Spectrum Policy Forum

Spectrum Policy Forum Cluster 1: Spectrum Demand (Workshop 2 of 3) Janette Stewart Cluster 1 Chair

Cluster 1 is focusing on sector-specific spectrum needs during the remainder of 2018, based on feedback from the Steering Board Three workshops are taking place: The first workshop took place on 26 th April 2018, including presentations as follows: Steve Talbot - Ofcom s international engagement on 470-960MHz. Adrian Grilli - JRC on utility sector spectrum needs Tony Lavender - Plum Consulting on wireless technology in industrial automation A second workshop is taking place on 28 th June 2018, at 2pm Presentations include PMSE in UHF spectrum (DTG PMSE Group), how DTT is adapting (changing viewing behaviour, 700MHz clearance) (Digital UK), spectrum for business radio (FCS) and a presentation on technology trends in UHF spectrum (Real Wireless) Third workshop planned for 24 th September Presentations have been confirmed for this workshop from the Home Office (Emergency Services, non-esn spectrum needs including ProSe ), Ofcom (fixed links), GSA (mobile spectrum trends) and Avanti (future satellite needs)

PMSE in UHF Update for the UK SPF UHF review Contribution provided by the DTG PMSE Implementation Group dtg.org.uk

Introduction to wireless PMSE audio equipment (1) Spectrum for Programme Making and Special Events (PMSE) is extensively used by the creative industries in TV studios, film, theatre and live music. Provides flexibility for AV capture for both live broadcast and recordings Talent is unencumbered by tethers, allows innovative coverage of sports. RM Tx IEM Rx IEM Tx

Introduction to wireless PMSE audio equipment (2) Interleaved DTT leaves whitespace gaps in UHF for PMSE Analogue FM equipment used almost exclusively to date Frequency planning must take account of transmitter reverse intermodulation distortion (RIMD) Efficiency typically ~ 1 channel / 1MHz Digital PMSE equipment is now being introduced Transmitters more linear and less susceptible to RIMD Allows denser channel packing (typically 2 to 8 channels / 1MHz) Concerns about digital equipment include Latency Battery life Cost Reduced range Audio codec artefacts

Typical PMSE audio equipment

Current wireless PMSE audio use in the UK (1) There is a wide variation in the density of PMSE use: Church halls, discos and conferences use perhaps 1 10 channels Large theatres, OB events and large TV studios use up to 200 channels Larger users have complex RF and audio routing systems Ofcom issue strict licences for PMSE spectrum assignments Not all regulators have such tight control and coordination The whole of the band 470 790 MHz is currently available indoor PMSE use Outdoor PMSE use is restricted to protect DTT service areas.

Current wireless PMSE audio use in the UK (2) The number of protected DTT muxs varies geographically from 3 to 9 3 x PSB, 3 x COM, 2 x COM-HD and a LOC-TV, together using 24 to 72 MHz Nearby unprotected DTT transmitters, including relays and broadcasts from neighbouring countries add noise which particularly affects outdoor operation. Indoor use of PMSE co-channel with DTT is sometimes possible Need low antenna heights, well screened buildings and careful RF installations Performance will be reduced: Shorter range More dropouts

DTT 700 MHz Band Clearance UHF Band 2017 (Plan V6.20) 21 30 40 50 60 61 69 470 MHz 790 MHz 862 MHz UHF Band May 2020 (Plan V7.21) 21 30 40 48 49 69 470 MHz 694 MHz 862 MHz LTE Guard band HD Interim Multiplexes (SFN) until LTE-SDL (band 67) is deployed 694 MHz 703 MHz 733 MHz 758 MHz 788 MHz 791 MHz 47 48 55 56 9 MHz LTE-700 U/L 25 MHz LTE-700 D/L LTE-800 D/L 11 MHz LTE-800 U/L Source: BBC Research and Development 2017

