APA Style 6 th Edition References and Citations The Learning Centre,, London ON Times New Roman font size 12 Double-spaced (on 8.5 X 11 inch paper) Margins: 1 inch on all sides (or 2.5 cm) Beginning with title page, number pages in top right corner of each page References page and reference citations must be included APA Title Page SAMPLE #1: Running head: COLLEGE STUDENT STRESS 1 This section explains/defines the running head OFTEN not required at the undergraduate level as it is for papers to be published The words Running head only appear on the first page. Technology: Its Role in College Student Stress Janice M. Jones Title of paper Student name Institution name Prepared by Lynette Carmichael
APA Documentation 1 Level of heading Headings Format 1 Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 3 4 5 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. References The reference page identifies all sources used in a paper and is located at the end of the paper. The following details are considered when preparing your References page: Add and centre the title References at the top of the page Double space between ALL lines Number this page with the rest of the paper If reference entry is two or more lines long, indent second line 5 spaces (1/2 inch). This is called a hanging indent. Use p. for single page number and pp. for multiple page numbers (except in periodicals) GENERAL REFERENCE PAGE GUIDELINES: Author(s): Alphabetize by last names and include first name initial If no author, use editor s name If neither author nor editor is available, use the source title Separate names with commas; use ampersand (&) before the last author s name If two references are by the same author, include author for both, and order entries by publication date starting with the earliest date Titles: For titles of books, chapters, articles, etc., capitalize the first word of the title as well as pronouns and proper nouns Any reference that is a part of a larger source (i.e. a journal article, a chapter, etc.) appears nonitalicized. The larger source is italicized following the capitalization rule identified above. Note: The exception to this is journals and newspapers in which case the entire journal is title cased. Place of Publication: Include state/province if city name is a name easily confused (i.e. London, England/London, Ontario) or unfamiliar
APA Documentation 2 BOOKS One author: Samples Last Name First Initial Year of Publication Place of Publication Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches. 4 th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace and World. Title of Book Edition (if present) Two authors: Pikarton, W., & Anderson, D. (1976). Transportation policy development. New.York: Heath. 3-7 authors: Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Different lifestyles. New York: Heath. More than 7 authors: Henderson, P. H., Grand, B., Frills, H., Enderson, P., Danson, R., Dexter, W., et al. (2002). Different lifestyles. New York: Heath. No author: Lifestyles of the new decade (2001). Ottawa: Living Publishing. Two books by same author: Hoare, L. (1969). Money hungry. New York: Harcourt Brace and World. Hoare, L. (1970). The rags and riches. New York: Bringly Covers. Publisher Two authors with the same last name: Janet, P. [Paul]. (1876). La notion de la personnalité [The notion of personality]. Revue Scientifique, 10, 574-575. Janet, P. [Pierre]. (1906). The pathogenesis of some impulsions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1, 1-17. Edited book: Hoare, L., & Collins, A. (Eds). (1969). The rags and riches. New York: Harcourt Brace and World. One author & additional edition book: Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches (2 nd ed.). New York: Bringly Covers. Corporate, organization, or agency author: Healthy Living, Inc. (2001). Lifestyles of the new decade. Ottawa: Publishing Works. Chapter in a book: Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Social Life. In B.J. Smith (Ed.), Living in North America (pp. 321-360). New York: Heath.
