Collins Logo of Your Consulting organization Measuring Small The technique of measuring very small Lateral Tape Motion (LTM) Gary Collins, P.E. Collins Consulting 5259 Idylwild Trail, Boulder CO 80301-3620 Phone:+1-303-530-4106 E-mail: gcollins007@sprintmail.com Presented at the THIC Meeting at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO 80305-5602 July 19-20, 2005
Why measure LTM? As cartridge capacities grow to 1 10 TB range, track spacing will drop to 1 micron. For reliable data, the servo should follow the track movement close enough to yield a position error signal (PES) of no more than 1/10 th the track spacing.
Why measure LTM? Today with 20 micron tracks, that means a PES of 2 microns. Tomorrow with 1 micron tracks, it means a PES of.1 micron.
How can we insure a PES of.1 micron? By limiting the lateral excursions of the tape. Today we have LTM of about 20 microns on most tape decks about the same as a track width Tomorrow we must have an LTM of less than 1 micron if we are to reliably write 1 micron tracks. Why? The less LTM, the less the servo has to work, and the more reliably it writes the track.
The challenge: Measure track and tape movements as small as.1 micron. Tracks Tape movement
How do we do this? There are plenty of ways to measure.1 micron. But they all use expensive lab instruments. Big, Cumbersome. To be useful to tape developers, it has to be fast, reliable, cheap, and portable. What fits this requirement?
Four methods are candidates Fotonic probe edge measurement Measuring a pre-written servo track Writing and measuring adjacent high freq/low freq tracks Measuring tape surface movement with a laser
Method 1. Fotonic Edge Probe The amount of light received is proportional to the edge position. Transmit fiber Tape movement 14 12 Fotonic probe Channel 2 calibration 10 Receive fiber Tape Output, Volts 8 6 4 2 0 200-2 250 300 350 400 450 Input, distance across gap, microns Sensitivity = 10 microns/volt what s needed for submicron work
The probe has the sensitivity needed. What about resolution and bandwidth, especially above 800 Hz, which most servos can t follow? Resolution characteristics of the Fotonic Probe Conclusion: the Probe is adequate up to 1500 Hz Inches Inches x10^-3 Inches x10^-3 0.0035 0.003 0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 Disk profile input 0.0005 0-0.0005290 310 330 350 370 Degrees around disk MTI output at 500 Hz 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5 0.007 0.012 Time, sec 0.017 MTI output at 1500 Hz 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5 0.0005 0.0015 0.0025 0.0035 0.0045 Time, sec
An Alternative to the Fotonic Probe The Fotonic Probe is expensive. Most labs have only one. What if you need several probes to make multiple measurements along the tape path at the same time? A cheaper alternative is needed.
Alternative to the Fotonic Probe Try using a common photo switch with noise reducing circuitry. Successfully used by Carnegie Mellon University and other tape drive labs. Refined by Mountain Engineering II until it matches the Fotonic Probe s performance.
A photo switch with appropriate circuitry matches the Fotonic Probe for a fraction of the cost. Multiple units can be placed along the tape path to get a complete picture of LTM. Inches iiches x 10^-3 Inches x10^-3 0.0035 0.003 0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 Disk profile input 0.0005 0-0.0005290 310 330 350 370 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5 0.002 Degrees around disk ME II sensor at 500 Hz 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 Time, sec 0.012 ME II sensor at 1500 Hz 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0-0.5 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 Time, sec 0.014 0.016
Actual edge-probe trace of tape movement What is needed is to separate the repeatable from the non repeatable LTM. 2.5 2 Optical edge position 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 Non repeatable Repeatable 1 1.5 100 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.7 Distance (m) The repeatable is edge wear and once-around. The non repeatable is the true LTM
Method 2. Position decoding of a written servo track The servo track is, in a sense, an artificial edge written on the tape. Measuring this comes closer to the true LTM because it eliminates edge roughness. Servo track Fixed read head Tracks Lateral tape movement
Measuring the Servo Track Advantages Eliminates edge roughness. Does not require complex equipment. Disadvantages Measures full LTM, (repeatable and non repeatable). Needs multiple passes to separate the two. Includes the written-in in servo track error.
Method 3: writing one s own servo track The problem with a pre-written track is interchange. If the servo track could be written and read on the same machine, the repeatable LTM would be eliminated. Do this by using any tape deck and writing a high freq and adjacent low freq track.
High Freq and Low Freq track Fixed read head straddling tracks High freq Low freq Tape lateral movement The ratio of Hf/Lf is measured, 50% being on dead center
High freq and Low freq track Advantages Gives direct measurement of non-repeatable LTM; the repeatable is canceled out. Can be used on any tape drive in the lab. Disadvantages Calibration very sensitive. Head must be positioned with a micrometer stage.
Method 4: Measuring surface movement with a laser In plane 1. Laser Surface Velocimeter (for DC vel. only) 2. Laser Surface Vibrometer (for DC and AC vel.) Out of plane (Laser Doppler Vibrometer) Laser light This method is evaluated because many labs have one of these
Measuring surface movement with a laser The Laser Surface Vibrometer is the only instrument with the potential of measuring small instantaneous in-plane movements. It has the possibility of measuring Instantaneous Speed Variation, and if turned 90 deg, measuring LTM. m/s measured signal DC component AC component
Laser Surface Vibrometer Movement must be calibrated with a known frequency and amplitude.. One needs a target on a shaker table. However, with magnetic tape as a target, the surface is too dark and the returned velocity signal is too noisy to be accurate. The noisy velocity signal must be integrated to give movement. Averaging the signal 30 times gives very accurate results. But moving tape cannot be averaged 30 times for LTM! CONCLUSION: Laser methods are not acceptable for tape movement.
Conclusion A combination of methods is best I recommend method 1 in combination with 2 or 3. In the lab, the first three methods give results less then.3 microns apart good enough for measuring LTM of 1 micron. Method 4 is not recommended.