Implications of 700 MHz clearance (1) 700 MHz clearance reduces spectrum by 96 MHz to 216 MHz (27 DTT channels) UHF channels re-allocated to mobile cannot be shared with PMSE The 9 MHz guard band is available but may not be clean. About 161 MHz of interleaved spectrum is typically available for outdoor PMSE This applies to areas with 9 protected DTT multiplexes Usable spectrum may be less depending on the level of unprotected DTT coverages Remote areas may have less DTT coverage and more interleaved spectrum To continue operation in UHF after 700 MHz clearance, large PMSE users need To use more efficient equipment replacing existing analogue equipment To re-engineer reception systems (e.g. filters, antennas, routing and monitoring systems) Consider alternative talkback equipment, typically using the DECT ban This is proving more expensive than the traditional UHF kit Carries risk associated with use of licence-exempt bands.

Implications of 700 MHz clearance (2) Ofcom has made available new spectrum within the 960 1164 MHz band* as a response to 700 MHz clearance This is subject to non-interference with avionic applications Manufacturer support to date is uncertain, mainly due to European harmonisation issues * The amount of spectrum available for use by PMSE applications varies by location and by equipment type, some prototype equipment cannot use the whole band. A further 30 MHz spectrum is potentially available across several bands with restrictions (see following tables) Further re-allocation of UHF to mobile would severely restrict audio PMSE operation

Typical 960-1164 MHz Band interleaved spectrum availability Glasgow - Pacific Quay (93MHz) Birmingham The Mailbox (63MHz) London Elstree (51MHz) London TVC (52MHz) Information courtesy of Ofcom UK [2017]

European spectrum allocations for wireless audio applications CEPT documents:- ERC European Recommendation 25-10 Frequency ranges for the use of Terrestrial Audio and Video Programme Making and Special Events (PMSE) applications, last amended October 2016. ERC European Recommendation 70-03 Relating to Short Range Devices (SRD), last amended 3 February 2017. Summary of spectrum allocations 1. 29.7 47 MHz (note: there appears to be 8 or 9 MHz which is not embargoed for military applications but the UK position is that it s not available). 2. 174 216 MHz (note: limited authorization in the UK) 3. 470 703 MHz (note: this is post 700 MHz clearance) 4. 823-832 MHz (note: this is the 800 MHz IMT duplex gap) 5. 1350 1400 MHz (note: UK use not authorized) 6. 1492 1518 MHz (note: UK use not authorised) 7. 1518 1525 MHz 8. 1785 1805 MHz (note: this is the 1800 MHz IMT duplex gap the top 5 MHz may not be available in the UK) 9. [960 1164 MHz allocated in UK only, being studied in Europe]

Post 700 MHz clearance spectrum and equipment availability Band (MHz) Manufacturer support Power (EIRP) Note Spectrum available 29.7 47 Irrelevant. 20 / 50 mw Not useable for professional applications None and not authorised in UK. 174 216 Reasonable support. 50 mw Regarded as noisy, limited UK allocations Minimal due to DAB. 823 832 Well supported band. 20 / 100 mw Up to 5 MHz but noisy from IMT. ~3 MHz 470 694 (DTT) plus 694 703 (LTE guard band) Best supported band 50 mw (belt pack) 10 mw (radio mic) Will be more restricted post 700 clearance. 694 703 may be noisy. 606-614 is a special case for ENG. ~161 MHz outdoors (233 MHz less 9 DTT muxes typ. LTE UE noise from 694 703 MHz). 1350 1400 MHz May be supported in future by limited 20 / 50 mw Not in UK. None number. 1492 1518 MHz Supported by 1 manufacturer. 50 mw Not in UK (soon to be allocated to IMT). None 1518 1525 MHz Supported by 1 manufacturer. 50 mw Up to 7 MHz Up to 7 MHz but limited equipment 1785 1805 Supported by several manufacturers. 20 / 50 mw Up to 20 MHz, but technical limitations apply. Up to 20 MHz subject to technical limitations. 960 1164 No support currently but a limited number of manufacturers are investigating this band. 50 mw >20 MHz (currently UK only, under study in CEPT FM51 but facing resistance) Typically up to 60 MHz in metropolitan areas, subject to regional restrictions and technical limitations but no equipment currently.

