1 KEEP THIS STUDY GUIDE FOR ALL OF UNIT 4. Student Name Section LA- Study Guide for Collections Unit 4, Risk and Exploration Argument (p. 189) a supported by reasons and evidence for the purpose of convincing or persuading others An argument is sometimes called a persuasive piece. A claim is the speaker s on a problem or an issue. The claim is the central idea, or main idea of the argument. It should be stated clearly, early on in the argument, and again in the conclusion. Support consists of and used to prove the claim. Reasons are declarations, or statements, to explain an or a belief, usually telling why it is a good or bad idea. Evidence includes specific, statistics, examples, quotations, experiences, or other information to back up, or prove, a claim is true or valid. Transition words and phrases should begin each main point or of a persuasive or argumentative essay. Some examples that may apply are as follows: o According to (author, source) o Furthermore o Most convincingly o In particular o In spite of o Consequently o Therefore o So that o As a result o Without delay
2 To trace an argument, a reader/listener should follow the, or logic, of an argument. To trace an argument, one should do the following: o Identify the, which may be stated directly or implied. o Look for and to support the claim. o Pay attention to the way the author the claim, reasons, and evidence. o Identify counterarguments, which are statements, reasons, and evidence that address and disprove viewpoints. To evaluate an argument, a reader/listener should decide whether the argument makes and is convincing. To evaluate an argument, one should do the following: o Ask if the evidence logically a clear claim. o Ask if the logical ideas make and are arranged in a proper. o Ask if the opposing view has been addressed enough, or o Ask if the persuasive techniques are valid, such as appropriate facts, or faulty, such as some appeals to. Using Context Clues (p. 191) When reading an unfamiliar word, to help figure out the meaning of the word, look at its context, the words, phrases, or sentences, for clues.
3 Capitalization (p. 192) The first word and important words in proper nouns need to be capitalized. Proper nouns are the names of people, places, and things. This includes the following: Organizations example: Historical Documents example: Major Events example: Abbreviations of events or organizations examples: Initials in a person s name example: John F. Kennedy Within proper nouns, some words of lesser importance are written in unless they are the first word of the proper noun. These include the following: o Articles a, an, o Prepositions examples: at,, from, in o Coordinating conjunctions, or, nor, for, yet, but, so CAPITAL CAUTION Many of the words of lesser importance in a proper noun are small words. That does NOT mean that ALL small words are of lesser importance. For example, pronouns, such as her and my, are small words but should be capitalized within proper nouns. Example: the song title, I Left My Heart in San Francisco. Sound Reasoning (p. 197) Logical, or sound reasoning creates a argument. Important elements are as follows (also on p. 191): Claim Evidence Reasons Counterargument
4 A logical fallacy is unsound reasoning. It is based on defective, or reasoning. The message may seem to be, but it represents an error in thinking that often starts with a false assumption or beliefs. Here are a few kinds of logical fallacies: o Circular reasoning a statement that keeps an idea instead of providing evidence. Example: o Either/or fallacy a statement that suggests there are only choices available when there are really more. Example: o Overgeneralization a statement that is based on an inference or opinion based on specific situations but is applied to a group of people or situations that are too Example: All tall people are good at playing basketball. Tone (p. 197) the expression of the author s toward his or her subject. The tone reveals the author s emotions, such as angry,, or humorous. The author s choice of words, phrases, and signal the tone of the work. Example of enthusiastic tone: We now have a golden opportunity and a pressing need to recapture that pioneering spirit. Enthusiastic terms: opportunity, need, spirit
5 Prefixes (p. 199) a word part added at the of a word or root. Prefix dis- means not,, or opposite of o Example words: dishonest, dislike, Prefix ex- means not,, away from o Example words: exhale,, external Adjective Clause (p. 200) a clause that acts like an adjective, modifying, or describing, a or pronoun, usually directly before the clause As in any clause, it includes a and a It answers one of the following questions about a noun in front of it: o o o It is a dependent clause, meaning it cannot stand as a sentence. It is sometimes called a relative clause because it back to a noun in front of it. It usually begins with a relative pronoun, which acts as the of the adjective clause. Relative pronouns are as follows: o Who, whom, whose -- always relating to Example: o That -- relating to people or Example: The horse that I liked fell during the race. o Which -- always relating to things, places, Example: or ideas And sometimes (but not on the unit test), it begins with an adverb, as in:
