UniMAP Thesis Guidelines 2017

Centre for Graduate Studies Pusat Pengajian Siswazah Knowledge Sincerity Excellence UniMAP Thesis Guidelines 2017 http://cgs.unimap.edu.my

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER 2 : THESIS SUBMISSION 3 2.1 Pre-Submission 3 2.2 Submission 3 2.3 Post-Submission 4 2.4 Re-Submission 5 CHAPTER 3 : THESIS PREPARATION 6 3.1 Format of the Thesis 6 3.2 Sections in a Thesis 14 CHAPTER 4 : CONCLUSION 23 CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH 36 5.1 Introduction 36 5.2 Motion Actuators 36 CHAPTER 6 : APA REFERENCING MANUAL 39 6.1 APA (American Psychology Association) Reference Format 39 6.2 Basic Rules 39 CHAPTER 7 : APA CITING MANUAL 50 7.1 APA (American Psychology Association) Citation Format 50 1

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION This guide is designed to help graduate students in their preparation and submission of thesis. It deals with the submission format and physical format of the thesis. This guide also gives suggestions on the type of content of several sections commonly present in most theses. It is the responsibility of each student to ensure that his or her thesis conforms to the Guideline set out below. Failure to do so will result in the rejection of thesis during submission for examination. Further information or clarification of the guideline can be obtained from the Centre for Graduate Studies. 2

CHAPTER 2 : THESIS SUBMISSION The subject of the thesis must have the prior approval of the student s Supervisor(s) and school. Candidate intending to submit their thesis should comply with the following procedures: 2.1 Pre-Submission a) Candidates should notify the Centre for Graduate Studies at least three (3) months before they intend to submit a thesis. Notification can be done by filling in the relevant form available at the Centre for Graduate Studies or at the website. b) In the case this submission is delayed for more that six (6) months than the envisaged date, the candidate is required to resubmit the notice of submission using the prescribed form. 2.2 Submission a) A thesis can only be submitted for evaluation during the period of candidature. Hence, it is the responsibility of the student to ensure that his or her status is as active at ALL TIMES prior to the submission of thesis for evaluation. b) Following the completion of the approved program of study and research, a candidate must submit eight (8) ring bound copies of the thesis to the Centre for Graduate Studies. 3

c) It is advisable that candidates present one draft copy of the thesis to the Centre for Graduate Studies just before submitting the eight (8) copies, to ensure that a final verification is conducted on the format before the thesis is submitted for examination. d) Submission of the theses should be attached with thesis submission form which is available from the office or from the website. 2.3 Post-Submission a) A candidate must be ready for a viva-voce session by at least six (6) weeks for Master students and ten (10) weeks for PhD students from the date of submission of thesis for evaluation. b) A candidate must, after the successful defense of his or her thesis, submit to the Centre for Graduate Studies three (3) hard bound copies of the approved thesis (corrected, verified and approved, by the person and within the maximum duration, as agreed upon during the viva-voce session by the Thesis Examination Board). c) The candidate is also required to submit one (1) CD containing ALL materials (thesis, presentations, images, data, etc.) pertaining to the conducted study and research. These materials must be arranged properly in separate folders. d) Submission of these items should be accompanied with the final thesis submission form and the form to confirm the verification of the final version of thesis which are available from the office or from the website. e) The University shall not confer the degree to a candidate unless and until these requirements have been met. 4

2.4 Re-Submission a) A candidate whose thesis is required to be resubmitted must ensure they do so within the stipulated period as decided by the Panel of Thesis Examiners. b) A thesis, which is resubmitted for evaluation, will be treated as a fresh copy and will be subjected once again to the same procedures of thesis submission for examination. c) The flowchart for the thesis submission process is given in Appendix A. 5

CHAPTER 3 : THESIS PREPARATION 3.1 Format of the Thesis 3.1.2 Language The language used in the thesis should be English. However, students who wish to prepare their thesis in Bahasa Melayu can do so by getting a written approval from the Dean of the Centre for Graduate Studies. The language of the thesis should be direct and simple, as the subject matter will allow. Several standard guides to acceptable grammar are available from the Centre for Graduate Studies. 3.1.3 Font Candidates must use 12 point Times New Roman font when preparing their thesis. No other fonts are acceptable. 3.1.4 Spacing a) Double spacing for general text throughout the thesis. b) Single-spacing for explanatory footnotes, long quotations, appendices, long headings or subheadings and captions of tables and figures. 6

