Victorian Literature A Sourcebook Edited by John Plunkett Ana Parejo Vadillo Regenia Cagnier Angelique Richardson Rick Rylance Paul Young macmillan
Short Contents Introduction 1 1 Key Historical Events 20 2 Society, Politics and Class 46 3 Gender and Sexuality 71 4 Religion and Belief 98 5 Philosophy and Ideas 123 6 Art and Aesthetics 150 7 Popular Culture 177 8 Literary Production and Reception 205 9 Empire and Race 233 10 Science and Technology 257 Further Reading 287 Index 295
Detailed Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgements Series Editor's Preface Timeline of Historical Events xii xiii xv xvi Introduction 1 1 Key Historical Events 20 Introduction 20 1.1 Samuel Smiles, 'The Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway' (1857), 22 1.2 Lord Macaulay, 'A Speech: Delivered in the House of Commons on the 2nd of March, 1831' (1831) 24 1.3 THE PEOPLE'S CHARTER (1838) 27 1.4 'Distress in Cork' (1846) 29 1.5 'The King of Prussia to Queen Victoria' and 'Prince Albert to Lord John Russell'(1848) ' 31 1.6 Henry Cole, Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Great Exhibition 1851 (1851) 34 1.7 Caroline Norton, A Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth's Marriage and Divorce Bill (1855) 36 1.8 [SIta Ram], From Sepoy to Subadar: Being the Life and Adventures of a 'NativeOfficer of the Bengal Army, Written and Related By Himself (1873) 38 1.9 William Forster on the 'Elementary Education Bill' (1870) 41 1.10 Lewis Morris, 'A Song of Empire' (1887) 43 2 Society, Politics and Class 46 Introduction 46 2.1 William Cobbett, 'Down the Valley of the Avon in Wiltshire' (1830), 49 2.2 Thomas Carlyle, Chartism (1840) 50 vii
Mi CONTENTS 2.3 Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil; or The Two Nations (1845) 52 2.4 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848) 53 2.5 [Henry Mayhew], 'Letter II' and 'Letter VII' (1849) 56 2.6 Samuel Smiles, Self-Help: With Illustrations of Conduct and Perseverance (1859) 59 2.7 [Harriet Martineau], 'Female Industry' (1859) 61 2.8 Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867) 63 2.9 Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism (1869) 65 2.10 William Morris, 'The Society of the Future' (1887) 67 2.11 General William Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890) 68 3 Gender and Sexuality 71 Introduction 71 3.1 Mrs [Sarah Stickney] Ellis, The Women of England, Their Social Duties, and Domestic Habits (1839) 74 3.2 Florence Nightingale, 'Cassandra' (1852) 76 3.3 Samuel Smiles, 'Character - The True Gentleman', Self-Help: With Illustrations of Conduct and Perseverance (1859) 78 3.4 Eliza Lynn Linton, 'The Girl of the Period' (1868) 79 3.5 John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (1869) 81 3.6 John Ruskin, 'Of Queen's Gardens' (1871) 85 3.7 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) 86 3.8 Henry Maudsley, 'Sex in Mind and Education' (1874) 90 3.9 Edward Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, 'The Woman Question: From a Socialist Point of View' (1886) 91 3.10 Mona Caird, 'Marriage' (1888) 93 3.11 Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion (1897) 94 4 Religion and Belief 98 Introduction 98 4.1 John Keble, National Apostasy Considered in a Sermon (1833) 101 4.2 Thomas Arnold, 'Sermon III', Christian Life, Its Course, Its Hindrances, and Its Helps: Sermons, Preached Mostly in the Chapel of Rugby School (1841) 103 4.3 Grace Aguilar, The Spirit of Judaism (1842) 105 4.4 Ernest Renan, The Life of Jesus (1863; trans, 1864) 107 4.5 Iconoclast [Charles Bradlaugh],'A Plea for Atheism'(1864) 111 4.6. John Henry Newman, Apologia Pro Vita Sua: Being a Reply to a Pamphlet Entitled 'What, Then, Does Dr. Newman Mean?' (1864) 112
CONTENTS ix 4.7 Rev. R. M. Heanley, A Memoir of Edward Steere, D.D., LL.D.: Third Missionary Bishop in Central Africa (1888) 114 4.8 Madame Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion and Philosophy (1888) 117 4.9 William Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890) 119 5 Philosophy and Ideas 123 Introduction, 123 5.1 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment (1790; trans. 1892)) 126 5.2 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) 127 5.3 Johann Gottfried Herder, Treatise upon the Origin of Language (1772; trans. 1827) 129 5.4 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Aesthetics. Lectures on Fine Art (1835-8; trans. 1886) 131 5.5 Herbert Spencer, Social Statics: or, The Conditions essential to Happiness specified, and the First of them Developed (1851) 133 5.6 Auguste Comte, The Positive Philosophy (1830-42; trans. 