Conclusions Heavy PMSE users require 175-200 MHz of interleaved UHF for wireless audio 700 MHz clearance has a significant impact on PMSE users: Licensable UHF spectrum available for outdoor audio PMSE will reduce to ~161 MHz Some spectrum may be unusable depending on the application There are significant geographical variations Large PMSE audio users need to re-engineer and replace existing systems: Retune or replace current analogue equipment to improve efficiency Evaluate advanced analogue or digital equipment and understand issues with new equipment Re-engineer reception systems to support denser use in a smaller band The costs are significant Ofcom has consulted on proposals for compensation, based on the partial cost of replacement of directly affected equipment A statement is expected in due course Further reductions in UHF DTT interleaved spectrum will severely impact PMSE: Alternative spectrum is disparate or of unknown quality This would seriously affect the UK s creative industries

Questions? Acknowledgements and grateful thanks to the many contributors of information for this document including: Brian Copsey Copsey Communications and chair ETSI ERM TG17 Lindsay Cornell BBC R&D and chair of CEPT FM 51 Martyn Lee Sky UK Mark Waddell BBC R&D and chair DTG PMSE group

17 UK Spectrum Policy Forum Cluster 1 future spectrum demand 28 June 2018 Jon Steel, Director of Communications

Who we are 18 Digital UK leads development of Freeview, working with world-leading companies to deliver television which informs, educates and entertains. Freeview Play brings terrestrial TV, catch-up and on-demand together in next generation televisions and boxes from manufacturers such as Panasonic, LG, Toshiba and Sony. DTV Services Ltd, known as Freeview, owns the Freeview brand. The company leads on consumer and retail marketing. Working closely with Digital UK, it also grants trademark licences to Freeview Play device, content and retail partners. Working together to create the world s best free TV service

Agenda 19 1. DTT in the UK 2. Changing audience behaviour 3. Spectrum efficiency 4. Hybrid platform development 5. The future

DTT in the UK watched in more than 19m households 20

Providing universal UK coverage 21 80 Main Stations Six national multiplexes: PSB1 - BBCA PSB2 - D34 PSB3 - BBCB HD Services COM4 - SDN Main station Relay site COM5 - Arqiva COM6 - Arqiva 1,000+ relays broadcasting PSB services Two HD multiplexes (30 Sites): COM7 Arqiva COM8 Arqiva Local TV (approx. 43 Sites)

A growing line up of channels 22

Agenda 23 1. DTT in the UK 2. Changing audience behaviour 3. Spectrum efficiency 4. Hybrid platform development 5. The future

An era of disruption 24

Unlike other broadcast platforms, DTT is growing is base 25 Source: BARB

Viewing habits are changing but more gradually than some suggest 26 Long-form viewing minutes per day, by category (daily minutes viewed, forecast) Source: Mediatique for BBC

EU and UK policy positions 27 The EU and UK are planning for DTT s continuing importance to 2030+ Member States shall ensure availability at least until 2030 of the 470-694 MHz ( sub-700 MHz ) frequency band for the terrestrial provision of broadcasting services, including free television, and for use by wireless audio PMSE on the basis of national needs EU Decision on the use of the 470-790 MHz frequency band, March 2017 We will also continue to support digital terrestrial television (DTT); and our work shows that public service broadcasters will have uncontested access to DTT for at least the next ten years as the value to other users of the underlying spectrum has diminished Ofcom Public Service Broadcasting in the digital age, March 2018

Agenda 28 1. DTT in the UK 2. Changing audience behaviour 3. Spectrum efficiency 4. Hybrid platform development 5. The future