3.1.5 Typing a) The thesis must be typed on one side of the page. b) It is advisable that candidates submit laser-jet printed copies of their thesis. For ink-jet copies, printers with high quality black ink should be used. Computer papers or carbon copies are NOT acceptable. c) The use of color in a thesis is not compulsory. However, it is advisable to color print (laser or ink) any image or portion of the thesis if it helps in understanding or interpretation of the subject matter. 3.1.6 Margins a) The top and bottom margins of all pages must be 2.5 cm wide. The right-hand margin must be 2.5 cm wide and the left-hand margin must be 3.5 cm wide. Header 2.5 cm A4 Paper 3.5 cm 2.5 cm Text Footer 2.5 cm 7

b) All printed materials (text, tables, figures, etc.) must appear inside the text area defined by the margins. c) The space defined by the footer and header margins must only be used for page numbering and footnotes. d) Footnotes must be at a minimum, single-spaced and in normal 8-point font. 3.1.7 Paragraphs a) Any paragraph must have at least two (2) full lines in a page. Otherwise begin on the next page. b) Paragraphs must be indented with not more than one (1) tab-key spacing. c) An empty line of double spacing width is required between paragraphs and headings, between paragraphs and captions and between paragraphs and floats. NO double spacing is required between paragraphs. d) Paragraphs must be aligned as justified. 3.1.8 Pagination a) Pages must be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, including pages of figures, tables and appendices. b) Pages numbers must be centered at the bottom of the page. c) Page numbers must be in normal font without punctuation. They should NOT be in italic or bold font. They must also appear by themselves and are not to be enclosed in parentheses, hyphens or any other decorative fonts. d) Preliminary pages (those preceding Chapter 1) must carry pages numbers in roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.). 8

e) The title page (front cover) must NOT be numbered though it is counted as a page of the preliminary part of a thesis. f) Arabic pagination (1, 2, 3, etc.) begins with the first page in Chapter 1 (or the introduction). Numbering must restart for Arabic pagination. g) Page number must be printed at least 1.25 cm from the bottom margin of the page (in the footer section). 3.1.9 Appendices a) Each appendix must be identified separately using an alphabet (A, B, C, etc.). b) The pages of the appendices must be continuously numbered, from the main part of the thesis, according to the above pagination system using Arabic pagination. c) All pages in the appendices including those with diagrams, tables, images, etc. must have a page number. 3.1.10 Color, Quality & Size of paper a) Only white color paper must be used. b) Paper of not less than 80g must be used for printing c) Paper of A4 size (210 mm 297 mm) must be used for all submitted copies of the thesis. d) If paper of larger size is used (for schematics, drawings, etc.), they must be folded into A4 size. 9

3.1.11 Duplication a) Photocopies of theses are accepted for the purpose of examination only. b) It is the responsibility of the student to ensure that all photocopied theses submitted for examination are of proper alignment and clarity. c) However, all final submitted copies of theses after the defense MUST be printed. Photocopies are NOT acceptable. 3.1.12 Symbols or Characters a) The existing symbols within most word processors should be used to insert a symbol or character. Do not attempt to convert normal font to italic for symbols. For example, Italic A and Symbols are not the same. b) It is advisable that candidates avoid using uncommon symbols or characters. 3.1.13 Floats a) Floats in a thesis document refer to any portion of the thesis that does not resemble any form of normal text. They float in the midst of all the text present in a thesis document. b) Formulas, data, images, drawings, algorithms, flowcharts, schematics and program codes are all example of floats. c) There are ONLY three (3) categories of floats; formulas must be stated as equations, data must be presented in tables and everything else must be inserted as figures. 10

d) ALL floats in a thesis document MUST have a caption. Tables and figures MUST be referenced or cited within the text. e) Device captured images that are inserted into a thesis document must be ensured of proper quality and clarity. Mechanical or hand drawn sketches must be scanned and inserted. Electronically obtained images must be ensured of proper resolution before insertion into the thesis document. All figures must be centered. f) For equations, it is advisable to use the existing Equation Editor within the word processor, even for simple ones. All equations must be left justified and must NOT end with punctuation. g) Tables must be centered and constructed with horizontal and vertical lines only. Candidates are not advised to use oblique lines. Text entry into tables must use suitable font, size and alignment. h) Candidates are advised to place floats close to the portion of the thesis citing the float. i) For all other type of floats, the candidate is requested to refer to the Centre for Graduate Studies for proper guide on presentation. j) Examples of floats can be found in Appendix B. 3.1.14 Captions a) The caption for various floats in a thesis document MUST be formatted using the guidelines presented in the following table. ITEM CAPTION LOCATION TYPESETTING EXAMPLE Figure Centered, Bottom Figure Chapter.Number: Figure 2.1: Table Centered, Top Table Chapter.Number: Table 4.4: Equation Extreme Right (Chapter.Number) (5.3) 11

