AGD 1222 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN TOPIC 3 Development of European Graphic Design: Illuminated Manuscripts By Puan Rosyida Mohd Rozlan 1
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline A.D 1,450 (Late 14th Century) : The term Illuminated Manuscript is used: In Western Europe to indicate all decorated and illustrated handwritten book produced from late Roman Empire to the first Printing Press produced. In Eastern Islamic Countries - Persia (now Iran), Mongol, Turkey, India. Illuminated Manuscripts is a sacred writings held great meaning to Christians, Jewish, and Muslims. 1,580 B.C 1,350 B.C : During The Late Egyptian Culture The Book of The Dead was known as the first illustrated manuscript introduced hieroglyph on papyrus by the Egyptian. Probably gave an influence to the classical antiquity of the Greeks and Romans designed and illustrated manuscripts. The Book of The Dead 2
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline A.D 500 : The Classical Style (During The Early Christian Era) Referring to the manuscripts that produced from the Roman and Greek eras. The Roman manuscript design on parchment: Vatican Vergil, The Death of Laocoon, created between A.D 400-500. 4th-8th Century : The Classical Style Unicials - rounded strokes were made with the pen held in a straight horizontal position. 6th Century : The Classical Style (Monastery in Southern Italy) Half-Unicials - half-rounded unjoined letters that demonstrates the emergence of ascenders and descenders in writing. Uncials (top) & Half-uncials (bottom) 3
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline Early 5th Century : Celtic Book Design Referring to the manuscripts with the Celts ornaments and design. A.D 680 : Book of Durrow (Celtic Book Design) The Celts fully designed and ornamented: Book of Durrow, circa A.D 680 is one of the series of manuscripts containing the four narratives of the life of Christ. Before A.D 698 : The Lindisfarne Gospels (Celtic Book Design) Written by Eadfrith, a Bishop of Lindisfarne - manuscript that represents the full flowering of the Celtic Style. A.D 794-806 : The Book of Kells (Celtic Book Design) Manuscript with lavished and vibrant color and form, created at the island monastery of Iona. WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline A.D 742-814 : The Caroline Graphic Renewal When the Charlemagne, king of the Franks declared emperor of the Holly Roman Empire. During this period of time, attempts to recapture the grandeur and unity of the Roman Empire in a Germanic and Christian federation. Foster (encourage) a revival of learning and practice of the arts. Revised sentence and paragraph structure as well as punctuation in writing. 9th Century : Alcuin Bible (The Caroline Graphic Renewal) Manuscripts in a form of important religious texts produced by the English scholar Alcuin of York to disseminate the reforms. A.D 800 : Coronation Gospels (The Caroline Graphic Renewal) Manuscripts with a dignified classical elegance and molded into an ordered uniform script called Caroline minuscule (lowercase letter). 4
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline A.D 711 - Early 11th Century : Spanish Pictorial Expressionism Spanish peninsula, isolated from the rest of Europe. The scriptoria (monastery where manuscripts were produced) have not experience the initial impact of the Carolingian renewal/design. The Moorish mingled (mix) Islamic design motifs with Christian traditions to create unique manuscript designs. A.D 945 : Spanish Pictorial Expressionism - Moralia in Job Also known as Commentary on Job, which has great delight designs of intricate geometry and intense, as well as pure color called Labyrith page. A.D 1047 : Spanish Pictorial Expressionism - Beatus Apocalypse. Manuscript produced by the monk Beatus of Liebana in Northern Spain that have visual form to the fearful end of the world. WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline Occur in A.D 1000 : Medieval Era General population languished (failed to make progress) in literacy, live in poverty and superstitious. Christian Monasteries became the cultural, educational, and intellectual centers. Medieval Christianity fostered (encouraged & promoted) a belief that the value of human life was based on God s judgment after death. A.D 1000-14th Century : Romanesque and Gothic Manuscripts Romanesque period: A period where Monasticism reached it peak from the A.D 1000 to A.D 1150; renewed religious fervor (passionate feeling) and stronger feudalism (dominant social system) towards Christianity. Gothic period: A period where Romanesque period evolved (develop gradually) into Gothic in the middle of 12th century (A.D 1150) until the European cultural Renaissance began in 14th century. 5