700MHz clearance means a 30% reduction in DTT spectrum 29 Mobile demand has substantially diminished as investments in 5G require spectrum at higher frequencies - Ofcom, March 2018

DTT has seen a near six-fold increase in efficiency 30 Dates Number of muxes Number of services DTT spectrum utilised (MHz) Spectrum deployed (MHz) Number MHZ per service Efficiency increase from 1998 1996 Analogue 5 470 854 368 73.6-1998 6 24 470-854 368 15.3 X 1.0 2002 6 32 470 854 368 10.5 X 1.4 2012 6 48 470-790 312 6.5 X 2.4 2017 9 89 470-790 312 3.5 X 4.4 2020 7/9?* 83 470-694 224 2.7 X 5.7 *Two interim multiplexes licensed to 2020 with possible extension

700MHz clearance is a complex and costly challenge 31 700MHz clearance requires re-planning DTT to use 30% less spectrum Re-engineering c1,000 sites Increased use of single frequency networks Retuning for up to 20m households Cost - c. 600m

Agenda 32 1. DTT in the UK 2. Changing audience behaviour 3. Spectrum efficiency 4. Hybrid platform development 5. The future

Hybrid platform development 33 Freeview Play is building on the mass market success of Freeview Fully integrated DTT and broadband delivery pioneering use of Hbb-TV 2.0 standard Most major manufacturers making Freeview Play TVs and set-top boxes Rapid consumer adoption 3.5m products sold supported by consumer marketing and retail promotion Driving take-up of connected TVs and spectrum efficient standards (DVB-T2)

Agenda 34 1. DTT in the UK 2. Changing audience behaviour 3. Spectrum efficiency 4. Hybrid platform development 5. The future

The future 35 DTT in the UK is growing, not shrinking Demand for UHF for mobile broadband is diminishing A review of UHF scheduled for WRC-23 examining DTT and mobile needs 2030 is not a cliff edge DTT likely to remain important beyond this date Hybrid approaches can flex with audiences moving at different speeds Potential for further spectrum efficiency

Thank you 36

Emerging technology developments and the impact on future spectrum demand Dr. Abhaya Sumanasena, Spectrum lead, Real Wireless UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Cluster 1: Future Spectrum Demand, 28/06/2018

Contents Value of sub 1 GHz spectrum for mobile services Delivery mechanisms for TV service Emerging developments of the technologies used in the UHF band: 3GPP IEEE PMSE Impact on spectrum Summary 44 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Value of UHF for MNOs UHF spectrum propagates further and deeper into the buildings compared to other spectrum bands requiring smaller number of sites to cover the same area. % of population who receive single user throughput of 2 Mbps deep indoors using 18k macro cells network using 2x10 MHz The propagation characteristics of the band will be beneficial in either extending coverage, or boosting performance in hard to cover areas. But small antennas in mobile devices limit efficiency at lower end of band, suggesting a different sweet spot for DTT and MBB spectrum. Sub 1 GHz spectrum will always be extremely valuable for MNOs: Capacity demand of the coverage layer increases continuously since the existing services and usage will continually evolve. 45 Substituting the coverage layer with other spectrum bands is not economical. 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