b) Double spacing is used between floats and paragraphs. c) Normal font is used in all captions. d) Equations that span over more than two lines should not have captions for each line. Instead a single caption should be placed at the extreme right at the last line of the equation, even if it appears on another page. e) An example on captions can be found in Appendix B. 3.1.15 Citation a) If the following items are referenced, the following guidelines must be used. ITEM KEY TYPESETTING EXAMPLE Figure Chapter.Number Figure Chapter.Number Figure 2.1 Table Chapter.Number Table Chapter.Number Table 4.4 Equation Chapter.Number Equation (Chapter.Number) Equation (5.3) Heading Number.Section.Subsection Heading Number.Section.Subsection Reference APA Style (Author, Year) b) Normal font is used in all citations. c) The first alphabet in a citation is always in capital letters. d) An example of citations can be found in Appendix C. Chapter 4, Section 4.5.3 (Thomas, et. al., 2006) 3.1.16 Itemizing a) Items must be put in a list and bullet or alphanumeric itemized. b) The sentence preceding a list must end with punctuation, or : only. 12

3.1.17 Subdivisions a) Candidates are advised to subdivide their thesis into four (4) parts; i) Preliminaries, ii) Main Text, iii) References, and iv) Appendices. b) Suggested formatting of these parts is given in the next section. c) For the main text, headings and sub-headings must be numbered appropriately. d) Chapters must be numbered without any decimals and capitalized. e) Sections within chapters must be numbered according to the format Chapter.Section.Subsection with a decimal indicating the depth level. f) A depth level of not more than three (3) is recommended (2 decimals). g) No change in font type or size should appear in the headings. However, headings must be in bold. 3.1.18 Length of Thesis a) Generally, PhD and Masters theses should NOT exceed 80,000 and 50,000 words respectively. b) Candidates are advised not to lengthen their thesis with unnecessary, irrelevant or protected data, figures, datasheets, program codes, etc. in their appendices. 3.1.19 Binding a) Following acceptance and approval (corrected and verified after the defense) of the thesis for publication, three (3) hard cover bound copies of the thesis shall be submitted to the Centre for Graduate Studies. 13

b) The outside thesis hard cover shall be printed according to the program colorcoding. For the Master program, the hard cover must be in Blue (UniMAP) and for the PhD program, the hard cover should be in Black. c) The title of the thesis, name of candidate and the degree for which the thesis is submitted must be printed in Gold and CAPITALIZED on the front thesis hard cover using 18 point Times New Roman (Appendix D). d) The title of the thesis must be in bold. e) These particulars should also be printed on the spine of the bound thesis using 10 point Times New Roman with the name of the candidate in bold (written from the head to the foot of the spine) if the thesis is thick enough (Appendix E). f) Nothing must appear on the back thesis hard cover. 3.2 Sections in a Thesis All theses should be divided into appropriate sections, chapters or divisions. Candidates should bear in mind that thesis examiners deplore overlong or verbose thesis, and the responsibility is on the candidate to provide a well-organized and wellwritten thesis. Every candidate should remember that generally a thesis consists of 4 parts; Preliminaries, Main Text, References and Appendices. The sections of a thesis are contained within these 4 parts. The following ordered list of thesis sections is supposed to serve only as a guide. Not all theses will include all sections listed below. Many of these sections are self-explanatory. Further information on some of the sections is provided following the list. 14

3.2.2 Title Page The thesis title should be as concise as possible and should provide an accurate description of the thesis. The format of the title page is shown in Appendix F and must be followed closely. 3.2.3 Declaration of Thesis Declaration of Thesis should be placed in the first page of every copy of the thesis. The Declaration of Thesis form is attached in Appendix G. 3.2.4 Copyright a) Under International Law the use of copyright material requires the permission of either the author or the publisher. It is the responsibility of the candidate to address this issue and cover any expenses incurred. b) If a letter of authority or permission to use copyright material had been obtained, it can be included after the declaration of thesis. 3.2.5 Acknowledgements This is optional, although most theses include a brief statement of thanks in recognition of special assistance and guidance given by individuals, institutions or government bodies. 15

