Name Perid Literary Term Glssary: English I Academic NOTE: Yu will need t keep and use this glssary fr the ENTIRE YEAR. Yu MUST keep it in yur English ntebk at all times. Basic Literary Terms Allusin: a reference t smething literary, mythlgical, Biblical, r histrical that the authr assumes the reader will recgnize Alliteratin: the repetitin f a particular sund in the first syllables f a series f wrds r phrases Hyperble: an exaggeratin that creates an unusual image Imagery: language that is used t vividly cnveys the five physical senses Metaphr: A DIRECT cmparisn between tw unlike bjects Md: the emtinal atmsphere f a literary wrk Oxymrn: an expressin in which tw wrds that cntradict each ther are jined Paradx: a statement that seems t cntradict itself, but actually cntains sme truth Persnificatin: When inanimate bjects are given human qualities Pint f view: the perspective frm which a narrative is tld Setting: The time, place, r weather in which a stry takes place Simile: An INDIRECT cmparisn between tw unlike bjects; usually uses like r as Structure: the framewrk r rganizatin f a literary selectin Style: the writer s characteristic manner f emplying language Symbl: An bject r name that stands fr itself as well as fr smething else Theme: The central idea in a wrk f literature; the authr s message Characterizatin Antagnist: the character r frce in cnflict with the prtagnist Characterizatin: hw the authrs reveals the persnality f a character Direct Characterizatin: the authr tells the reader abut the character directly Indirect Characterizatin: the authr shws a character s persnality thrugh the character s wrds, thughts, actins, appearance, and interactins with ther characters Dynamic Character: a character wh changes attitude in the curse f the stry by gaining new understanding r insight Static Character: a character wh stays the same thrughut the stry Fil: tw characters with ppsite traits Prtagnist: the main character Cnflict Cnflict: a struggle between ppsing frces External Cnflict: a character s struggle with an utside frce Man vs. man (character vs. anther character) Man vs. sciety Man vs. nature (physical) Man vs. supernatural being Internal Cnflict: a character s struggle within himself; a character is trn between ppsing feelings r different curses f actin Drama Terms Aside: a cmment made by a character that is heard by the audience r anther character, but is nt heard by ther characters nstage Catastrphe: the tragic reslutin f the cnflict; ften invlves the death f ne r mre majr characters Mnlgue: a lng speech by ne character t ther characters
Prlgue: the intrductin t a literary wrk, OR the pening speech f a play that prvides backgrund infrmatin Slilquy: a lng speech by a character speaking t himself r the audience; ften reveals the private thughts and emtins f that character Genres: categries f literature characterized by similarities in subject, frm, r style Allegry: a literary wrk n which characters, bjects, r actins represent abstract ideas Cming-f-Age Nvel: a nvel in which the prtagnist grws frm a childlike view t an adult understanding f the wrld. These nvels deal with a character s lss f inncence. Epic: A lng narrative pem which presents the adventures f a natinal r legendary her Fable: a brief stry that leads t a mral, ften using animals as characters Satire: the use f humr t emphasize human weaknesses r imperfectins Shrt Stry: a brief fictinal narrative in prse Tragedy: a serius piece f literature (usually a play) that cmes t a disastrus cnclusin, usually with the death f ne r mre main characters Irny Irny: the difference between what appears t be real and what is actually real in a stry Dramatic Irny: the difference between what the reader knws and what a character knws. The reader has mre r better infrmatin than the character. Situatinal Irny: the difference between what the reader expects t happen and what actually happens Verbal Irny: the difference between what a speaker says and what he means, Sarcasm: the use f verbal irny in which a persn appears t be praising smething but is actually insulting it Language Usage Antnym: a wrd that is ppsite in meaning t anther wrd Cnntatin: meanings r assciatins suggested by a wrd Dentatin: the dictinary definitin f a wrd Dictin: the authr s wrd chices Figurative language: wrds, phrases, r expressins that have different meaning frm their literal interpretain Pun: a play n wrds, ften achieved thrugh the use f wrds with similar sunds but different meanings Syntax: the arrangement f wrds and the rder f grammatical elements in a sentence Synnym: a wrd that is similar in meaning t anther wrd Tne: the authr s attitude tward the subject r tward the reader Plt Structure Flashback: interrupts the plt and tells f an earlier time Freshadwing: c lues that hint tward what will happen later in the stry Plt: the sequence f related events that make up a stry Expsitin: the intrductin f characters, setting, and situatin Rising Actin: the cnflict and cmplicatins f a stry Climax: the emtinal high pint f a stry Falling Actin: the events that fllw the climax f a stry Reslutin: the final utcme f a stry Suspense: the quality that makes the reader uncertain r tense abut the utcme f events Petry and Sund Devices Alliteratin: the repetitin f the same sund at the beginning f wrds Onmatpeia: wrds that imitate sunds Petry: language arranged in lines with regular rhythm Prsdy: the study f sund and rhythm in petry Rhyme: the repetitin f similar sunds in a line (internal rhyme) r at the end f tw r mre lines (end rhyme
