Brought to you by JBLM Libraries APA. A Brief Guide to APA Style

A Little Bit of Brought to you by JBLM Libraries APA A Brief Guide to APA Style Examples are based on the 6 th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, the 2012 edition of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources and the following web site: http://www.apastyle.org/ (rev. 7/12) Goes a Long Way! 1 Basic formatting information for entire paper use 12-pt type, double-space and use 1 inch margins TITLE PAGE Running head for publication an abbreviated title that is printed at the top of the pages of a published article to identify the article for readers. The running head should appear flush left at the top of the title page (but below the page header). It should not exceed 50 characters. NOTE: A running head is usually not required for student papers. Check with your instructor. Running head: QUIT WHINING AND START 1 Quit Whining and Start Writing Trudy R. Bell Braveheart University Page number number pages consecutively, beginning with the title page. Insert the page number at least 1 inch from right-hand edge of page. Title, author and institutional affiliation type the title in upper- and lowercase letters, centered between the left and right margins and positioned in the upper half of the page. If the title is two or more lines, double-space between the lines. Authors should be listed in order of their contributions using upper- and lowercase letters below the title. Include the institutional affiliation, centered under the author s name. Sample title page ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ABSTRACT - (an abstract may or may not be required...check with your instructor) QUIT WHINING AND START 2 Abstract Students waste an enormous amount of time whining and complaining about having to write research papers. This paper will examine the primary reasons why so many students dislike and find it so difficult to write research papers and why procrastination is so rampant within the academic environment. Several strategies for Increasing enthusiasm and de- Abstract a brief (not longer than 120 words), but comprehensive summary of the paper. Begin the abstract with the most important information followed by 4 or 5 of the most important findings or concepts of the paper. Use the active rather than the passive voice, but do not use the personal pronouns I or we. NOTE: An abstract may not be required. Check with your Instructor. Type the abstract as a single paragraph in block format. Do not indent the text on this page; keep it all one paragraph. Use digits (i.e., 1, 30, 15) for all numbers except those that begin a sentence. creasing procrastination will also be offered. Sample abstract

FIRST PAGE OF TEXT - 2 QUIT WHINING AND START 3 Quit Whining and Start Writing College students are usually required to write a large number of research papers during their aca- Include the title of the paper centered at the top of the page, then double-space and begin typing the paper. demic career. According to a recent study, many college students not only dislike writing research papers they also tend to spend more time complaining about having to write a paper than they actually spend on the writing process itself (Smith, Turner, & Anderson, 2001). There are a number of reasons why students procrastinate when it comes to writing research papers, but research has shown that the number one reason is lack of organizational skills (Martin, 2003). (Sample first page of text) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ REFERENCES all sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section. Basic formatting for reference list 1) References begin on a new page with heading centered, 2) the reference list is alphabetized by authors last names, and 3) the entire reference list should be double-spaced. QUIT WHINING AND START 12 References Block, J. K., & Marlow, P. (2004). What s the matter The first line of each reference is aligned with left margin; subsequent lines should be indented ½ inch (or five spaces). with college students today? Journal of College Studies, 24, 213-220. doi: 10.1012j.chb.2003.08.001 Martin, B. J. (2003). Why students procrastinate. The Academic Scholar, 28, 204-215. Smith, W. P., Turner, R. E., & Anderson, P. T. (2001). Why so many term papers? Scholastic Journal, 37, 333-350. Undertow, P. T. (2000). How students can write better papers. The Journal of Education, 33, 123-127. White, B. (1980). Winning the term paper game. NY: Plenore Press. Sample reference page

CITING SOURCES WITHIN THE TEXT OF A PAPER 3 PARAPHRASING (restating an author s words in your own words) Rule: Include the author s last name and the publication date: Examples of paraphrasing - 1) According to Smith (1997), many students have trouble reading 2) Turner (2005) urges employers to treat employees in a fair manner 3) Hooch, Brown and Wallace (2004) have indicated that several groups 4) Many degree candidates have relied heavily on financial aid (Burns & Pope, 2000). DIRECT QUOTATION (using an author s exact words) Rule: Short quotations (less than 40 words) should be enclosed in quotation marks and the author s last name, publication date and page number(s) should be included. If the source is electronic (article from web site, etc.) and does not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number: Examples of short quotation 1) Men's appetite for invasive cosmetic surgery is dropping off (Voiland, 2008, para. 5). 2) The rules of the employee recruitment game have changed (Smith & Jones, 2006, pp. 15-18). 3) According to Turner (2004, para. 3), when people work together great things happen. Rule: A quotation of 40 words or more should be displayed in a block quote and quotation marks should be omitted. The text should be displayed in a freestanding block. Start the quotation on a new line, indented ½ in. from the left margin. The author s last name, publication date and page number(s) or paragraph number(s) should be included. Doublespace the quote: Example of block quotation According to Breeding (2008): Each page on your site should be designed from two major perspectives. Many web authors or designers just consider how the page will be viewed by end users as they navigate through a site. They will optimize the site for visual appeal, usability, and navigation. It's just as important, however, to optimize the page to maximize its findability in the search engines. (para. 6) Place the period before the citation