3.2.6 Table of Contents a) The title of chapters, sections and their principal subdivisions along with the page numbers on which they appear must be listed in the Table of Contents. Titles must be worded exactly as they appear in the text of the thesis. b) Thesis with many subdivisions must use a hierarchical numbering system for headings and sub-headings. Such a numbering system combined with the judicious use of upper and lower case letters, indentations and italics or bold fonts should provide a summary of the relationships between the sections of the thesis. An example of this page can be found in Appendix H. 3.2.7 List of Floats a) These lists consist of the exact captions of all tables and figures that appear in the thesis. All floats must be numbered consecutively throughout the text according to the chapters. b) Captions must include numbering and the pages on which they appear. c) Captions appearing on the list should be accurate, brief and easy to interpret. d) An example of this is given in Appendix I. 3.2.8 List of Nomenclature a) These lists consist of the exact definitions of all abbreviations, symbols and characters that appear in the thesis. b) This list is optional, depending on the subject of the thesis. All scientific symbols must be presented with units that follow the standard SI system. 16

c) Definitions appearing on the list should be accurate, brief and easy to interpret (properly selected according to the norm). d) An example of this is given in Appendix I. 3.2.9 Abstract a) An abstract in both Bahasa Melayu and English is required. b) The English version must have the title written in English and vice versa for an abstract written in Bahasa Melayu. c) The abstract is a summary of the entire thesis. It should briefly outline the research problems addressed by the thesis, the findings and the significance of the work in the context of the field of study. d) Both abstracts must not exceed one typewritten single spaced page of text (c. 400 500 words) written with normal font size of 12 points. e) The abstract must be placed before the first chapter and the Bahasa Melayu abstract must appear first. f) In writing an abstract, you should first complete writing your thesis. While the abstract appears at the beginning of your thesis, it should be the last section that you write. Once you have completed the final draft of your thesis, use it as a guide for writing your abstract. g) The abstract must also be written in one paragraph. In order to succinctly describe your entire thesis, you will need to determine which elements are the most important. Structure the abstract in the same order as your thesis. Begin with a brief summary of the introduction and then continue on with a summary of the methodology, results and finally a summary of your findings in your thesis. While you should aim for brevity, be careful not to make your abstract 17

too short. Try to write one to two sentences summarizing each section of your thesis. Once you have a rough draft, you can start to edit for length and clarity. h) A sample abstract page is given in Appendix J. 3.2.10 Main Text The main body of the thesis is usually arranged into consecutively numbered chapters or sections. The internal organization of the thesis is the responsibility of the candidate in consultation with his/her thesis supervisor(s). The organization will partly depend on the field of study, but the responsibility is on the student to provide a systematic and well-organized thesis. Overall, the font of the main text must be 12 points with double-spacing. A thesis will often include the following chapters: Introduction This should highlight the objectives of the study, problem statement, set forth a hypothesis, and outline the strategy adopted by the work. Literature Review All reviews from the previous findings related to the research are discussed in searching for the relevance and significance. 18

Research Methodology a) All relevant experimental, descriptive, theoretical and analytical techniques used in the research should be outlined, such that another researcher could repeat the study. b) Reference of methods to other research should be made where appropriate. Results & Discussion This section includes the analysis and presentation of data. The results should be interpreted and summarized. Conclusion a) Provides the context in which to interpret the results of the study, stressing the significance, implications and limitations of the findings. b) The section should relate to the initially set out objectives spelled out in the beginning of the thesis. c) A sample first page of a chapter indicating the typesetting of title and numbering of subdivisions is given in Appendix K. 3.2.11 References Any thesis that makes use of other works, either in direct quotation or by reference, must contain a listing of all the sources. Only works directly cited or quoted in the text must appear in the references. Any reference that appears in the text of your thesis must be listed on the references page, and any item appearing on your reference page must be cited somewhere in the body of your text. 19

Format a) The references may be presented according to the standard citation format that has been decided by the Centre for Graduate Studies and it must be used consistently throughout the thesis. b) Candidates are required to follow the publication manual of the American Psychological Association s (APA) as given in Appendix N. and Appendix O. Title The title REFERENCES must be centralized in capital letters. Font The list of references must be written in font size 12 points. Candidates should take note that APA style requires certain fields within a reference to be italic or bold (see appendix). Style a) All entries must be in alphabetical order. The first line of a reference must be flushed with the left margin. b) Each additional line must be indented once (usually accomplished by using the TAB key). c) Do not press the space bar twice after a period or other punctuation. APA style requires only one space after any form of punctuation. d) Each reference must be single spaced, but be sure to use double space between references. 20

e) A sample first page of this section indicating the typesetting of various types of references is given in Appendix L 3.2.12 Appendices This section is optional and will depend on the individual thesis content. It contains supplementary illustrative material, original data and quotations, too long for inclusion and not immediately essential to an understanding of the subject. Format a) This section must be divided into sections as Appendix A, B, C, etc. b) Any floats included in the appendices should be numbered and captioned as for all floats appearing in the main text (e.g. Figure A.1, Table C.4, etc). Content a) Candidates are required to discuss with their supervisors to decide on the appropriateness of the material that is included in the appendices. b) Candidates should all together AVOID inclusion of materials for the sole purpose to lengthen their thesis. c) Some of the material that appears in the appendices are as follows: i) Data Sheets (vital electronic components), ii) Image Database (sample), iii) Training/Learning/Experimental Data (specific), iv) Output Data (to show change), v) Relevant Derivations and Proof of Formulas, vi) Relevant Theorems, definitions or Lemmas, vii) Computer Code (specific implementation), viii) Flowcharts, ix) Circuit Schematics (with list of components), x) Information Listing, xi) List of Publications (abstracts may be included), 21

xii) List of Awards (exhibition, competition, etc.), and any other relevant material deemed necessary. d) A sample first page of this section indicating the typesetting of appendix title is given in Appendix M. 22

