Introduction to MO VLI esin Lecture : ircuits & Lyout vid Hrris Outline rief History MO Gte esin Pss Trnsistors MO Ltches & Flip-Flops tndrd ell Lyouts tick irms Hrvey Mudd ollee prin lide rief History 958: First interted circuit Flip-flop usin two trnsistors uilt y Jck Kily t Texs Instruments 3 Intel Pentium µprocessor (55 million trnsistors) 5 Mit RM (>.5 illion trnsistors) 53% compound nnul rowth rte over 5 yers No other technoloy hs rown so fst so lon riven y minituriztion of trnsistors mller is cheper, fster, lower in power! Revolutionry effects on society lide 3 nnul les 8 trnsistors mnufctured in 3 million for every humn on the plnet Glol emiconductor illins (illions of U$) 5 5 98 98 986 988 99 99 99 996 998 er lide Invention of the Trnsistor Vcuum tues ruled in first hlf of th century Lre, expensive, power-hunry, unrelile 97: first point contct trnsistor John rdeen nd Wlter rttin t ell Ls Red rystl Fire y Riordn, Hoddeson Trnsistor Types ipolr trnsistors npn or pnp silicon structure mll current into very thin se lyer controls lre currents etween emitter nd collector se currents limit intertion density Metl Oxide emiconductor Field Effect Trnsistors nmo nd pmo MOFET Volte pplied to insulted te controls current etween source nd drin Low power llows very hih intertion lide 5 lide 6
MO Interted ircuits 97 s processes usully hd only nmo trnsistors Inexpensive, ut consume power while idle Moore s Lw 965: Gordon Moore plotted trnsistor on ech chip Fit striht line on semilo scle Trnsistor counts hve douled every 6 months Intel 56-it RM Intel -it µproc 98s-present: MO processes for low idle power Trnsistors,,,,,,,,,,,, 88 88 886 886 Intel386 Intel86 Pentium Pentium III Pentium II Pentium Pro Pentium 97 975 98 985 99 995 er Intertion Levels I: tes MI: tes LI:, tes VLI: > k tes lide 7 lide 8 orollries Mny other fctors row exponentilly Ex: clock frequency, processor performnce, MO Gte esin ctivity: ketch -input MO NN te, 88 lock peed (MHz) 88 886 886 Intel386 Intel86 Pentium Pentium Pro/II/III Pentium 97 975 98 985 99 995 5 er lide 9 lide MO Gte esin omplementry MO ctivity: ketch -input MO NOR te omplementry MO loic tes nmo pull-down network pmo pull-up network.k.. sttic MO Pull-down ON Pull-up OFF Pull-down OFF Z (flot) Pull-up ON X (crowr) inputs pmo pull-up network nmo pull-down network output lide lide
eries nd Prllel onduction omplement nmo: = ON pmo: = ON eries: oth must e ON Prllel: either cn e ON () () (c) OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON omplementry MO tes lwys produce or Ex: NN te eries nmo: = when oth inputs re Thus = when either input is Requires prllel pmo Rule of onduction omplements Pull-up network is dul of pull-down Prllel -> series, series -> prllel (d) ON ON ON OFF lide 3 lide ompound Gtes ompound tes cn do ny invertin function Ex: = + (N-N-OR-INVERT, OI) = ( + + ) Exmple: O3I () () (c) (d) (f) (e) lide 5 lide 6 = ( + + ) Exmple: O3I inl trenth trenth of sinl How close it pproximtes idel volte source V nd GN rils re stronest nd nmo pss stron ut derded or wek pmo pss stron ut derded or wek Thus nmo re est for pull-down network lide 7 lide 8 3
Pss Trnsistors Trnsistors cn e used s switches Pss Trnsistors Trnsistors cn e used s switches s d s d = s d = s d Input = Output stron = derded s d s d = s d = s d Input Output = derded = stron lide 9 lide Trnsmission Gtes Pss trnsistors produce derded outputs Trnsmission tes pss oth nd well Trnsmission Gtes Pss trnsistors produce derded outputs Trnsmission tes pss oth nd well =, = =, = Input Output =, = stron =, = stron lide lide Tristtes Tristte uffer produces Z when not enled Tristtes Tristte uffer produces Z when not enled Z Z lide 3 lide
Nonrestorin Tristte Trnsmission te cts s tristte uffer Only two trnsistors ut nonrestorin Noise on is pssed on to Tristte Inverter Tristte inverter produces restored output Violtes conduction complement rule ecuse we wnt Z output lide 5 lide 6 Tristte Inverter Multiplexers Tristte inverter produces restored output Violtes conduction complement rule ecuse we wnt Z output : multiplexer chooses etween two inputs X X X X = = 'Z' = = lide 7 lide 8 Multiplexers Gte-Level Mux esin : multiplexer chooses etween two inputs X X X X = + (too mny trnsistors) How mny trnsistors re needed? lide 9 lide 3 5
Gte-Level Mux esin = + (too mny trnsistors) How mny trnsistors re needed? Gte-Level Mux esin = + (too mny trnsistors) How mny trnsistors re needed? lide 3 lide 3 Trnsmission Gte Mux Nonrestorin mux uses two trnsmission tes Trnsmission Gte Mux Nonrestorin mux uses two trnsmission tes Only trnsistors lide 33 lide 3 Invertin Mux Invertin multiplexer Use compound OI Or pir of tristte inverters Essentilly the sme thin Noninvertin multiplexer dds n inverter : Multiplexer : mux chooses one of inputs usin two selects lide 35 lide 36 6
: Multiplexer : mux chooses one of inputs usin two selects Two levels of : muxes Or four tristtes Ltch When =, ltch is trnsprent flows throuh to like uffer When =, the ltch is opque holds its old vlue independent of.k.. trnsprent ltch or level-sensitive ltch 3 3 Ltch lide 37 lide 38 Ltch esin Ltch Opertion Multiplexer chooses or old = = lide 39 lide Flip-flop Flip-flop esin When rises, is copied to t ll other times, holds its vlue.k.. positive ede-triered flip-flop, mster-slve flip-flop uilt from mster nd slve ltches M Ltch M Ltch Flop lide lide 7
Flip-flop Opertion Rce ondition = M M ck-to-ck flops cn mlfunction from clock skew econd flip-flop fires lte ees first flip-flop chne nd cptures its result lled hold-time filure or rce condition = Flop Flop lide 3 lide Nonoverlppin locks Nonoverlppin clocks cn prevent rces s lon s nonoverlp exceeds clock skew ou cn use them if you like for sfe desin Industry mnes skew more crefully insted φ φ M φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ lide 5 8