6 o Where always relating to a Example: We visited the pyramid where Tut was buried. o When always relating to a Example: The Dust Bowl occurred during Grandma s childhood, when only the tough could survive. Cause-and-Effect Relationships (p. 209) a relationship in which one event brings about, or causes, the other. The event that happens is the cause. The event that as a result of the first is the effect. Words or phrases that are transitions or signal words indicate what happens and. o Examples of signal words for causes: due to, because of, o Examples of signal words for effects: as a result, led to Sometimes the cause-and-effect relationship is not obvious, but is only, and the reader must look deeper for the relationship. Paraphrasing (p. 209) the of information in your own words. Paraphrasing new, complex ideas can help your understanding of the information. Greek Roots (p. 211) A root is a word part that came into English from an language, such as Greek. Roots from Greek are often called combining forms because they are joined together to form words. Root micro means, as in microscope Root photo means, as in photosynthesis Root geo means, as in geography Root astro means star, as in astronaut
7 Verbal Phrases (p. 212) A verbal is a form that is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. o A is a person, place, thing, or idea. o An tells which one, what kind, how many, or how much about a noun or pronoun. o An tells when, where, how, why, or to what extent about a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. o An infinitive is one kind of. It includes the word before a base verb, such as to sing, to dance, to dream. Example sentence containing an infinitive acting as a noun: Example sentence containing an infinitive acting as an adjective: Example sentence containing an infinitive acting as an adverb: A verbal phrase includes a verbal and any other words that its meaning. o An infinitive phrase is one kind of verbal phrase. It begins with an. It acts the way, or does the same job, as the infinitive does that of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Example sentence containing an infinitive phrase acting as a noun :
8 Example sentence containing an infinitive phrase acting as an adjective : Example sentence containing an infinitive phrase acting as an adverb : Determining Meaning (p. 214) In poetry and other descriptive writing, authors often use special techniques to bring the work to life for the reader. Sometimes the reader needs to analyze these techniques for better understanding of the of the work. The speaker is the that talks to the reader, often called the narrator. Figurative comparisons compare two things to emphasize what they have in common. Figurative comparisons are not literal. o Simile uses or to make a figurative comparison Example of a simile connected with Living in the Dark (p. 206): `Some species may use whale falls as stepping stones. o Metaphor does use like or as in a figurative comparison Example of a metaphor connected with Why Exploring the Ocean Is Mankind s Next Giant Leap (p. 194):... the ocean is a treasure trove of knowledge. o Extended metaphor a metaphor that is carried on at some, sometimes throughout a whole poem. It compares the two items in several, touching on multiple commonalities.
9 Example of an extended metaphor explanation connected with Your World (p. 213): Throughout the whole poem, the speaker compares herself to a, specifically one breaking away from restraints in order to fly free. In the first stanza, she is not free. In line 4, she describes her life as if she has the body of a bird, as My pressing close to my side. The metaphor indicates she must have felt trapped by her options if her wings were held in close. In the second stanza she is inspired by the sight of the sky, the distant horizon, which causes her to have throbbed with a burning desire to..., just as a bird will struggle to fly free. This comparison indicates to the reader that something in the outside world must have inspired the speaker. Finally, in the third stanza, the speaker acts on that inspiration, breaking free of the limiting cordons around me and then, again as a bird, cradled my wings on the breeze/ Then... with ease! The speaker is indicating that the hard part was breaking free. Once she did break free, she could fly high to freedom, just as a can do naturally when allowed to use its wings. The reader can from the extended metaphor that because of her natural abilities, the speaker was able to achieve success and realize her dreams once she broke free of the constraints around her and had the opportunity to reach for her goals.
10 Imagery (p. 214) words and phrases that appeal to the five to make a piece of writing come alive for the reader Imagery can help a reader make the connections of an extended o Example of imagery from Your World (p. 213, line 6): The above example appeals to the sense of Additional Vocabulary In reference to Your World, (p. 213). The reader of this book can figure out that cordons could be fences or lines of police tape because of the provided in the. General terms: o A barn is sometimes called a. o Shanties are roughly or crudely built. o A quarry is a huge from which rock is cut and hauled away for use in industry. o To neigh is to make the sound of a. o To be punctual means to arrive on.