Vowels and consonans? - ariculaory characerisics Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5: Consonans (inroducion) KAMIYAMA, Takeki akeki.kamiyama@univ-paris8.fr Vowel: he airsream flows ou (relaively) freely, wihou a major obsacle in he vocal rac. I is usually accompanied by voicing. Consonan: he airsream is blocked compleely or incompleely a a given poin in he vocal rac. Some consonans are accompanied by voicing. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 2 Vowels and consonans? - acousic characerisics Vowel: greaer energy, ampliude. Consonan: smaller energy, ampliude. -> demonsraion: oscillogram and specrogram. Wha do hey LOOK like? specro 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 3 Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 4
Vowels and consonans? - percepual characerisics Vowel: louder. Consonan: less loud. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 5 Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 6 English Consonans - how can we classify hem? Classificaion of consonans: voice, place, manner Three main properies: VOICE PLACE of ariculaion MANNER of ariculaion 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 8
English Consonans - how can we classify hem? 1. VOICE Presence or absence of vocal fold vibraion. Absence -> VOICELESS (or UNVOICED) consonans Presence -> VOICED consonans 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 9 Demo acousic 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 10 English Consonans - how can we classify hem? 2. PLACE of ariculaion Place where he airsream is blocked (compleely or incompleely). VOICELESS VOICED 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 11 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 12
Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 13 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics Wells and Phonology & House Lecure 5(1995) 14 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion p b m (w) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 15 Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 16
Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion (iner) f v 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 17 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 18 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion (iner) θ ð 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 19 Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 20
Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion posalveolar or d s z n l 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 21 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 22 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion posalveolar or ʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ r 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 23 Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 24
Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion j 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 25 Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 26 Places of ariculaion Places of ariculaion k g ŋ h w 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 27 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 28
(inerdenal) Places of ariculaion: summary 3. MANNER of ariculaion How and o wha exen he airsream is blocked (compleely, incompleely). folds 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 29 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 30 Manners of ariculaion Manners of ariculaion Complee closure Complee closure p b d k g Incomplee Incomplee closure Wells & House (1995) closure 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 31 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 32
Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip Upper lip ariculaors ariculaors Lower lip Lower lip 4 phases 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 33 1. Closure phase: one ariculaor moves oward anoher, or wo ariculaors move oward each oher, so as o form a sricure ha allows no air o escape from he vocal rac. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 34 Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip ariculaors Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip ariculaors Lower lip Lower lip 2. Hold phase: a oal sricure is formed. No air escapes from he vocal rac. Air is compressed behind he sricure and he air pressure rises. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 35 3. Release phase: as he ariculaors (he upper and lower lips) move apar, he airsream is released in a small burs (called plosion). 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 36
Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Upper lip Plosives (or sops): he case of he bilabial plosives Phases 1-3 ariculaors Lower lip 4. Pos-release phase : he ariculaors (he upper and lower lips) move furher away. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 37 or hold Clark & Yallop (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 38 Complee closure Manners of ariculaion Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives ariculaors f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Incomplee closure Wells & House (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 39 Tongue ip or blade Phase 1: one ariculaor moves oward anoher, or wo ariculaors move oward each oher, so as o form a sricure wih a very narrow passage. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 40
ariculaors Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives ariculaors Tongue ip or blade Phase 2: he airsream passes hrough he narrow passage beween he ariculaors, creaing a coninuous hissing sound (heard as fricion) caused by urbulen airflow. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 41 Tongue ip or blade Phase 3: he ariculaors (he ongue blade and he alveolar ridge) move away. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 42 Fricaives: he case of he alveolar fricaives Manners of ariculaion Complee closure ʃ dʒ Clark & Yallop (1995) 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 43 Incomplee closure 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 44
Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae ariculaors ariculaors Tongue blade Tongue blade Affricae: plosive (sop) + fricaive. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 45 1. Closure phase: one ariculaor moves oward anoher, or wo ariculaors move oward each oher, so as o form a sricure ha allows no air o escape from he vocal rac. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 46 ariculaors Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae ariculaors Tongue blade Tongue blade ʃ 2. Hold phase: a oal sricure is formed. No air escapes from he vocal rac. Air is compressed behind he sricure and he air pressure rises. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 47 3. Fricion phase: he ariculaors move apar, bu no as rapidly as in plosives. They say close enough o creae a urbulen airflow, causing a hissing sound as in a fricaive. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 48
ariculaors Affricaes: he case of he palao-alveolar affricaes - hard palae Tongue blade Phase 4: he ariculaors (he ongue blade and he alveolar ridge) move away. 2017-2018 T. Kamiyama Phoneics and Phonology Lecure 5 49