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline 12th Century : Market demand for books with the rise of universities and literacy, as well as the emergence of professional lay illuminators. Circa A.D 1265 : Douce Apocalypse (Gothic Illum. Manuscripts) One of the masterpiece of Gothic Illumination with hundred illustrated pages and beautifully lettered text that represents a new breed of picture books which established graphic design approach. A.D 1300 : Ormesby psalter (Gothic Illuminated Manuscripts) Is a Liturgical books (public religious worship/feeling to the deity) and seen as early indication of an approaching Renaisannce humanism, with its concern for the quality of human life on earth. WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline 1st Century to late 14th Century : Judaic Manuscripts After 1st century the Jewish population was dispersed, its culture forced to live on in Diaspora (beyond Israel). Judaic illuminated manuscripts produced during the Medieval period of time that embrace (contain) of figurative art. A.D 1478 : Washington Haggadah (Judaic Manuscripts) Written in Hebrew calligraphy containing Jewish religious literature, including historical stories and proverbs (stating a general truth or piece of advice). A.D 622 : The Islamic Era & Islamic Manuscripts The date of Muhammad's SAW migration to Medina. The Islamic manuscripts emerged from Mohammad s SAW teachings as recorded in the Qu ran. Hundreds of thousands of manuscripts and Scientific manuscripts are produced from the 8th Century to 15th Century. 6
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline 15th Century : Late Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts Illuminated manuscripts get produced for private use. The Book of Hours becomes the most popular private devotional (religious worship) book A.D 1340-1416 : Book of Hours Europe s most popular illustrated manuscripts, a private devotional volume containing religious texts for each hour of the day, prayers, and calendars listing the days of important saints. A.D 1413-1416 : The Limbourg Brothers masterpiece form Les Tres Riches Haures du Duc de Berry. Containing both pictorial and written information presented with clarity, attesting (clear evidence) to a high level of observation and visual organization. WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions Western in Europe: Roman & Greek Empire, Spain, Israel, Celtic or Indo-European Countries Eastern in the Islamic Countries : Persia (Iran), Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Byzantine Empire, Mecca, Medina, Mongol, Turkey, India. Christian Illuminated Manuscripts: Mostly produce in the Monastic Scriptorium or writing room. 7
WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions Western in Europe WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions Eastern in Islamic Countries 8
WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented Nearly most of the manuscripts were created by more than one person. They were the editor or the art director called Scrittori, Copisti, Illuminator, and other personnel that involved in the production of manuscripts. In the Christian Illuminated Manuscripts: Mostly produce by the Scrittori, a well-educated scholar who understood Greek and Latin and functioned as both editor and art director, with overall responsibility for the design and production of the manuscripts. Copisti: A production letterer, who spent his day bent over a writing table penning page after page in a trained lettering style. Illuminator: An artist that responsible for the execution of ornament and image in visual support of the text. WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented Illustration of the Scrittori in the Scriptorium 9
WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented Illustration of the Copisti WHAT? - Introduction: Illuminated Manuscript What is Illuminated Manuscripts: Also known as codex; is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and miniature illustrations. Illuminated: Decoration or ornament of a page or initial letter in a manuscripts, i.e. Gold, silver or colored designs. The term originated from Late Mid english; Latin word illuminat means illuminated. Manuscript: A book document or a piece of writing by hand rather than typed or printed. The term originated from Latin words manu means by hand and scriptus means written or script A book or manuscript: is a set or collection of hand written, illustrated, or blank sheet, made from paper, parchment or vellum that fastened together to hinge (attach or join) at one side. 10