CHAPTER 4 : CONCLUSION Writing a thesis is not an easy task, but if you do not take the first step, you will never see the end. This guide is intended to make sure that you take the first step in the right direction. In doing so, it is our intention that the task of writing your thesis will be memorable and pleasurable. Do not forget that your thesis is your personal work. It is like the first textbook that you will author. So take some time in presenting your ideas and findings in the best possible language, format, typesetting and layout (of course, according to the stipulated guidelines). Before we end, some final piece of advice Do not wait for the last minute to start writing. Start early. Start with the chapters you are most familiar with first. Save your document frequently. Avoid plagiarism! Seek assistance for language and translation. Stick to the necessities (a thesis is not a textbook). Give deadlines to yourself for each thesis section. Consult your supervisor frequently (send them what you have written and ask for corrections). All the best! Editorial Team (3 rd Edition), Centre for Graduate Studies, UniMAP June 2017. Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad 23

APPENDIX A FLOW CHART OF THESIS SUBMISSION START (3 months notice before submitting thesis) Thesis Submission Notice Appoint Board of Examiners Submission of Thesis No Format Check Yes Submit to Examiners Examiners Report Viva committee appointed by school and date of viva set No Viva Yes Thesis returned for correction and binding Within 60 days or 6 weeks after thesis submission Submission of final thesis (bound) Fail No Approval from JITU Yes Endorsement by University Senate Graduation END 24

APPENDIX B EXAMPLE & CAPTIONS FOR FLOATS Figure Figure 2.1: Seeback turtle found at the coast of Terengganu. Table Table 5.2: The color codes and connectivity of a 4-phase bipolar 8-wire stepper motor. Motor Wire Color Coil Output Node Serial Connection Red Red White Black White Black Yellow Yellow Green Green White Green A B C D E F G H A Connected A B Connected B Equation N i n i (3.2) 25

APPENDIX C CITATION OF REFERENCES & HEADINGS (take note of citation to headings, references, figures, tables and also the usage of abbreviations, symbols, values and their units) In Chapter 2, the design characteristics of the CLMP was finalized. According to Nagatani et al. (2000), because of the high estimated load of the CLMP, the driver circuit (L298) will consume high currents. To ensure the proper operation of this component, a heat sink is required. An additional aluminum plate, as designed in Section 2.6, is suggested to be attached to the L298 to function as a heat sink. A rough estimate on the dimensions of the heat sink can be obtained by using the following equation (David & Rosenberg, 2006), T T 1 max amb A h R jc P (3.3) tot where Ptot is the maximum rated power which is equal to 25W, Tamb is the ambient temperature which is equal to 30 C, Tmax is the maximum rated temperature which is equal to 150 C, Rjc is the junction-case thermal resistance which is equal to 3 CW -1, h is the heat transfer coefficient which is equal to 537Wm -2 C -1 and A is the suggested area of the heat sink. Based on these values and by using Equation (3.3), the area of the heat sink was found to be 0.001035m 2. Since the height of the L298 chip is 2.3cm, the length of the heat sink can be calculated to be 4.5cm. Fig. 3.14 shows the close-up view of designed heat sink and Table 3.2 gives the finalized dimensions of the heat sink. 26

APPENDIX D BINDING COVER (boarder included only for illustration purposes) FULL TITLE FULL NAME FONT Normal, centralized, Gold, BLOCK LETTERS, 18-point size Times New Roman UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS YEAR 27

NAME TITLE YEAR APPENDIX E BINDING SPINE (boarder included only for illustration purposes) FONT Normal, centralized, Gold, BLOCK LETTERS, Times New Roman. (Font size adjusted according to thickness of spine for clarity. Title omitted if length too long or spine too thin) 28

APPENDIX F THESIS TITLE PAGE (RESEARCH MODE) Title of Thesis (Font 18) by (Font14) Name (matric number) Font 16 A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Program) / Doctor of Philosophy Font 14 School of [Name of School] UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Font 16 Year (Font 14) 29