APA Documentation 3 ARTICLES One author journal article: Last Name First Name Initial Publication Year Jones, L. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 8(4), 45-51. Article Title Artilce Journal Name (If present) Vol. number Issue number (If present) 2 authors, journal article: Curtis, C.L., & Smith, B. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 10, 204-208. Page s 3--6 authors, journal article: Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., & Anderson, J. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 10(3), 204-208. More than 6 authors, journal article: Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., Jones, A., Windel, H., Santos, L., Anderson, J., et al. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 10, 204-208. One author, magazine article: Curtis, C.L. (1999, November 4). Marriage: solve those problems. Shape, 211, 204-208. No author, news article: Marriage: solve those problems. (2004, July 20). The London Free Press, p.b4. One author, newspaper article: Henderson, M. (2001, May 1). London s shopping. The London Free Press, pp. A3-A4. ONLINE REFERENCES When Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is present, URL is not required. When DOI is not present, URL is required. When DOI is Present General format: Author, A.A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue number), page number(s). doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx Example: Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the Survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
APA Documentation 4 ONLINE REFERENCES (continued) When DOI is Not Present General format: Author, A.A. (date of publication). Title of article Title of Journal, volume (number), page numbers. Retrieved from URL Example: Sillick, T.J. & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap One author, article published in print and online: Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money [Electronic version]. Time, 6: 5-6. One author and date, article in online journal: Simmons, B. (2001, March 21). Using technology. Journal of Distance Education, 25, 30-39. doi: 10.0147/0261-6122.43.3.300 Author and no date, article in online journal: Simmons, B. (n.d.). Using technology. Journal of Distance Education. Retrieved October 1, 2002, from http:// www.jde.com/technologies.on.ca No author and date article in online journal: Inheriting money. (2004, August 1). How to become rich. Retrieved October 1, 2004, from http://www.legal.com/issues.on.ca No author, no date stand alone document: An analysis of law. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2004, from http://www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca One author, independent web document: Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. Retrieved October 1, 2002, from http:// www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca Electronic version of print book. Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10.1036/0071393722 Electronic-only book O Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/shoitem.asp?itemid=135 University or department website: Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education. Retrieved October 20, 2006, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
APA Documentation 5 Journal article from an online database: Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. How to become rich. 20, 31-41. Retrieved October 1, 2002, from Proquest Direct database. One author article in online newspaper: Simmons, B. (2004, September 21). Inheriting money. The London Free Press on the Web. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from http://www.londonfreepress.com/ today//millionaires.html One author, chapter or section in an internet document: Simmons, B. (2001, June 14). Inheriting money. In Becoming a millionaire (chap.4). Retrieved October 1, 2002, from http:// www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca Internet Government report: U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed. (Publication No. HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting Office Reports Online via GPO Access: http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/ aces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html Online abstract: Isaac. J. D., Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (1999, May). Other people as a source of interest in an activity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 239-265. Abstract retrieved June 7, 1999, from IDEAL database site http://www.europe.idealibrary.com Online forum or discussion group message: Weylman, C. R. (2004, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg. 98]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sales-marketing-tips/message/98 Blog post: PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning yur mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php A blog comment would be referenced as follows: MiddleKid. (2007, Januarry 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php Note: In the second example a screen name is used for the author name. The author has adopted a nickname, or screen name, to use when posting comments to this web log. Podcast: Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19) Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Online PowerPoint Presentation: Johnson, M.B. (2004). Writing the perfect paper [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
APA Documentation 6 ERIC Report: Saunders, G. D. (1999). Addressing political issues in post-secondary education. (Report No. NCRTL-RR-45-2). East Lansing, MI: National Centre for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED324343) Map retrieved online: Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf Image: Johnson, S. (1971). Hope Exists. [Online Image]. Retrieved January 4, 2009, from http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE ENTRIES Brochure corporate author: The Unemployment Help Centre. (2000). The path to better finances (2nd ed.) [Brochure]. Boston: Author. Television broadcast: Sut, J.S. (Producer). (2000, March 16). Nannies. [Television Program]. New York: CBS. Music recording by an artist: Smith, A. (2002). Yesterday was my favourite day [Recorded by J.Evans]. On Time flies [CD]. New York: All-time Records. Published interview: Smith, A. (2002). [Interview with Joe Hicks, author of Wild]. National, 14, 223. Book review: Smith, A. (2002). Instructional Design Concepts. (Review of the book Designing courses for online delivery]. National, 14, 223. Encyclopaedia or dictionary entry: Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6 th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan. Image: Andrew, M. (Producer), & Smith, J. (Director). (2002). The Honey Bees [Motion Picture]. United States: Artsway Studio. Photographs: [Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917-1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder 2292). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University library, New Haven, CT.