Writing Terms Essay: a shrt, thughtful piece f writing in which ideas are explained, analyzed, r evaluated; a cmpsitin n a single subject, usually presenting the view f the authr; includes an intrductin, thesis statement, bdy paragraphs, examples, and cnclusin Expsitry: writing that explains, describes, r defines subject matter; presents reasns, examples, and explanatins t supprt ideas Prmpt: writing task; it presents students with a tpic and task, and it is ften written as a statement r questin. Audience: the intended persn r grup f peple wh will read a written wrk Purpse: reasn fr writing, usually t infrm, persuade, entertain, r explain ideas t the reader; a writer shuld understand the reasn fr the writing task, and shuld apply an apprpriate tne and vice t meet the demands f the task Tne: the authr s attitude twards a subject; the attitude and apprach a writer takes shuld be apprpriate t the demands f the writing task Sustained fcus: the flw and sequence f ideas in an essay; ideas shuld cnvey specific rganizatin develpment that supprts the thesis statement Transitins: w rds and phrases that prvide a cnnectin between ideas, sentences and paragraphs; they help t make a piece f writing flw and feel unified Intrductin: a beginning paragraph that makes clear t the reader the text's tpic and purpse; it establishes the tpic and includes a thesis statement Thesis statement: a statement, usually ne sentence, that expresses the main pint r claim f an essay, research paper, etc., and is develped, supprted, and explained in the text by means f examples and evidence Bdy paragraphs: main paragraphs in the middle f an essay that cntain a tpic sentence, supprting sentences, and a cncluding r transitin sentence Cnclusin: a paragraph that sums up arguments and main ideas f the essay; used t recrd sme final cmments at the end f a piece f writing, and leaves the reader with a feeling f clsure Paragraph structure: a cllectin f related sentences relating t a single tpic that generally cnsists f 5-7 sentences Tpic sentence: first sentence in a paragraph a sentence that expresses the main idea f the paragraph in which it ccurs Supprting detail sentence: a series f middle sentences in a paragraph used t explain the idea presented in the tpic sentence; they may cntain direct qutes r paraphrasing fr evidence pulled frm texts r persnal experiences Transitinal sentence: a sentence that cnnects ne tpic r idea t anther between paragraphs in a cherent way; they essentially indicate a shift f ideas r directin Cncluding statement: the final sentence f the paragraph that pulls tgether r summarizes the main idea f the paragraph Writing Traits: main features f effective writing Develpment f ideas: fcus and cherence f ideas relating t a tpic; cntains specific, cnnected details that d nt include unrelated infrmatin Organizatin: arrangement and sequence f paragraphing; creates a meaningful and cntrlled whle piece f writing with a clear beginning, middle, and end Vice: the individual writing style f an authr; this shuld be reflective f the writing genre, tpic, and task Dictin/wrd chice: the writer s wrd chice; shuld be specific t the audience and demands f the prmpt Sentence fluency: variety f sentence types that create a rhythm f a piece f writing; simple and cmplex sentence patterns, transitins, and phrases create cadence and flw Cnventins: the mechanics f writing; includes spelling, punctuatin, capitalizatin, grammar, and paragraphing
Name Perid Literary Term Glssary: English I Pre-AP NOTE: Yu will need t keep and use this glssary fr the ENTIRE YEAR. Yu MUST keep it in yur English ntebk at all times. Basic Literary Terms Allusin: a reference t smething literary, mythlgical, Biblical, r histrical that the authr assumes the reader will recgnize Alliteratin: the repetitin f a particular sund in the first syllables f a series f wrds r phrases Hyperble: an exaggeratin that creates an unusual image Imagery: language that is used t vividly cnveys the five physical senses Metaphr: A DIRECT cmparisn between tw unlike bjects Md: the emtinal atmsphere f a literary wrk Oxymrn: an expressin in which tw wrds that cntradict each ther are jined Paradx: a statement that seems t cntradict itself, but actually cntains sme truth Persnificatin: When inanimate bjects are given human qualities Pint f view: the