APPENDIX F DISSERTATION TITLE PAGE (MIXED MODE) Title of Dissertation (Font 18) by (Font14) Name (matric number) Font 16 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Program) Font 14 School of [Name of School] UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS Font 16 Year (Font 14) 30

APPENDIX G THESIS DECLARATION FORM UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS DECLARATION OF THESIS Author s full name :... Date of birth : Title :......... Academic Session : I hereby declare that the thesis becomes the property of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and to be placed at the library of UniMAP. This thesis is classified as : CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972) RESTICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done) OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis is to be made immediately available as hard copy or on-line open access (full text) I, the author, give permission to the UniMAP to reproduce this thesis in whole or in part for the purpose of research or academic exchange only (except during a period of years, if so requested above). Certified by: SIGNATURE (NEW IC NO. / PASSPORT NO.) SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date : Date : NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction 31

APPENDIX H TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE THESIS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABSTRAK xiv ABSTRACT xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Scope 2 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Mobile Platform Drive System 9 2.2.1 Two Wheeled Robot 10 2.2.2 Omnidirectional Wheeled Mobile Robot 12 2.2.3 Car Like Mobile Robot 14 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 96 6.1 Conclusion 97 6.2 Research Findings 98 6.3 Future Work 99 REFERENCES 102 APPENDICES 107 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 110 LIST OF AWARDS 112 32

APPENDIX I TYPESETTING FOR LISTS (each list must appear on a new page) LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1.1: Basic idea of an ITS. 2 Figure 2.1: Example of two-wheeled robots. 12 Figure 2.2: Uranus omnidirectional mobile robot. 12 LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1.1: Review of drive system architectures and review of voice system architectures (Ahmad, 2017) 26 Table 1.2: Review of voice interface systems. 27 Table 2.1: Sampling cars length and width 21 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CLMP DC DLL Car-Like Mobile Platform Direct Current Dynamic Linked Library LIST OF SYMBOLS Sample size Acceleration (ms -2 ) Resistance (ohm) 33

APPENDIX J Pembangunan Algoritma Penolakan Latar Belakang Untuk Pengenalpastian Muka Biometrik ABSTRAK Di dalam tesis ini, diperkenalkan satu kaedah baru yang lebih baik untuk sistem automatik pengenalpastian muka. Persegmenan objek baru ataupun dinamik dalam satu imej boleh dicapai melalui teknik penolakan latar belakang ataupun persegmenan latar depan. Ini adalah suatu langkah awal kritikal dalam kebanyakan aplikasi penglihatan komputer dalam domain seperti sistem pengawasan dan interaksi manusia-komputer. Sistem yang dicadangkan mengandungi tiga tahap. Dalam tahap yang pertama, penolakan latar belakang digunakan untuk menangani masalah perubahan pencahayaan, bayang-bayang, pantulan, persamaan warna latar depan dengan warna latar belakang dan latar belakang dinamik (e.g. paparan video aktif ataupun gerakan pohon ditiup angin). Satu kaedah dicadangkan untuk memodel latar belakang yang berasaskan setiap pixel, mudah suai masa dan menggunakan gabungan Gaussian dalam kombinasi pixel jiran and warna tak varian. Kombinasi in secara sendirinya adalah baru. Dalam tahap kedua, pengurangan ralat dalam imej untuk meningkatkan kejituan dijalankan dengan munggunakan penapisan morfologi yang menghasilkan satu imej dwi-warna. Di dalam tahap ketiga pula, satu teknik yang baru untuk mencari posisi kepala di dalam imej dan mengekstraknya untuk pengesanan dan pengenalpastian. Pengujian algorithma dalam keadaan pencahayaan and persekitaran berbeza telah dijalankan. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa kaedah yang digunakan mempunyai ketahanan tinggi terhadap masalah-masalah yang dibangkitkan oleh penyelidik terdahulu tanpa mengorbankan prestasi masa-nyata yakni menjadikannya sesuai untuk banyak rangkaian aplikasi video yang memerlukan pengesanan dan pengenalpastian. Hasil eksperimen pada aplikasi masa sebenar menunjukkan kekuatan, keterpercayaan dan kecekapan pada pendekatan yang diusulkan; hasil eksperimen ini dapat mencari dan mengekstrak muka manusia dalam 98% daripada eksperimen, dengan kemampuan untuk mencari muka untuk pelbagai kelamin, warna kulit dan pemakaian kepala. Algoritma yang diusulkan dapat menghasilkan 30 hingga 35 FPS dalam saiz citra 320 340 pixel, di mana ianya lebih baik daripada aplikasi masa sebenar yang lain. 34