APA Documentation 7 Citations Each reference within a paper is called a REFERENCE CITATION. GENERAL RULES FOR CITATIONS: All direct quotes (word for word) must be cited. In most cases, direct quotes should include author, year, and page numbers (if present) All paraphrases (rephrased idea) must be cited. All paraphrases should include author and year (if present) Short quotes: Quotes fewer than 40 words (see samples for format) Long quotes: Quotes greater than 40 words - (see sample for format) Authors: No author: use abbreviated version of work s title 3-5 authors: include all authors in first reference citation, then use et al. for additional citations 6 or more authors: use et al. for all citations If no date is present, use n.d. If question marks/exclamation marks are part of quote, include within quotation marks Personal Interviews/Email/Letters These are known as PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS DO NOT cite personal communications on the References page these sources are not retrievable - make reference to these sources within your paper Page #s are not necessary with paraphrases; however, it is acceptable and sometimes valuable to offer them anyways for clarification Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph Samples BOOKS, ARTICLES, and OTHER PRINT SOURCES Paraphrase Using Author s Name in Text: Smith (1999) clearly indicates that peace is on the rise. Direct Quote Using Author s Name in Text: Smith (1999) clearly indicates that peace is on the rise (p.55). One Author Paraphrase: Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith, 1999).
APA Documentation 8 One Author Paraphrased in a Row Within Same Paragraph: Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith, 1999). Smith further indicates that AIDS is a growing epidemic. Two Author Paraphrase: Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith & Jones, 1999). Direct Quote, More Than 6 Authors: The educational system needs some work (Smith et al., 1999, p.145). Paraphrase, More Than 6 Authors: The educational system is in need of revitalization (Smith et al., 1999). Article, No Author, Direct Quote: "All is well across the world" ( Lifestyles, 2001, p.12). Article, No Author, Paraphrase: People are happy all around the world ( Lifestyles, 2001). Direct Quote, Two Authors: In a recent review, Smith and Jones (1999) suggest peace is crumbling (p.203). Direct Quote by One Author: The education system needs revitalization (Smith, 1999, p.145). Long Direct Quote: Smith (2004) reveals school is one of the most essential forms of socializing children. It shows children how to effectively share, cooperate, give, lend, and communicate with their fellow peers. Without school, children would be left to try and develop such skills without the advantage of having friends and playmates to experience such trials and tribulations with. (p. 244) No Author, No Date, No Page Numbers: All is well across the world ( Lifestyles, n.d.). Two or more authors in the same reference: Orderly conduct is classified as imperative in educational environments (Smith, 2004; Vack, 2005). Paraphrase from Two Different Sources with Authors with the Same Last Name (use first initials with each): Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (E. Smith, 2003; J. Smith, 2006). Paraphrase from Two Different Works and Different Authors (list alphabetically): Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (Smith, 2003; Vernon, 2006). Citing Indirect Sources (place primary source Smith in reference list): Jackson indicates that...(as cited in Smith, 2006, p.123). Paraphrase Using Brochure organization: The Writing Centre (2005) clearly indicates that effective writing is key to success in business. Paraphrase, Brochure organization: Effective writing equals success (The Writing Centre, 2005). A Work Designated as Anonymous: Things have a way of twisting and turning (Anonymous, 2004).
APA Documentation 9 ONLINE SOURCES Quote, One Author article, No Page number But Paragraph # available: Money makes us strange (Simmons, 2001, para. 5). OR (Simmons, 2001, 5) Quote, One Author article, No Page number or Paragraph # (use heading and count paras): Money makes us strange (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1). Quote, One Author article, No Page or Para #, No Heading: Money makes us strange (Simmons, 2001). Quote, Article, No Author, Date, Page or Para #: Money makes us strange ( Inheriting money, n.d.). Quote, Article, No Author, Page or Para #: Money makes us strange ( Inheriting money, 2001). Paraphrase, Book, No Author:... the number of recent graduates from art schools in France has shown that this is a trend worldwide (Highway to Technology, 1988). Paraphrase, 6 or More Authors: Money corrupts any individual who has too much of it (Jones et al., 2004). Referring to/citing from Entire Website: Money makes us strange ( Inheriting money, 2001). One Author Paraphrase when using 2 Sources with Same last Name: A recent article by J.H. Smith addressed. Corporate Author (full name after 1st use, abbreviated version in later paragraphs: The world of technology needs a company that can intuitively predict the needs of all people (Rogers Communication, 2004). That is why Rogers employees receive extensive training (Rogers, 2004). ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS CITATIONS Interview: Life is grand (J.R., Roberts, personal communication, November 21, 2002). Email: Things have a way of twisting and turning (W. Smith, personal communication, June 10, 2003).