The structure of this ppt Sentence types 1.1.-1.3. An overview 2.1.-2.2. Yes/no questions 3.1.-3.2. WH-questions 4.1.-4.5. Directives 2
1. Sentence types: an overview 3
1.1. Sentence types: an overview syntactic types (Q1985: 803-804) declarative the subject is present and it precedes the verb/operator interrogative (i) yes-no: the operator precedes the subject (ii) WH: the WH-element is sentence-initial (+ OP SUBJ) imperative (normally) no overt subject and the verb has the base form exclamative sentence-initial WH-element and SUBJ OP order John bought/will buy a good book. Will John buy a good book? What will John buy? Buy a good book! (cf. YOU buy a good book!) What a good book John will buy! 4
1.2. Sentence types: an overview discourse functional (= semantic) types (Q1985: 803-804) statements (typically expressed by declaratives): convey information questions (typically expressed by interrogatives): seek information on a specific point directives (typically expressed by imperatives): instruct somebody to do something exclamations (typically expressed by exclamatives): express the extent to which the speaker is impressed by something John bought/will buy a good book. Will John buy a good book? What will John buy? Buy a good book! (cf. YOU buy a good book!) What a good book John will buy! 5
1.3. Sentence types: an overview not infrequently: mismatch between semantic and syntactic types question (expressed by a declarative): statement (expressed by an interrogative): directive (expressed by a declarative): exclamation (expressed by an interrogative): John bought a BOOK? [= Did John buy a book?] What do I care? [= I don t care.] I d love a cup of tea. [= Give me a cup of tea!] Isn t Christine clever? [= How clever Christine is!] 6
2. Sentence types: yes/no questions 7
2.1. Sentence types: yes/no questions general characteristics form: OP SUBJ + rising intonation if no operator in the declarative counterpart: DO support (just like in negation) typically (and neutrally, cf. neutral polarity): nonassertive forms (just like in negation) positive expectation negative orientation negative questions and contraction: OP SUBJ not vs. OPn t SUBJ 8 The boat has left. ~ Has the boat LÉFT? Eve is writing a paper. ~ Is Eve writing a PÁPER? They live in Sydney. ~ Do they live in Sydney? Joe opened the door. ~ Did Joe open the door? Someone called last night. ~ Did anyone call last night? Did someone call last night? Do you really want to leave? Did they not warn you? Didn t they warn you?
2.2. Sentence types: yes/no questions tag questions general features: OP(n t) PRON-SUBJ or OP PRON-SUBJ (not) (OP: DO support if necessary) positive statement negative tag negative statement positive tag (but: (5)) falling or rising tone five types (1) positive assumption + neutral expectation (rising tone) (2) negative assumption + neutral expectation (rising tone) (3) positive assumption + positive expectation (falling tone) (4) negative assumption + negative expectation (falling tone) (5) positive statement + positive tag (rising tone) sarcastic or scolding remark He likes his job, doesn t he? (also: does he not?) He doesn t like his job, does he? He likes his job, doesn t he? (also: does he not?) He doesn t like his job, does he? So, he likes his job, does he? Oh, you ve had another accident, have you? 9
3. Sentence types: WH-questions 10
3.1. Sentence types: wh-questions general characteristics (1) WH-words: who/whom/whose, what, which, when, where, how, why typically: falling intonation the WH-constituent is sentence-initial & the WH-word is WH-constituent-initial, except in PPs in formal speech WH OP SUBJ order (and DO support), except when the WH is the SUBJ negation: WH OPn t SUBJ WH OP SUBJ not What / which book did you read? What did you base your claim on? vs. On what did you base your claim? What did you buy? Who bought the car? (no DO support!) What can you buy? Who can buy the car? (WH-SUBJ OP) What didn t you buy? What did you not buy? 11
3.2. Sentence types: wh-questions general characteristics (2) there can be more than one WH-constituent within the same clause if one them is the subject, it must be initial usually only one WHconstituent is fronted, but adverbial WHs can be coordinated! rather: adjuncts ( obliques) Who said what to whom? Which present did you give to whom? To whom did you give which present? Who saw what? *What did who see? When and where did they meet? When did they meet and where???what and where does he teach? What does he teach and where???where and when did you put the tea? 12
4. Sentence types: directives 13
4.1. Sentence types: directives generally no subject (but it is always implied), otherwise the same sentence patterns negation: don t or do not progressive and perfect: very rare a) Jump. Don t jump. Do not jump. (V) b) Open the door. (VO) c) Be reasonable. (VC S ) d) Get inside. (VA) e) Tell me the truth. (VOO) f) Consider yourself lucky. (VOC O ) g) Put the flowers on the table. (VOA) Be doing the homework when I get home! Start the book and have finished by noon! 14
4.2. Sentence types: directives evidence that the missing subject is you (sg/pl) tag questions reflexive pronouns the use of emphatic sy s own expression you may appear to express something extra (irritation, emphasis, identity of the addressee, etc.) Be quiet, will you? Behave yourself/yourselves / *myself/*himself/*themselves. Wash your / *my/*his/*their own car. You be quiet! You take the book! 15
4.3. Sentence types: directives third person subjects are also possible the sentence-initial NP can also be a vocative element let is used for 1st (or 3rd) person subjects Somebody open this door. Nobody move. MARY, play on my side. Play on my side, MARY. MARY, you play on my side. Mary play on my side. Let me entertain you. Let us / let s entertain you. Let someone open the door. 16
4.4. Sentence types: directives 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON WITHOUT SUBJECT (i) Open the door. WITH SUBJECT WITHOUT LET WITH LET (ii) You open the door. (iv) Let me open the door. Let s open the door. (iii) Someone open the door. (v) Let someone open the door. 17