APPENDIX J Development of Background Subtraction Algorithm for Biometric Identification ABSTRACT This thesis presents an improved approach for an automatic face detection system. Segmentation of novel or dynamic objects in a scene can be achieved using background subtraction or foreground segmentation. This is a critical early step in most computer vision applications in domains such as surveillance and human-computer interaction. The proposed system consists of three parts. In the first part, the use of background subtraction algorithm to deal with the problem of lighting changes, shadows and repetitive motions. All previous implementations fail to handle properly one or more common phenomena, such as global illumination changes, shadows, inter-reflections, similarity of foreground color to background and non-static backgrounds (e.g. active video displays or trees waving in the wind). The proposed method is a background model that uses per-pixel, timeadaptive and Gaussian mixtures in the combined input space of pixel neighborhood and luminance invariant color. This combination in itself is novel. In the second part, another technique known as morphological erosion and dilation operators are used to remove the noise in the resulting binary image to improve the accuracy. The third part is accomplished by using a new technique to locate the face position in the image and extract it for recognition and identification purposes. The algorithm has been tested in several different lighting conditions and environments. The experimental results show that the method possesses much greater robustness to problematic phenomena than the prior state of the art methods, without sacrificing real-time performance, making it well-suited for a wide range of practical applications in video events which requiring detection in real-time. The experimental results in real time applications show the robustness, reliability and efficiency in the proposed approach; they can accurately detect and extract human face 98% of the time, with the ability to detect the face of different types of people gender, skin color and head attire. The proposed algorithm can be executed at 30 to 35 FPS for an image size of 320 240 pixels, which is much better when compared with any other real time applications. 35

APPENDIX K CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH 1.7 cm 5.1 Introduction 1.7 cm 1.27 cm / 1 This chapter presents the hardware design and development of a drive system for a CLMP. 5.2 Motion Actuators The chassis of the mobile platform was found to have a weight of 2.5kg, a maximum front steering angel, of 36 and 1.7 cm 5.2.2 Stepper Motor Specification In order to choose the stepper motors we need to know the complete weight of the mobile platform. In our design hypothesis, the platform 36

APPENDIX L REFERENCES Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00157. Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to selfesteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204. Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814) O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer. Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048. 37

APPENDIX M APPENDIX A i) Table A.1: Housing Plan. ii) Program Public low-cost housing Fourth Plan Allocation, 1981 1985 Estimated Expenditure, 1981 1985 Fifth Plan Allocation, 1986 1990 1,712.22 1,659.06 691.79 Site and services 1.61 1.21 78.41 Government quarters 89.29 44.47 56.62 Squatters control 3.36 3.36 17.00 SEDC s and UDA 45.38 45.38 142.71 TOTAL 1,851.86 1,753.48 986.53 Note: Allocation in respect of institutional quarters and housing in land schemes are not reflected in this table as they are provided direct to the respective agencies 38

APPENDIX N CHAPTER 6 : APA REFERENCING MANUAL 6.1 APA (American Psychology Association) Reference Format Bibliography using APA style should include this following information: Author s or writers full name and a full stop (.) Year published and a full stop (.) Article; title of article and end with a full stop (.) There is no need for quotation sign or. Book or periodical publication; the title is in italic and ends with a full stop (.) Number of edition/printing and a full stop (.) Name of translator, if the material is translated, and a full stop (.) Place of Publication and a full stop (.) Publisher name and a full stop (.) 6.2 Basic Rules Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multipleauthor references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest. When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word. Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections. 6.2.2 Reference List: Author/Authors The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APAstyle references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.) 39

APPENDIX N 6.2.2.1 Single Author Last name first, followed by author initials. Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. 6.2.2.2 Two Authors List by their last names and initials. Use the "&" instead of "and." Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048. 6.2.2.3 Three to Six Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by "&" Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to selfesteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204. 6.2.2.4 More Than Six Authors If there are more than six authors, list the first six as above and then "et al.," which stands for "and others." Remember not to place a period after "et" in "et al." Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245. 6.2.3 Organization as Author American Psychological Association. (2003). 6.2.3.1 Unknown Author Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 40

APPENDIX N NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and ("New Drug," 1993). 6.2.3.2 Two or More Works by the Same Author Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). Berndt, T.J. (1981). Berndt, T.J. (1999). When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on students' adjustment to school. Educational Psychologist, 34, 15-28. Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329. References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same. Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654. Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43. 6.2.3.3 Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year If you are using more than one reference by the same author (or the same group of authors listed in the same order) published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Berdnt (1981a) makes similar claims..." Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416. Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643. 41

APPENDIX N 6.2.4 Reference List: Articles in Periodicals 6.2.4.1 Basic Form APA style dicates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. 6.2.4.2 Article in Journal Paginated by Volume Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc. Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. 6.2.4.3 Article in Journal Paginated by Issue Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined. Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13. 6.2.4.4 Article in a Magazine Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. 6.2.4.5 Article in a Newspaper Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4. 42

