Basics Hw t cite in-text and at end-f-paper In-text citatins N date, n page, r n authr? If the assignment allws papers where n date is nted fr a surce, then use the ntatin: (n.d.). If it is nt pssible t determine the page number, use the paragraph number (para. 1). Special Nte: Nt all authrs are persns. Organizatins and crpratins can be authrs. Special Nte: When using websites, yu will ften find the authr at the bttm, next t the cpyright symbl. Page numbers Page numbering with paraphrases is ptinal; yur instructr suggests nt t use f page numbers fr paraphrasing. When quting, thugh, page numbers are required. In APA the punctuatin is after the citatin, nt befre. Year is ALWAYS next t authr(s) fr each in-text citatin. Rules cncerning number f authrs when citing in-text: When there are 1-2 authrs, list them each time yu cite. When there are 3-5 authrs: List all the first time yu cite in-text, but afterwards, list by first authr s name et al. With 6+ authrs, always list the authrs using this frmat: first authr s last name et al. Paraphrasing examples Paraphrase in-text (ne authr) 1 [Every use fr 1 authr]: Signal phrase: Hapgd (2022) suggested AND/OR Parenthetical phrase: last wrds f the sentence (Hapgd, 2022). Paraphrase in text (tw authrs) [Every use f 2 authrs]: Signal phrase: Lewis and Clark (2022) stated AND/OR Parenthetical phrase: last wrds f the sentence (Lewis & Clark 2, 2022). Paraphrase in text (3-5 authrs): First use f the surce: Signal phrase: James, Jnes, and Jhnstn (2022) suggested OR Parenthetical phrase: last wrds f the sentence (James, Jnes, & Jhnstn, 2022). All additinal uses f surce: Signal phrase : 3 James et al. (2022) argued AND/OR Parenthetical phrase: last wrds f the sentence (James et al., 2022). Paraphrase in text (6+ authrs) [Every use f 6+ authrs]: Signal phrase: Jerryman et al. (2022) pstulated Parenthetical phrase: last wrds f the sentence (Jerryman et al., 2022). 1 Frmatting Nte: APA has a special rule fr dealing with the cnjunctin and. Nte that fr signal phrases yu use the wrd and, but fr parenthetical phrases yu use the symbl &. 2 Frmatting Nte: There is a cmma after the last authr s name when enclsed in the parentheses. 3 Subsequent use refers t the 2+ times the surce is used in the paper, n matter the style f citatin.
BASICS 2 Quting examples Example fr a signal phrase (page number with citatin): Lewis and Clark (1987, p. 118) 4 stated that anthrplgy is their favrite academic discipline. Example fr a signal phrase (page number at end f qutatin): Lewis and Clark (1987) stated anthrplgy is their favrite academic discipline (p. 118). Example fr a parenthetical phrase: These authrs suggest that anthrplgy is their favrite academic discipline (Lewis & Clark, 1999, p. 118). Lng qutes rules: Lng qutes are duble-spaced and indented ½ inch. D nt use qute marks at start and end f the qute. Include authr s name, year f publicatin and page(s). Unlike ther APA in-text citatins, the punctuatin is BEFORE the citatin and nt after. End-f-paper citatins (References page) Overview: The References page shuld start n a new page. APA uses a References sectin at the end f the publicatin (nt a Bibligraphy r Wrks Cited sectin). The References sectin shuld list nly the surces cited in the text f the paper, nt all surces reviewed. Special Nte: Persnal cmmunicatins are never listed in the References page, nly intext. If the riginal surce has a frmat different frm APA, change it t be cnsistent with the lk f APA (that is the whle purpse f having a standard citatin frmat). I encurage yu t use the Citatin Generatr prvided at http://www.cynthiaclarke.cm/citatingeneratr/citatin.html Number f authrs If the number f authrs is 1-7, list all n the References page If the number f authrs is 8 (r mre), list the first 6 authrs, fllwed by 3 dts, and then the last authr. Omit listing all ther authrs. Alphabetize the references: References are listed in alphabetical rder, by the last name f the first authr. If the authr has mre than ne cited publicatin, list by earliest year first. If the authr has mre than ne cited publicatin in the same year, add a, b, and s frth t the end f the year (Example, 2001a, 2001b). List alphabetically by title f chapter r article. Frmatting f References page: Line spacing: The first line is standard margin (1 inch) The secnd (and subsequent) line(s) is/are indented ½ inch. The entire References page is duble-spaced (bth the citatins and the line spacing between citatins). 4 Frmatting Nte: There is a space between the page marker (p.) and the number (118).