perspective frm which a narrative is tld Setting: The time, place, r weather in which a stry takes place Simile: An INDIRECT cmparisn between tw unlike bjects; usually uses like r as Structure: the framewrk r rganizatin f a literary selectin Style: the writer s characteristic manner f emplying language Symbl: An bject r name that stands fr itself as well as fr smething else Theme: The central idea in a wrk f literature; the authr s message Characterizatin Antagnist: the character r frce in cnflict with the prtagnist Characterizatin: hw the authrs reveals the persnality f a character Direct Characterizatin: the authr tells the reader abut the character directly Indirect Characterizatin: the authr shws a character s persnality thrugh the character s wrds, thughts, actins, appearance, and interactins with ther characters Dynamic Character: a character wh changes attitude in the curse f the stry by gaining new understanding r insight Static Character: a character wh stays the same thrughut the stry Fil: tw characters with ppsite traits Prtagnist: the main character Cnflict Cnflict: a struggle between ppsing frces External Cnflict: a character s struggle with an utside frce Man vs. man (character vs. anther character) Man vs. sciety Man vs. nature (physical) Man vs. supernatural being Internal Cnflict: a character s struggle within himself; a character is trn between ppsing feelings r different curses f actin Drama Terms Aside: a cmment made by a character that is heard by the audience r anther character, but is nt heard by ther characters nstage Catastrphe: the tragic reslutin f the cnflict; ften invlves the death f ne r mre majr characters Mnlgue: a lng speech by ne character t ther characters
Prlgue: the intrductin t a literary wrk, OR the pening speech f a play that prvides backgrund infrmatin Slilquy: a lng speech by a character speaking t himself r the audience; ften reveals the private thughts and emtins f that character Genres: categries f literature characterized by similarities in subject, frm, r style Allegry: a literary wrk n which characters, bjects, r actins represent abstract ideas Cming-f-Age Nvel: a nvel in which the prtagnist grws frm a childlike view t an adult understanding f the wrld. These nvels deal with a character s lss f inncence. Epic: A lng narrative pem which presents the adventures f a natinal r legendary her Fable: a brief stry that leads t a mral, ften using animals as characters Satire: the use f humr t emphasize human weaknesses r imperfectins Shrt Stry: a brief fictinal narrative in prse Tragedy: a serius piece f literature (usually a play) that cmes t a disastrus cnclusin, usually with the death f ne r mre main characters Irny Irny: the difference between what appears t be real and what is actually real in a stry Dramatic Irny: the difference between what the reader knws and what a character knws. The reader has mre r better infrmatin than the character. Situatinal Irny: the difference between what the reader expects t happen and what actually happens Verbal Irny: the difference between what a speaker says and what he means, Sarcasm: the use f verbal irny in which a persn appears t be praising smething but is actually insulting it Language Usage Antnym: a wrd that is ppsite in meaning t anther wrd Cnntatin: meanings r assciatins suggested by a wrd Dentatin: the dictinary definitin f a wrd Dictin: the authr s wrd chices Figurative language: wrds, phrases, r expressins that have different meaning frm their literal interpretatin Pun: a play n wrds, ften achieved thrugh the use f wrds with similar sunds but different meanings Syntax: the arrangement f wrds and the rder f grammatical elements in a sentence Synnym: a wrd that is similar in meaning t anther wrd Tne: the authr s attitude tward the subject r tward the reader Plt Structure Flashback: interrupts the plt and tells f an earlier time Freshadwing: c lues that hint tward what will happen later in the stry Plt: the sequence f related events that make up a stry Expsitin: the intrductin f characters, setting, and situatin Rising Actin: the cnflict and cmplicatins f a stry Climax: the emtinal high pint f a stry Falling Actin: the events that fllw the climax f a stry Reslutin: the final utcme f a stry Suspense: the quality that makes the reader uncertain r tense abut the utcme f events Petry and Sund Devices Alliteratin: the repetitin f the same sund at the beginning f wrds Onmatpeia: wrds that imitate sunds Petry: language arranged in lines with regular rhythm Prsdy: the study f sund and rhythm in petry