APPENDIX N Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A. 6.2.4.6 Letter to the Editor Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12. 6.2.4.7 Review Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467. 6.2.5 Reference List: Books 6.2.5.1 Basic Format for Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. NOTE: For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state. Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 6.2.5.2 Edited Book, No Author Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 6.2.5.3 Edited Book with an Author or Authors Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor. 43

APPENDIX N 6.2.5.4 A Translation Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814) NOTE: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, work in your text, it should appear with both dates: Laplace (1814/1951). 6.2.5.5 Edition Other Than the First Helfer, M.E. Keme, R.S. & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6.2.5.6 Article or Chapter in an Edited Book Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher. NOTE: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers. O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer. 6.2.5.7 Multivolume Work Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York: Scribner's. 6.2.6 Reference List: Other Print Sources 6.2.6.1 An Entry in An Encyclopedia Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. 44

APPENDIX N 6.2.6.2 Work Discussed in a Secondary Source List the source the work was discussed in: Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608. NOTE: Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation: In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993),... 6.2.6.3 Dissertation Abstract Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 7741A. 6.2.6.4 Government Document National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 6.2.6.5 Report From a Private Organization American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author. 6.2.6.6 Conference Proceedings Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 45

APPENDIX N 6.2.7 Reference List: Electronic Sources 6.2.7.1 Article From an Online Periodical Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parantheses. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of online periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006 from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving 6.2.7.2 Online Scholarly Journal Article Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number. Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8.Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title. Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555. 6.2.7.3 Article From a Database When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of work). Then add information that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database. This will allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required. (For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see page 278 of the Publication Manual.) Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3). Retrieved February 20, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database. 46

APPENDIX N 6.2.7.4 Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn't have the information you're looking for, move up the URL to http://www.somesite.com/): Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved month date, year, from http://web address. NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date. 6.2.7.5 Chapter or Section of a Web document Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Engelshcall, R. S. (1997). Module mod_rewrite: URL Rewriting Engine. In Apache HTTP Server Version 1.3 Documentation (Apache modules.) Retrieved March 10, 2006 from http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_rewrite.html NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site. 6.2.7.6 E-mail E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). 6.2.7.7 Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting Message posted to an online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group. Include the title of the messsage, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html NOTE: If only the screen name is available for the author, then use the screen name; however, if the author provides a real name, use their real name instead. Be sure to provide the exact date of 47

APPENDIX N the posting. Follow the date with the subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title, as in other types of references. 6.2.7.8 Computer Software Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth. 6.2.8 Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources 6.2.8.1 Interviews, Email, and Other Personal Communication No personal communication is included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication in your main text only. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). 6.2.8.2 Motion Picture Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor. NOTE: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code). 6.2.8.3 A Motion Picture or Video Tape with International or National Availability Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really Big Disaster Movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. 6.2.8.4 A Motion Picture or Video Tape with Limited Availability Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing Labs: A History [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907) 48

APPENDIX N 6.2.8.5 Television Broadcast or Series Episode Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of broadcast <em>television broadcast or Television series</em>. p distributor.< or Studio origin: of City> 6.2.8.6 Single Episode of a Television Series Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series Title. City of origin: Studio or distributor. Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the falling ape. [Television series episode]. In D. Dude (Producer), Creatures and Monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios. 6.2.8.7 Television Broadcast Important, I.M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The Nightly News Hour. [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service. 6.2.8.8 A Television Series Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting Action Show. [Television series]. Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company. 6.2.8.9 Music Recording Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date). Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig Music Limited. 49

APPENDIX O CHAPTER 7 : APA CITING MANUAL 7.1 APA (American Psychology Association) Citation Format When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. 7.1.2 In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note that in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural- Born Cyborgs. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo." Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry." 7.1.3 Short Quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? 50

APPENDIX O If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. 7.1.4 Long Quotations Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) 7.1.5 Summary or Paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.) According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199). 7.1.6 In-Text Citations: Author/Authors APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers. 7.1.7 Citing an Author or Authors A Work by Two Authors:Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the parentheses. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed... (Wegener & Petty, 1994) A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. 51

APPENDIX O (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Kernis et al., 1993) In et al., et should not be followed by a period Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Harris et al. (2001) argued... (Harris et al., 2001) Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001). NOTE: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. According to the American Psychological Association (2000),... If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000) Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that... Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. 52

APPENDIX O (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). 7.1.8 Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102). NOTE: When citing material in parantheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. 7.1.9 Electronic Sources If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Kenneth (2000) explained... Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.). 7.1.9.1 7.1.10 Sources Without Page Numbers When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the symbol, or the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite. According to Smith (1997),... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6). NOTE: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination. 53

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