The TV demand and delivery mechanisms The shape of demand Demand Shape is defined by the services and the types of devices Principally: At home vs. On the go and unicast necessary vs Broadcast Suitable SERVICES The shape of the capacity supply, determined by Delivery Technologies TYPES OF DEVICES DTT still dominates, In addition, MBB and the fixed broadband also contributes. Today, each predominantly serves a different type of demand, but boundaries are blurring UHF Spectrum Supply TECHNOLOGY Excellent coverage characteristics, wavelength just starting to be challenging for mobile devices DTT and MBB network Topology DTT today is HPHT, designed for wide coverage. With broadcast, topology not capacity driven SPECTRUM DEMAND TOPOLOGY 46 MBB today is LPLT, limited by mobile uplink. With unicast, topology density driven by capacity Future topologies may involve HPHT or MPMT for MBB, SFNs and densification. Caching 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Delivery technologies have differing ability in serving different types of demand: Content to large screen TV, and over residential Wi-Fi to portable devices Unicast necessary Content which requires dedicated unicast delivery to a single device My emails, facebook VoD: Youtube, iplayer, Netflix Key: HU Home, Unicast necessary HB Home, Broadcast suitable OU On the go, Unicast necessary OB On the go, Broadcast suitable 47 Demand type Home On the Go Unicast necessary Fixed Broadband LTE unicast OU LTE unicast HU Broadcast suitable DTT Wireline LTE +embms HB OB Satellite LTE +embms DTT To users On the go Quality SD, HD, UHD Broadcast suitable Content which many people would be interested to have delivered simultaneously Live sports Interactive live TV shows News Embargoed shows 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Changes in demand and technology could provide opportunities a to increase the spectrum utilisation Legacy demand and technologies have shaped the delivery networks we have today, and the use of UHF spectrum: Broadcast suitable content (TV) to the Home: DTT over UHF with HPHT Unicast necessary content (Internet) to the home: wireline Unicast necessary content (voice, data) on the go: MBB over 1-2GHz with LPLT The size and shape of demand is changing due to technology advances, but Linear TV still dominates: Video on demand to the home enabled by increasing wireline speeds Increasing demand for MBB capacity driving need for more mobile spectrum and denser network topologies Return link feedback and convergence enabling optimised utilisation of different delivery platforms. Future 48 usage of UHF spectrum must consider the legacy of the network topologies we have today, as well as future changes in demand and technology 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

How to create spectrum to serve broadcast suitable content on the go? 1. Rapid migration from DVB-T to DVB-T2 Not enough spectrum to keep both DVB-T and DVB-T2: The DTT spectrum is now very close to being optimally packed, serving a mixed base of -T and T2 receivers. There s no further flexibility to re-engineer the TV multiplexes without consumers losing service coverage. Migration DVB-T2 provides the maximum efficiency gains in the current context. e.g. in Germany migration is ongoing, from March 17 to Autumn 18. Future DTT spectrum requirements due to increase in demand could be managed using already allocated spectrum, if planned well and make the best use of the technology evolutions. 2. Accommodate spectrum sharing between MNOs to share their spectrum to broadcast suitable content Currently all content is transmitted unicast fashion. 49 If multicasting is used (e.g. via embms) to send broadcast suitable content using a shared MNO infrastructure it would be more efficient. 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Evolutions in the embms to deliver TV services As a results of significant system architecture updates and enhancements of embms in 3GPP Release 14 mobile networks can deliver TV services more efficiently. Up to 78% of the mobile data traffic is video streaming Support of larger Inter-Site Distance e.g. 15 km at high spectral efficiency Dedicated or mixed embms carrier Shared embms Broadcast allow MNOs to aggregate the same content into a shared embms content distribution platform to avoid broadcasting of the same content at the same time over different networks. Downloads Messaging trafic App traffic Audio streaming 11 11 17 3 4 10 2 6 Receive-only mode is to enable Free-to-Air content broadcast over embms A standardized interface between MNOs and service providers enable TV and content providers to independently manage and directly provide their services over standardized interfaces to mobiles and TVs. Video streaming 57 78 These applications are individually connected allowing for interactivity, personalization and choice of content. MNOs can offer additional capabilities and control to broadcasters and content providers. 50 Source: http://www.3gpp.org/news-events/3gpp-news/1905-embms_r14 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved. 2017 2023 Mobile data traffic distribution (%) https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/mobility- report/documents/2018/ericsson-mobility-report-june- 2018.pdf

