) Language [KTM] Ndramalmal Manus Province Major villages: Sou, Lomwei, Derimbat, Liap, Mundrau, Patlok, Wamandra, Mundripudeu, Pundru Linguistic work done by: PBT, SIL Data checked by: Bob Uebele, 6 December 2002 Phonemic and Orthographic Inventory e h i k l m n d o p r s t u w j a mbr,mb e h i k l m n ndr ng o p r s t,d u w y A Mbr,Mb E H I K L M N Ndr Ng O P R S T U W Y Consonants Bilab LabDen Dental Alveo Postalv Retro Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn Glottal Plosive p t k Nasal m n Trill Tap/Flap r Fricative s h Lateral Fricative Approx Lateral Approx Ejective Stop Implos /w/ voiced labialvelar approximant / / prenasalized bilabial trill / d / voiced prenasalized alveolar plosive with flapped release l j p pamei 'betelnut' maping 'morning' ndrop 'basket' ihndrepti '3s+fasten' ampahar '2s+be careful' mbruwa hombrung tulmbrung 'crocodile' 'one branch type' three branch type'
Kurti OPD Printed: August 26, 2004 Page 2 m mah ndramat nam impo ermin 'taro' 'human being' 'mosquito' 3s+cont+do' '1de/2d+stay' l lulou 'ants' alau 'far' sal 'path' pelmet 'flying fox' putleu 'spear' w wo 'water' luwot 'possum' t tul 'three days' pedih 'woman' pelit 'spirit' titpo '1pi+do' tinton 'brother+3s poss' dr ndras mundroi limndrik 'salt / ocean' 'sun' 'five flat things' n nedun 'child+3s poss' kunuoi 'mud' konan 'don t bother' intang '3s+cry' petnuhen 'yam+3s poss' s sengin 'edible part of fruit/nut' pasisili 'bench' kanas 'bamboo' puskon 'dry' orsuhou '1de/2d+talk' r ramaan 'red' taru '1de possessive pronoun' kitpar 'bamboo sp.' orpo '1de/2d+do' otrumut '1pe/2p+vomit' k kamal 'male' lukoi 'crayfish' lok 'area' rukton 'dirty' mehkele 'today' kapaan 'delicious' pu 'pig+1s poss' ihmahah '3s+ashamed' h homou 'one animal sp.' ampahar '2s+be careful' ewuh 'yes' ihtot 3s+run tulhet 'three bags' ngat 'cave' langah 'garden+3s poss' song 'food' ongwon 'food' pelngis 'tree sp.' j yih 'fire' pariyah 'smoke' mehyio 'fruit sp.' Vowels i u o i intang '3s+cry' kitpar 'bamboo' pasisili 'bench' uniil '1s+dig' ewuh 'yes' pelmet 'flying fox' pe 'and' indreet '3s+see'
Kurti OPD Printed: August 26, 2004 Page 3 alau 'far' kamal 'male' ala '2s+go' kapaan 'delicious' o on 'sand' ndromoh 'tomorrow' wo 'water' oryoon '1de/2d+eat' u unek '1s+climb' lukumwen 'night' taru '1de possessive pronoun' kunuoi 'mud' ii iy '1s pronoun' yi 'too,again' imih 'he dreams' kahrii 'enough' o peowi eseo u mundreu i painap madai u sausau alau araau oi poi lukoi kunuoi ou kouson homou 'loin covering' 'women's house' 'snake sp.' 'pineapple' (loanword) 'eye' 'rope type' 'far' '1de/2d+leave' 'ground' 'shrimp' 'mud' 'friend' 'one (animal)' i selien 'large drum' molie 'sore' i Liap io torowion mehyio iu kaliuleo metiriu 'village name' 'mixed colours' 'fruit sp.' 'shelf' 'sleep' ei pamei 'betelnut' kei 'tree' ui kwin 'deep' pandrukuui 'knee' u mweh 'dog' lukumwen 'night' tuwe 'cousin+1s' u mbruwa 'crocodile' uu uu 'CONT morpheme' puu 'pig' Ndrompuhnuu 'place name' /ii/ /i / /io/ /iu/ / i/ / o/ / u/ / i/ / u/ /oi/ /ou/ /ui/ /u / /uu/ Suprasegmentals (tone, stress, length) Stress in Kurti is noncontrastive, and is always on the final syllable of the word. Syllable Patterns V e.wuh 'yes' VC on sand' am.pa.har 'be careful' CV wo 'water' mi.mel 'correct' pand.ru.ku.ui 'knee' a.la 'you go' CVV kei 'tree' kou.son 'friend' ka.liu.leo 'shelf type' a.lau 'far' CVC lok 'place' tin.ton 'his brother' ka.mal 'male'
Kurti OPD Printed: August 26, 2004 Page 4 CVVC mweh 'dog' se.lien 'large drum' Conventions: Phonological The plosives /p t k/ become aspirated word finally in careful speech, and unreleased word finally in casual speech. The plosives /p t k / are optionally voiced intervocalically or following a nasal consonant. There is variations /i / and /e /. There is no contrast evidenced between the two, but neither are they in free variation or complementary distribution. The phoneme /r/ optionally weakens from a trill to a flap in fast speech. The phoneme / dr/ is optionally pronounced with a trill or a flap. The double vowels /ii/ and /uu/ are more likely geminates or double vowels than long vowels. There are no examples of lengthened vowels other than these. There are minor dialect