BASICS 3 Titles: The title is always italicized Nte that titles nly capitalize first wrd f title, first wrd f subtitle and prper nuns Exceptin: Capitalizatin f jurnal titles is different. All wrds EXCEPT prepsitins, articles, & cnjunctins ARE capitalized. URLs: Remve the hyperlink frm each URL. Delete the URL frm databases if yu are using the pdf (that is like having yur wn phtcpy). City f publicatin rules: Use city f publicatin by itself in cases where the city is cnsidered internatinally recgnized (such as Paris r New Yrk); therwise, als include the state (within the United States) r cuntry (utside the United States). If there are many cities listed where the publisher des printing, always use the first ne listed. Ntice that the state is abbreviated using pstal cdes. Jurnals d nt include the city f publicatin (even thugh it is ften prvided). Citing persnal cmmunicatin (in-text) First, persnal cmmunicatin citatins are nt placed in the References sectin as they are nt retrievable. Ideally prvide the mnth, day and year. But if nt available, prvide the mnth and year, if that is all that is available. In-text examples (nte that the authr s first initial is included; this differs frm the standard frmat): Signal phrase: C. Clarke (persnal cmmunicatin, April 12, 2019) states Example fr a parenthetical phrase: (C. Clarke, persnal cmmunicatin, April 12, 2019). Hw t avid redundancy when citing in-text It is very clunky t cite at the end f each-and-every sentence in a paper s there are cnventins t help. The set f cnventins mst cmmnly utilize a set f phrases that mve the reader alng, but make it clear the surce remains frm the same authr(s). Here is an example (I single space t save paper and I underline the phrases I am illustrating): Smith (2013) stated that primates make bad pets. One f the reasns indicated by this authr is that the pet trade is respnsible fr the deaths f fur primates fr each pet that is sld. Pet mills were anther frm f abuse mentined. Anther aspect that is addressed by this authr was a cncern that primates are highly intelligent, causing challenges fr the wner as well as the primate pet. The authr furthers the discussin by dcumenting that sciality makes the likelihd f mental depressin high amng thse primates frced int a slitary lifestyle. Elsewhere in his wrk, Smith (2013) addresses these pets dietary challenges and the
BASICS 4 destructin f primate habitats as additinal cnsequences f the primate pet trade. Jnes (2012) study f primate habitats has als dcumented ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Many students struggle with the frmat f a shrt essay and s I will present here a sample f hw this might be accmplished. Even thugh I will nt use the specifics f a specific assignment, I will prvide a general framewrk that will be useful. In the paragraph abve, I want yu t nte I did nt give any specific details; that is because a first paragraph shuld be an intrductin and nt verwhelm the reader with details. In fact, the best way t think f the intrductry paragraph is that its purpse is t explain t the reader why they shuld read n. In the secnd and subsequent paragraphs f a shrt essay prvide details. Nte that in this paragraph the details I prvide are abut the way t write an intrductry paragraph. Other issues are f imprtance when If writing yu qute the shrt a sentence essay and withut they using include a cln r a aviding the use f dictinaries and wikis, the need cmma nt t it is create fine a t mega-paragraph, change the capitalizatin and the need f the first t include wrd transitins. in the sentence t lwer case. I want t pint ut that in-text citatins require the authr and One might If a ask cmma why dictinaries r cln is used, and wikis leave are the nt capitalizatin a part in. year t be next t each ther in f a shrt Fr essay. instance, The shrt if yu answer had written is that this: dictinaries Accrding are t APA, ALWAYS. fr the writer, Clarke nt (2008), the reader. By the The sphisticated writer uses the meaning f a term in cntext in such a way that meaning is clear t the reader. In fact, this writing skill is expected at the cllege level. As t wikis, many are simply plagiarized entries frm ther surces. Given that the average student des nt knw wh wrte this material using wikis can be a tricky practice. Shrt essays shuld be written t an audience that des nt have access t the materials being cited (Clarke, 2008). Clarke (2008) reminds us that by the selectin f which surces t include, the authr demnstrates his r her cmprehensin f the issue, rather than just knwledge f fact (para. 5). Cntent is imprtant, but smetimes ne starts writing dwn all the infrmatin and fails t nte hw lng a paragraph has been generated. It is imprtant t remember that a paragraph shuld cnsist Nte f nly that 1 when main ne idea. qutes This is and s there imprtant is n fr page the number reader. available Anther (p. #) yu imprtant cnsideratin is cunt the use the f number transitin f paragraphs sentences. and use para. #. Transitins are the glue Als, f the nte shrt where essay. t Often, place the withut perid them, in this the sentence essay seems as it differs t jump frm frm tpic t tpic, withut any MLA. chesin. The transitin helps the reader t fllw yur train f thught. Finally, after yu have prvided the details in the middle paragraph r paragraphs, yu will want t end yur shrt essay well. There are many techniques fr ding s (University f Richmnd Writer's Web, n.d.) and each has advantages. N matter, hw yu end, remember the techniques discussed in this sample shrt essay as they will be f great help.
BASICS 5 References Clarke, C. (2008). Anthrplgy tutrials: The differences between a shrt essay and a shrt answer: Yur instructr s expectatins. Retrieved frm http://www.cynthiaclarke.cm/tutrial2/tutrial_list.htm/differences.rtf University f Richmnd Writer's Web (n.d.) Writing cnclusins. Retrieved frm http://writing2.richmnd.edu/writing/wweb/cnclude.html