WHAT? - Introduction: Illuminated Manuscript What is Illuminated Manuscripts: Also known as codex; is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and miniature illustrations. Illuminated: Decoration or ornament of a page or initial letter in a manuscripts, i.e. Gold, silver or colored designs. The term originated from Late Mid english; Latin word illuminat means illuminated. Manuscript: A book document or a piece of writing by hand rather than typed or printed. The term originated from Latin words manu means by hand and scriptus means written or script A book or manuscript: is a set or collection of hand written, illustrated, or blank sheet, made from paper, parchment or vellum that fastened together to hinge (attach or join) at one side. WHAT? - Introduction: Illuminated Manuscript Colophon: is a publisher s imprint, especially found on the title page or spine of a manuscripts; giving information about the scribe, designer, snd printing. Gospel: is a set of principles or belief of the teaching or revelation or record of Jesus Christ s life. Bible: is the scriptures of Christian religion Apocalypse: is an event involving destruction or damage on an awesome or catastrophic (sudden great damage or suffering) scale as described and depicted in the biblical book of Christian religion. Psalter: is the book of the biblical Psalms (a sacred song or hymn, in particular any of those contained in the biblical book of Christian and Jewish worship). 11
WHAT? - Introduction: Illuminated Manuscript Haggadah/Haggadot: is the text recited of the Jewish religion; Judaic illuminated manuscripts containing Jewish religious literature, inlcuding historical stories and proverbs (piece of advice). Hebrew Calligraphy: is a set of the sacred writings of Judaism; the Semitic language in its ancient or modern form. Qur an: is the Muslim holy book written in the Arabic alphabet/calligraphy and believed to contain great truths revealed by Allah (God) to Muhammad. Unicials: is a rounded, freely drawn majuscule or capital letters more suited to rapid writing than either Rustic Capital (informal style handwritten of Roman capital letter) Minuscule: A small or lower-case of letterform Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: The Vatican Vergil, early 5th Century A.D The Classical Style: Single column of text Illustration same width as text Rustic capitals Fragments indicate a cinematic graphic sequence, like a comic book. (Left) The Vatican Vergil, The Death of Laocoon, early 5th Century A.D * Two scenes from the life of Laocoon are shown in one illustration 12
WHAT? - Unicials from The Vatican Vergil Unicials, 8th Century * Rounded strokes were made with pen held in a straight horizontal position Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: The Book of Durrow, A.D 680 The Celtic Design: Combination of culture and religion Single column of text Ornate initials Design is abstract and extremely complex Space between words Book of Durrow, A.D 680 * Opening page, The Gospel of Saint Mark, Linked into a ligature, an I and N become an aesthethic form of interlaced thread and coiling spiral motifs 13
The Book of Durrow, A.D 680 The Celtic Design: Geometric linear pattern weave, twist, and fill a space with thick visual textures. Bright, pre colors are used in close juxtaposition. Intricate Celtic craft tradition with highly decorative patterns. Use of lacertines - interlaces created by animal forms (Left) Book of Durrow, A.D 680 * The Man, symbol of Matthew, As flat as a cubist painting and constructed from simple geometric forms, this figure, facing the opening of the Gospel of Saint Matthew, wear a checkered pattern red, yellow, and green squares and tile-like patterned textures Celtic Design: Lindisfarne Gospels, A.D 698 14
Lindisfarne Gospels, A.D 698 The Celtic Design: Ornaments used in three ways: i. Ornamental frames or borders ii. Ornate initials iii. Full-page decorative designs called carpet Use of interlaces - ribbons or straps woven into complex, symmetrical Celtic Design: The Book of Kells, A.D 794-806 15