differences between Sou and the rest of Kurti. See the paper Kurti Dialect Survey (2002) for more information. Conventions: Orthographic The alveolar plosive /t/ is written <t> except for intervocalically where it is usually written <d>. This follows the practice of most Kurti, who tend to spell phonetically more than phonemically. The bilabial plosive /p/ is always written <p>. The glottal plosive / / is written <> word medially, but is left unspelled wordfinally. The velar nasal / / is written <ng> as in all the Manus languages and Tok Pisin. The prenasalized bilabial trill / / is usually spelled <mbr>. However, in the few words that already contain the trilled consonant /r/, then it is spelled <mb>. This was a decision by the Kurti Alphabet Committee. The prenasalized alveolar flap / d / is written as the trigraph <ndr> as in all Manus languages. Semivowels are spelled <y> and <w> syllable initially. In sequences such as <ii,iy> or <uu,uw>, they are written <ii> and <uu> in verbs, but <iy> and <uw> in nouns and other words. This was agreed to by the Kurti Alphabet Committee. Transcription of a recorded passage / mehkele m pi ti pe oru bob rl dro uhnuu rl il k uk u pe orpo pikim m unten orpo pikim n dre sulo on dr ilnum pe orutuhe bob ti ijil ji ijil poi pe iduhe k uk u pe i dre et ke ju uni il ti eri pe ijil ihp dre erij ju une dre et ii ipu pe ii impo hujen orpo k uk u inum pe rl or p in p pe orjo on p in p pe ju unek je p mei ji unek p mei pe utuweh p mei inum pe oru orjo on pinat rl wo ji pe rl si i pinat ji pe ornu ornu ermin wo u dre inum ti pe rl dre um ji oto dro uhnuu rl min erij pe orsuhou ermin erij uu pe dre k h pehon pe k h r u ise um r ro or n ru p in p ji pe r ro or je se p in p n su l u oto r utso holto um k m l t n n wis rs ti pe k r u is e um ti pe rl t we p in p n su r utso ile pe oru r u ise ji ise dre um t n bob oto dr kwin ndrou t p erij / < Mehkele maping ti pe oru Bob arla Ndrompuhnuu. Arlail kaukau pe orpo pikim maunten. Orpo pikim ndre suloon ndre ilnum pe oruduhe. Bob ti iyil yi, iyil poi pe iduhe kaukau, pe indreet ke yu uniil ti. Eri pe iyil
Kurti OPD Printed: August 26, 2004 Page 5 ihpa ndre eriy. Yu unendreet iy ipu pe iy impo huyen! Orpo kaukau inum pe arlaor painap pe oryoon painap pe yu unek ye pamei yi. Unek pamei pe uduweh pamei inum pe, oru oryoon pinat arla wo yi pe arla singi pinat yi pe ornu. Ornu ermin wo ndre inum ti pe arla ndre um yi odo Ndrompuhnuu. Arlamin eriy pe orsuhou ermin eriy uu pe, ndre kah pehon pe. Kah araau ise um, araroor anaru painap yi pe araroor ye se painap anasu lau odo Ramputso holto um kamal tan Nawis. Arsa ti pe karaau ise um ti pe arlatawe painap anasu Ramputso, ile pe, oru araau ise yi ise ndre um tan Bob odo Ndrangkwin ndrou. Tapa eriy. > 'This morning, Bob and I went to Ndrompuhnuu. We two dug kaukau and we made mountains. We made all the mountains, then we planted. Bob dug them too. He dug the ground and planted kaukau by watching how I did it. He did the same way and I saw him working and he worked good! We finished working the kaukau and went to harvest and eat some pineapple and I climbed a betelnut tree again. I climbed the betelnut tree and chewed betelnut. Then we two ate peanuts. We two went to the water again and washed the peanuts and we washed ourselves. We finished washing then went to the house again at Ndrompuhnuu. We two stayed there and talked awhile, until late afternoon then we came back to the village. We two picked some pineapples again for the men from Rambutso who were staying at Nawis' men's house. We two came and went back to the village and we went and gave the pineapples to the people from Rambutso, then we went and came again back to Bob's house at the base of the kwila tree. The end.' Bibliography Beastley, Wes, 1987. A Tentative Phonological Analysis of the Kurti Languae. Manuscript, PBT, Madang. Goff, Vinton and Audray, 1992. Sociolinguistic Survey of the Kurti Language. Manuscript, SIL, Ukarumpa. Uebele, Bob and Marla, 1997. Kurti Organized Phonology Data. Ms, SIL Ukarumpa. Uebele, Bob and Marla, 2002. Kurti Dialect Survey. Ms, SIL Ukarumpa. Uebele, Bob and Marla, 2002. Phonology Essentials of the Kurti Language. Ms, SIL Ukarumpa.