Example trials and commercial use of embms to date Video delivery across mobile networks[1]: Vodafone Germany and Ericsson trial a unique video broadcast in Borussia Mönchengladbach s football stadium Point-to-multipoint video signal distribution puts no additional load on the network In urban environments, embms deployment is required only around a third of sites. This makes LTE Broadcast in urban environments absolutely possible and cost efficient with current technology. LTE Broadcast provides a global standard making it attractive to companies outside. LTE Broadcast provides better spectrum utilisation than the high-tower solution of legacy DVB-T/MPEG, it equals the spectrum efficiency of DVB-T2. Samsung commercialised the world's first embms technology in South Korea with national operator KT and used in many large events, including a visit to Korea by the Pope, which drew crowds of over one million. [1] Europe's first live trial of LTE broadcast: Revolutionising video delivery across mobile networks http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/media/vodafone-groupreleases/2014/europes-first-live-trial-of-lte-broadcast.html 51 [2] Volker Held, head of innovation marketing, Nokia Networks, https://www.digitaltveurope.com/longread/lte-broadcast-in-search-of-a-commercial-application/ [3] https://www.netmanias.com/en/?m=view&id=korea_ict_news&no=7213 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Developments from IEEE 802.11 Broadcast Services (BCS) is a new initiative within the IEEE 802.11 working group that will consider broadcast service enhancements within an 802.11-based network. The Study Group is exploring new use cases, such as simultaneously broadcasting local information over Wi-Fi to recipients who don't necessarily need to actively connect to an access point. e.g. local information at events, shopping malls, tourist attractions, train stations, and airports. "The ever-increasing data and information demands driven by a broadly-connected and mobile public, as well as IoT devices, offers unique opportunities for new local broadcast applications using IEEE 802.11," said Marc Emmelmann, Chair, IEEE BCS Study Group. The initiative started as a Technical Interest Group (TIG) in March 2018 and was transformed into a Study Group (SG). [2] [1] https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/press-wire/wi-fi-industry-turns-its-attention-to-automotive-broadcast [2] http://www.ieee802.org/11/reports/bcstig_update.htm 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Developments from PMSE PMSE equipment are typically non-standardized solutions because current wireless technology standards fail to fulfil fundamental requirements of (current) applications [1]. EBU has sourced a New Feasibility Study on Audio-Visual Service Production within 3GPP. Justification [2]: It is expected that in the domain of AV content and service production, 3GPP systems will become an important tool for a market sector with steadily growing global revenues. There are several areas in which 3GPP networks may help to produce audio-visual content and services in a cost efficient and flexible manner. Remote audio and video production Studio based production Remote editing Stage performers Supporting Individual Members EBU BBC IRT BMWi Sennheiser Siemens Qualcomm Fraunhofer (HHI) Huawei Intel Sony SyncTechno Inc TNO Thales [1] https://www.statista.com/statistics/259985/global-filmed-entertainment-revenue 53 [2] S1-181365, 3GPP TSG-SA WG1 Meeting #82,Dubrovnik, Croatia, May 2018, https://portal.3gpp.org/ngppapp/createtdoc.aspx?mode=view&contributionid=902859 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

Key messages Alternative technologies, such as LTE-eMBMS, less likely to replace DTT. Demand for linear TV is still dominant with little variation. But the changes in demand shows the possibility of convergence in delivering some content to mobile devices (tablets and smart phones) more efficiently using alternative mechanisms. When these alternative technologies mature and are widely deployed over the next decade, we could see some hybrid models to provide broadcasting services to the mobile and tablets to jointly deliver the USO. This would provide more sophisticated ways of using the UHF spectrum before 2030 and beyond. Although there are issues to be resolved, technology migration could pave the way for efficient use of spectrum: Migration to an all DVB-T2 network, replacing the legacy DVB-T multiplexes embms deployment with shared spectrum and infrastructure 54 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

For details contact us at: e info@realwireless.biz w real-wireless.com/blog 55 twitter.com/real_wireless Real Wireless Limited PO Box 2218, Pulborough West Sussex RH20 4XB, UK 28 June 2018 Confidential & Real Wireless Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.

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