HOW TO CREATE REFERENCE ENTRIES 4 PRINT SOURCES Books: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Publication Date: Put the date in parentheses followed by a period. Titles: 1) italicize the title and subtitle (if one is included). 2) only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. 1 Smith, L. R., & Rogers, P. T. (2007). All about Maynard: The best little town in the United States. Newbury Park, CA: Booksmith, Inc. Place of Publication: give the city, and if the city isn t well known, give the state Publisher: provide publisher info in as brief a form as possible. 2 a. Specific edition: Potter, A. C. (1995). Management principles (3 rd ed.). New York: Bainbridge Press, Inc. 3 b. Editors instead of authors: Place the editors names where the authors names would go and include Ed. for one editor or Eds. for two or more editors in parentheses followed by a period. Roth, R. D., & Bird, T. A. (Eds.). (1989). Turtles of the world. Newbury Park, CA: Parker Inc. 4 c. No author or editor: Place the title in the author position followed by the publication date. Why do we do what we do? (2001). Oxford, England: Border Press. 5 d. Corporate author (and the author is also the publisher): Mead Corporation. (1989). Run for your life! Someone wants your job! New York: Author. The word Author indicates that Mead Corporation is both the author and publisher.

PRINT SOURCES - cont d 5 6 e. Article or chapter in an edited book: Title of the article or chapter. Editor of the book that the article or chapter appears in. Initials first, then last name. Title of the edited book that the article or chapter appears in. Should be italicized. Author of the article or chapter. Rodman, T. A. (1992). Why ADHD is hard to treat. In B. T. Smith (Ed.), The psy- chology of happiness (pp. 2-15). New York: Bingham Pub. Provide page number(s) for the article or chapter. 7 f. Article in an encyclopedia: Title of the article. Title of the encyclopedia that the article appears in. Include volume Author of the article in the encyclopedia. Smith. T. (2006). Cloning. In The new encyclopedia of technology (Vol. 2, pp. 234-236). San Francisco, CA: Brown Press. 8 Journal Articles: Provide page number(s) for the article or chapter and volume number for the encyclopedia, if available. Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Zukerman, C. M. (2004). Road rage: Causes, prevalence and treatment. Journal of Psychology, 34(3), 219-225. Journal: italicize the title and volume number, followed by the issue number in parentheses (if one is provided) and then the page numbers. 9 Magazine Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Publication Date: Provide the date shown on the publication month for monthlies or month and day for weeklies. Bundy, B., Smith, P., & Brown, P. R. (1999, November 23). The first person to win the lottery. Time, 133, 48-50. Magazine: italicize the title and volume number, followed by the page numbers.

PRINT SOURCES - cont d 6 10 Newspaper Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Hope, P. (2006, April 5). What happened to Harry? The Boston Times, p. 15. Publication Date: Provide the date shown on the publication. Newspaper: italicize the title and include a p. for a one page article or pp. for multiple pages. 11 Motion Picture / Television Broadcast / Television Series / Television Series Episode: Director and/or Producer: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author 4) include the director or producer, or both. Movie Title: 1) italicize the title and subtitle (if one is included) 2) capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns 3) identify whether it is a motion picture, television broadcast, television series or television series episode in brackets after the title. Hurd, G. A. (Producer), & Cameron, J. (Writer/Director). (1986). Aliens [Motion picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox. Give the country of origin of the item. Provide the name of the movie studio. 12 Personal Communications (memos, discussions, e-mails, personal interviews, phone conversations, letters, non-published lecture notes, etc.): Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite in text only. Examples: (T. P. Potts, lecture, September 3, 2006) or (N. Brown, personal interview, November 4, 2003) or N. Brown claims that many students have difficulty remembering what they have read (personal interview, November 3, 2002)

ONLINE SOURCES 7 13 ebooks: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Publication Date: Put the date in parentheses followed by a period. Titles: 1) italicize the title and subtitle (if one is included). 2) only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Smith, L. R., & Rogers, P. T. (2007). All about Maynard: The best little town in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com Include the home page of the online library (ebrary, netlibrary, etc.). You may need to use Google to find the ebook provider s home page and provide its URL.. 14 a. Electronic-only book: Stevens, K. (2012). The dreamer and the beast. Retrieved from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemid=321 Include the home page of the online library (ebrary, netlibrary, etc.). You may need to use Google to find the ebook provider s home page and provide its URL.. 15 b. Electronic version of print book: Silvia, P. J. (2007). How to write a lot: A practical guide to productive academic writing [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com Include the type of e-book version (i.e., Kindle DX, etc.) in brackets. If a DOI is not available include the URL from which you downloaded the e-book. 16 a. earticle in an online encyclopedia: Publication Date of the encyclopedia. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Editor(s) of the encyclopedia. Title of the encyclopedia. Author of the article in the encyclope- Falcon, A. (2008). Aristotle on causality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu

