APA Guide Keiser University Graduate School
Where to Go for APA Assistance Refer to the book, Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6 th Edition www.apastyle.org APA style tips Electronic references FAQ Keiser Writes Studio Online Writing Lab
Keiser University Requirements Keiser University adheres to APA style guidelines Some conventions are university specific University specific conventions are listed in this document When in doubt, ask!
Elements of APA Title Page Parenthetical Citations-In Text Citations References Appendices Quality/Style of Writing Quality of References Bias in Writing
Title Page Title concise statement of the main topic (APA, 2010, p. 23). Author s name (that is you!) University name KU requirements Course number and name Professor name Date
Title Page (Example) Use the Insert function to add the Running head. The Running head is the first few words of the title (all UPPER CASE, flush right) followed by the page number (flush left).
Parenthetical Citations In Text Citations Direct Quotes Quotes of less than 40 words use quote marks Provide author, year, and page in parenthesis Quotes greater than 40 words in a block indented ½ inch double spaced Paraphrase Provide author, year
Direct Quote (Example) Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from another author s work or from one s own previously published work, material duplicated from a test item, and verbatim instructions to participants (APA, 2010, p.170).
Direct Quote (Examples) Research has shown that stem cells are able to reproduce at a rate of 100,000 cells per hour (Hanover, 2005, p. 115). Levy (2005) reported, People strive to maintain a state of equity (p. 261). Note. If a page number is not available, use para. and the paragraph number in which the quote can be found.
Parenthetical Citations In Text Citations APA uses a block format for quotations more than 40 words. Andrews (2005) found the following: Family histories that reveal the dynamics... are important concepts. (p. 166) Note. The period comes before the page number and the entire quote is set in ½ inch from the margin.
In Text Citations APA Guide-p. 174 179 work by one author, p. 174 work by multiple authors, p. 175 work by a group or organization, p. 176 work with no author, p. 176 two or more works in same parenthesis, pp. 177-178 basic citation style chart, p. 177
References and Citations Scholarly writing must be sourced. Sources provide credibility to your writing. Proper citing gives credit to the author. Proper citing eliminates plagiarism. Proper citing and referencing allow others to find your sources. Citations and references go hand-in-hand. One cannot exist without the other.
Paraphrase Using ideas or thoughts stated by others should be cited. Noting an authority should be cited. When in doubt, cite!
Paraphrase (Example) Quotes of less than 40 words are written as text without indentation. The exact words must be identified by double quote marks. The author s name, year of publication, and page number are listed before the period in the last sentence of the paraphrase, set aside by parenthesis (APA, 2010).
When Do We Use Each? Quotation Language is unique Cannot be paraphrased adequately Author is a recognized expert Diagram or table Paraphrase Need supporting information and the main line of reasoning is taken from another author s work. The concept is expressed entirely in your own words while maintaining the integrity of the original concept.
Citation and Paraphrase Examples Verner (2006) noted interviews are very common when conducting research. Verner (2006) noted, The most common form of interview is the person-to-person encounter (p. 71). Bureaucracies depend heavily on delegation of authority (Levy, 2005; Smith, 2003).
Citation and Paraphrase Examples Pascarella and Terenzini (2006) reported stress causes a variety of disorders. Researchers reported, Stress is an underlying contributor to cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2006, p. 42).
Signal Phrases and Citations It has been reported that... According to... Authors of a recent study suggested... Several authors noted that... Many findings pointed to the fact that...
References All citations in your writing must be referenced except personal communications Construct list so others can find your source Only reference works used APA Guide pages 180-224
Reference List Construction Double spaced Hanging indent Author(s) (with initials) listed alphabetically Year of publication Title and source of work referenced Location (city and state or city and country) Publisher, URL, or database
Reference List-Book Angelo, T. A., & Cross, K. P. (1993). Classroom assessment techniques: A handbook for college teachers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc. (Note: placement of periods, italics, and spacing.)
Reference List-Periodical Bukist, W. (2002). Effective teaching: Perspectives and insights from division two 2- and 4-year awardees. Teaching of Psychology, 29, 188-193. Note: Only first word in name of article is capitalized, title of journal is capitalized and italicized, volume number is italicized, and commas separate the journal title, volume, and pages.
References-Online Periodical English, L., Dickenson, G., McBride, J., Milligan, J., & Nichols, J. (2004). Throw out the lifeboat: Staying afloat in the age of efficiency and effectiveness. Education, 125. Retrieved from EBSCO database.
References-Online Periodical with DOI Author, A. A., Author, B, B., & Author. C. C. (year). Title of the article goes here. Title of the Periodical, XX, pp.-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Note: The digital object identifier (DOI) should be included when available. No period follows the DOI in the reference. See APA page 198.
References-Online Document Twitchell, J. B. (1997). Stop me before I give your kid another A. Washington Post Archives. Retrieved from http://nl.newsbank.com/nlsearch/we/archives?p Note: Use websites judicially.
Appendices Use for large amounts of material, or things that would distract from the body Large tables Lists of words Samples of questionnaires Survey instruments Computer programs
Appendices Double space Each on a separate page Titled: Appendix A (etc.) Title Centered Placement is after the reference section. To direct the reader to the appendix, state (see Appendix A).
Appendix (Sample) Appendix A Survey Instrument for Motivation in the Workplace Please respond to the statements by selecting strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree. 1. I am motivated when my supervisor praises my work. 2. I am motivated when my supervisor lets me work independently. 3. I am motivated when my supervisor tells me my work is below standards. Note. Anchors of a scale are italicized--page 105
Quality of Writing Format Organization Precision Mechanics Graduate level writing Consistent with APA Word choice
Format Meets APA and Program Standards Spacing-double spaced Margins-standard 1.00 inch Font-Times New Roman, 12 point Page Numbers-header, upper right corner Title Page-includes header, title in boldface, author, institution, course, professor, and date Table of Contents-accurate, subheadings indented
Organization Demonstrates Critical Thinking Presentation of Ideas-logical sequence Headings and Subheadings-boldface, reflect structure (p. 63) Topic Sentences-Introduce main ideas Coherence: Continuity-flow from intro to conclusion Sections-contents related to purpose Paragraphs-focused on one idea Transitions-link sections Conclusion-summarizes bottom line
Precision Clear and Concise Writing Terminology-accurate use of business terms Specificity-support for generalizations Examples-provide clarification Active Voice-action verbs, not to be Parallel Construction-headings, subheadings, titles, lists Conciseness-avoids unnecessary words (this, that, these, them, and those)
Mechanics Spelling, Sentences, Punctuation Sentences-complete Bullets and lists-avoid overuse Spelling-error free Grammar-error free Punctuation-error free Bias-no biased language Casual language-no slang or contractions
Quality of References Valid references Scholarly journals Peer reviewed No Wikipedia! Be judicious with Google.. http://kesu-verso.auto-graphics.com
References: Expand Your Search Check bibliographies in the articles you gather. These may lead you to respected authors and save time in the research process. Using the research of a reputable source will lead you to primary sources.
References: Take Careful Notes Collect facts Summarize passages Paraphrase major ideas Write down quotes for distinctive prose, original facts, and original ideas (annotated bibliography)
References: Evaluate the Angles Look at contradicting points of view to create a better understanding of your topic and to arrive at a better synthesis of your research. Assess the source s bias. Examine whether a source is written or sponsored by an advocacy group. If written by an advocacy group, be sure to explore the opposition s position.
Reference American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.