The Book of Kells, A.D 794-806 The Celtic Design: Diminuendo - a decreasing of scale of graphic information. Monogram of Christ - a motif of two or more letters, typically a person's initials, usually interwoven. The Book of Kells, A.D 794-806 16
12/13/14 Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: The Caroline Graphic Renewal The Caroline Graphic Renewal: Charlemagne (A Holy Roman Emperor A.D 742-814) standardize page layout, writing style, an decoration. Reformed the alphabet Tried to recapture the accurate drawing and illusionistic techniques of Byzantine artist. (Left) Alcuin Bible, 9th Century A. Coronation Gospels, A.D 800 17
Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: The Spanish Pictorial Expressionism The Spanish Pictorial Expressionism : Have great influence from the Islamic design with flat shapes of intense color. Combination of Islamic and Christian traditions in the creation of their unique manuscripts Totem-like animals Geometric patterns (Left) Morolia in Job, A.D 945 Moralia in Job, A.D 945 18
Beatus Apocalypse, A.D 1047 Beatus Apocalypse, A.D 1047 19
Beatus Apocalypse, A.D 1047 Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: Romanesque s and Gothic Manuscripts (Above) Douce Apocalypse, A.D 1,265 20
Romanesque & Gothic Illuminated Manuscripts - Douce Apocalypse, A.D 1,265 Romanesque design : Linear drawing, distorted figures combine with the overall page design and flat background. Gothic design : Scribes used texture lettering, often in two columns. Illustrations were divided into segments by elaborate framing and some black texture. Elongated (long) figures wearing elegant, fashionable clothing. Symbolic imagery and a mellow (smooth or soft color palette. Ormesby psalter, A.D 1,300 21
Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: Judaic Manuscript Judaic Manusript design/style : Written in Hebrew calligraphy The words was supreme (most important) Artistic embellishment (detail decorative) for educational reasons or to adorn religious objects - figurative art Illustration played a supporting role to the word. (Left) Haggadot, A.D 1,478 Haggadot, A.D 1,478 22
Haggadot with Hebrew Calligraphy Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: Islamic Manuscripts - Qu ran (Above) Qur an: Al-Nabawi Hadith, Mecca, A.D 1329 23
12/13/14 Islamic Manuscripts: Qu ran Islamic Manuscript design/style : Written in Arabic calligraphy Negative spaces become concrete forms. Text and illustration are framed with multiple lines and complex ornamental borders. Complicated or intricate geometric and arabesque designs. No figurative illustrations based on the belief that only God could create life. Miniature paintings with elaborate detail and vibrant colors. Space if flat and shallow warm/cool and light/dark color combinations Islamic Manuscripts: Qu ran 24
Late Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts (Above) Book of Hours, A.D 1,413-16 Design/Style Contributions and Innovations: Late Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts design/style : More emphasis on illustration, less on text. Illustrations dominated the page layout Convincing realism, atmospheric perspective, and linear perspective Strong sense of mass and volume Book of Hours is a private devotional volume containing religious texts for each hour of the day, prayers, calendars listing the days of important saints. 25
WHY? - The Purpose/ Need of Illum. Manuscript Illuminated Manuscripts is a sacred writings held great meaning to Christians, Jewish, and Muslims. HOW? - The Execution/ Technical Process Manuscript production was costly and time-consuming. Parchment or vellum took hours to prepare, and large book might require the skin of hundred of sheep. Black color lettering was prepared from fine soot or lampblack that mix with gum and water. Most of the colored ink was made form mixture of minerals, gum and water. Gold and silver (from the gold or silver leaves) was applied into two ways; sometimes it was ground into a powder and mixed into a gold paint, or hammered the gold into a fine sheet of gold leaf and applying it over and adhesive ground. Books were bound between wooden boards that usually covered with leather, or ivory carving. Decorative patterns were applied by tooling the leather, and sometimes had precious jewels, gold-and silverwork or even enameled design on their covers. 26
The Medium: Parchment or Vellum of Calfskin Parchment or vellum from calf skin The Ink and Paints 27
The Gold and Silver leaves Gold and silver leaves Technical Process I 28
The Technical Process II Ink and watercolor on calfskin 29