ONLINE SOURCES - cont d 8 17 ejournal Articles: a. If DOI is provided: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Guadagno, R. E., Okdie, B. M., & Eno, Cassie A. (2008). Who blogs? Personality predictors of blogging. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1993-2004. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.09.001 Digital Object identifier (DOI) - include if available. Journal: italicize the title and volume number, followed by the issue number in parentheses (if one is provided) and then the page numbers. NOTE: It is no longer necessary to include (library) database retrieval information or a retrieval date. 18 b. If DOI is not provided: Kwallek, N. (2012). Ellen Swallow Richards: Visionary on home and sustainabil- ity. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 92(2), 8+. Retrieved from http://www.phikappaphi.org/web/publications/pkp_forum.html Include the URL of the journal s home page. You may need to use Google to find the URL. Simply do a basic Google search for the name of the journal (i.e., Phi Kappa Phi Forum). 19 emagazine Articles: Author: this article doesn t have an author so the citation begins with the article title. Publication Date: provide the date shown on the publication month for monthlies or month and day A bloody day on the Rez. (2005, April 4). Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com For articles found on the Web provide the homepage URL if the web site offers a way to search for articles within their site. This avoids URLs that eventually become nonworking. Otherwise, if a direct URL to the article is given, provide that. If the article was retrieved from a library database provide the URL of the journal s home page. You may need to use Google to find the URL. Simply do a basic Google search for the name of the journal (i.e., Newsweek). Magazine: italicize the title and volume number, if one is given, followed by the page numbers if available.

ONLINE SOURCES - cont d 9 20 enewspaper Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors Publication Date: provide the date shown on the publication. Hope, P. (2006, April 5). What happened to Harry? The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com For articles found on the Web provide the homepage URL if the web site offers a way to search for articles within their site. This avoids URLs that eventually become nonworking. Otherwise, if a direct URL to the article is given, provide that. If the article was retrieved from a library database provide the URL of the journal s home page. You may need to use Google to find the URL. Simply do a basic Google search for the name of the journal (i.e., New York Times). Newspaper: italicize the title. 21 Entire Web Site: The web site FunBrain offers math-oriented games and activities for students (http://www.funbrain.com). NOTE: It is not necessary to include a citation in the reference list. Simply give the address of the web site in the text. 22 earticle on Web Site: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date: provide the date shown on the publication. Stopler, M. (2007). Anorexia Nervosa. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.medicinenet.com/anorexia_nervosa/article.htm Include a retrieval date because the date of the most recent update or change might not be clear.

ONLINE SOURCES cont d 10 23 Wikis: Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Publication Date: since the content is always changing a publication date should not be given - (n.d.) is used to indicate (no date). Author: Wikis can be authored or edited by anyone, so the author/ editor should not be given. Hate crime. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hate_crime Title of Wiki. Retrieval Statement: include the date of retrieval and the URL. 24 electure Notes Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date Lawrence, T. (2008). Lecture 5: Employee recruitment and selection [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.learn.canterbury.ac.nz/ Lecture title & format: provide the format of the lecture in brackets after the title. Retrieval Statement: include the URL. NOTE: When lecture notes are only available via your instructor through course management software such as Blackboard or a student who took notes during a class, then cite the notes as you would a personal communication (see item #12). 25 Blog Post: Author of post. Date blog was posted. Title of post. Do not italicize. Raeke, D. (2009, October 13). Tough guy who chronically abused puppy gets 30 days jail [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://fortheloveofthedogblog.com/ Source URL. 26 Streaming Video: Author of video. Date video was posted. Title of video. Walden, R. (2007, October 30). How to get started with blogger.com [Video file]. Re- trieved from http://www.associatedcontent.com/video/9723/ Source URL.

ONLINE SOURCES - cont d 11 27 Twitter update (tweet): Author of tweet. Give the user s actual name, if known, followed by the screen name in brackets. If the person s real name isn t known then provide the screen name without brackets. Date tweet was posted. Include entire twitter post. Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/ gctx7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/barackobama/status/2651151366 Include item type in brackets. Source URL. 28 Facebook page: Author. If it s an individual author, provide name in standard format (full last name, initials for first and middle). Then provide the full first name in brackets Date. If you only have an approximate date use ca. (for circa) followed by the year inside brackets. Title of page. Item type in brackets. Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire safety [Facebook page]. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from https://www.facebook.com/fema?sk=app_10442206389 Source URL. QUESTIONS? Contact Cindy Spano, reference librarian at JBLM LIBRARIES cindy.spano@us.af.mil ph: 253-982-3454