Rhyme: the repetitin f similar sunds in a line (internal rhyme) r at the end f tw r mre lines (end rhyme) Rhetrical Terms Anaphra: the repetitin f the same wrd r grup f wrds at the beginning f successive clauses: e.g., We shall fight n the beaches, we shall fight n the landing-grunds, we shall fight in the fields and the in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. - Winstn Churchill. Antithesis: a direct juxtapsitin f structurally parallel wrds, phrases, r clauses fr the purpese f cntrast; e.g., Sink r swim. Aristtle s Rhetrical Appeals: Eths: Ethical appeals. Believability, credibility, and integrity, the character f an argument Paths: Emtinal appeals. Emtin and passin, the suffering r pain f an argument Lgs: Lgical appeals. Lgic, evidence, and reasning. The lgic f an argument Assnance: the repetitin f accented vwel sunds in a series f wrds: e.g., The wrds cry and side have the same vwel sund and s are said t be in assnance. Cnsnance: the repetitin f a cnsnant sund within a series f wrds t prduce a harmnius effect: e.g., And each slw dusk a drawing-dwn f blinds. The d sund is in cnsnance. The s sund is als in cnsnance. Repetitin: the deliberate use f any element f language mre than nce- sund, wrd, phrase, sentence, grammatical pattern, r rhythmical pattern. Sarcasm: the use f verbal irny in which a persn appears t be praising smething but is actually insulting it: e.g., As I fell dwn the stairs head first, I heard her say, Lk at that crdinatin. Shift r turn: a change r mvement in a piece resulting frm an epiphany, realizatin, r insight gained by the speaker, a character, r the reader. Understatement (meisis, littes): the ppsite f hyperble. It is the kind f irny that deliberately represents smething as being much less than it really is: e.g., I culd prbably manage t survive n a salary f tw millin dllars per year. Writing Terms Essay: a shrt, thughtful piece f writing in which ideas are explained, analyzed, r evaluated; a cmpsitin n a single subject, usually presenting the view f the authr; includes an intrductin, thesis statement, bdy paragraphs, examples, and cnclusin Expsitry: writing that explains, describes, r defines subject matter; presents reasns, examples, and explanatins t supprt ideas Prmpt: writing task; it presents students with a tpic and task, and it is ften written as a statement r questin. Audience: the intended persn r grup f peple wh will read a written wrk Purpse: reasn fr writing, usually t infrm, persuade, entertain, r explain ideas t the reader; a writer shuld understand the reasn fr the writing task, and shuld apply an apprpriate tne and vice t meet the demands f the task Tne: the authr s attitude twards a subject; the attitude and apprach a writer takes shuld be apprpriate t the demands f the writing task Sustained fcus: the flw and sequence f ideas in an essay; ideas shuld cnvey specific rganizatin develpment that supprts the thesis statement Transitins: w rds and phrases that prvide a cnnectin between ideas, sentences and paragraphs; they help t make a piece f writing flw and feel unified Intrductin: a beginning paragraph that makes clear t the reader the text's tpic and purpse; it establishes the tpic and includes a thesis statement Thesis statement: a statement, usually ne sentence, that expresses the main pint r claim f an essay, research paper, etc., and is develped, supprted, and explained in the text by means f examples and evidence
Bdy paragraphs: main paragraphs in the middle f an essay that cntain a tpic sentence, supprting sentences, and a cncluding r transitin sentence Cnclusin: a paragraph that sums up arguments and main ideas f the essay; used t recrd sme final cmments at the end f a piece f writing, and leaves the reader with a feeling f clsure Paragraph structure: a cllectin f related sentences relating t a single tpic that generally cnsists f 5-7 sentences Tpic sentence: first sentence in a paragraph a sentence that expresses the main idea f the paragraph in which it ccurs Supprting detail sentence: a series f middle sentences in a paragraph used t explain the idea presented in the tpic sentence; they may cntain direct qutes r paraphrasing fr evidence pulled frm texts r persnal experiences Transitinal sentence: a sentence that cnnects ne tpic r idea t anther between paragraphs in a cherent way; they essentially indicate a shift f ideas r directin Cncluding statement: the final sentence f the paragraph that pulls tgether r summarizes the main idea f the paragraph Writing Traits: main features f effective writing Develpment f ideas: fcus and cherence f ideas relating t a tpic; cntains specific, cnnected details that d nt include unrelated infrmatin Organizatin: arrangement and sequence f paragraphing; creates a meaningful and cntrlled whle piece f writing with a clear beginning, middle, and end Vice: the individual writing style f an authr; this shuld be reflective f the writing genre, tpic, and task Dictin/wrd chice: the writer s wrd chice; shuld be specific t the audience and demands f the prmpt Sentence fluency: variety f sentence types that create a rhythm f a piece f writing; simple and cmplex sentence patterns, transitins, and phrases create cadence and flw Cnventins: the mechanics f writing; includes spelling, punctuatin, capitalizatin, grammar, and paragraphing