1853) 134 5.7 Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (1841; trans. 1854) 137 5.8 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859) 139 5.9 Walter Pater, The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry (1873; revised 1888) 142 5.10 Francis Herbert Bradley, Ethical Studies (1876) 144 5.11 Friedrich Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals (1887; trans. 1913) 147 6 Art and Aesthetics 150 Introduction 150 6.1 Uohn Stuart Mill], Two Kinds of Poetry'(1833) 153 6.2 A.fugustus] Welby Pugin, Contrasts; or, A Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, and Similar Buildings of the Present Day; Shewing the Present Decay of Taste (1836). 155 6.3 Richard Wagner, 'The Art-Work of the Future' (1849; trans. 1895) 159 6.4 John Ruskin, 'The Nature of Gothic' (1853) 160 6.5 [Elizabeth Eastlake], 'Photography' (1857) 164 6.6 George Eliot, Adam Bede (1859) 166 6.7 Walter Pater, 'The School of Giorgione' (1888) 169 6.8 Vernon Lee, Euphorion: Being Studies of the Antique and the Mediaeval in the Renaissance (1884) 171 6.9 Oscar Wilde,'The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue'(1889) 173 6.10 Arthur Symons, 'The Decadent Movement in Literature' (1893) 174
< CONTENTS 7 Popular Culture 177 Introduction 177 7.1 Charles Dickens, 'Gin-Shops' (1837) 179 7.2 'Directions to Ladies for Shopping' (1844) 181 7.3 Albert Smith, 'Greenwich Fair' (1849) 182 7.4 Oliver Wendell Holmes, 'The Stereoscope and the Stereograph' (1859) 184 7.5 Henry Mayhew, 'Of the Penny Gaff (1861) 186 7.6 'What Are Women Doing?' (1861) 192 7.7 Report from the Select Committee on Theatrical Licenses and Regulations (1866) 193 7.8 The Journeyman Engineer [Thomas Wright], Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes (1867) 196 7.9 William Stanley Jevons, 'Amusements of the People' (1878) 199 7.10 [Benjamin Ward Richardson], 'On Recreation for Girls' (1894) 201 8 Literary Production and Reception 205 Introduction 205 8.1 [Charles Knight], 'The Commercial History of a Penny Magazine' (1833) 207 8.2 Robert Peel, An Inaugural Address, Delivered by the Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, Bart. M.P., President of the Tamworth Library and Reading Room, on Tuesday, 19th January, 1841 (1841) 209 8.3 Mrs [Sarah Stickney] Ellis, The Young Ladies' Reader; or, Extracts from Modern Authors, adapted for Educational or Family Use (1845) 212 8.4 [George Henry Lewes], 'The Condition of Authors in England, Germany and France' (1847) 214 8.5 [Wilkie Collins], 'The Unknown Public' (1858) 216 8.6 [Andrew Wynter], 'Our Modern Mercury' (1861) 221 8.7 Matthew Arnold, 'The Function of Criticism at the Present Time' (1865) 223 8.8 Thomas Cooper, The Life of Thomas Cooper. Written by Himself (1872) ' 225 8.9 'Literature Regarded as a Profession' (1881) 227 8.10 Thomas Hardy, 'Candour in English Fiction' (1890) 229 9 Empire and Race 233 Introduction 233 9.1 [Thomas Carlyle], 'Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question' (1849). 236 9.2 [John Stuart Mill], 'The Negro Question' (1850) 238
CONTENTS xi 9.3 [Charles Dickens], 'The Noble Savage' (1853) 240 9.4 Karl Marx, 'The Future Results of British Rule in India' (1853) 242 9.5 Francis Galton, 'Hereditary Talent and Character. Second Paper' (1865) 244 9.6 John Ruskin, Lectiires on Art: delivered before the University of Oxford in Hilary term, 1870 (1870) "' 246 9.7 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) 247 9.8 John Seeley, The Expansion of England (1883) 249 9.9 William Morris, News from Nowhere, or, an Epoch of Rest: being some chapters from a Utopian romance (1891) 251 9.10 Douglas Hyde, 'The Necessity for De-Anglicising Ireland' (1894) 253 9.11 Mary Kingsley, Travels in West Africa: Congo Francais, Corisco and the Cameroons (1897) 254 10 Science and Technology 257 Introduction 257 10.1 William Paley, Natural Theology (1802) 260 10.2 Sir Humphrey Davy, Consolations in Travel, or The Last Days of a Philosopher (1830) 262 10.3 Sir Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation (1830-3) ' ' 265 10.4 Charles Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactiires (1832) 270 10.5 Ada Lovelace, 'Notes By the Translator', for L. F. Menabrea, 'Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage, Esq' (1843) 271 10.6 Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (1848) 273 10.7 Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection (1859) 275 10.8 T. H. Huxley, 'On the Physical Basis of Life' (1869) 279 10.9 George Henry Lewes, 'On the Dread and Dislike of Science' (1878) 283 10.10 William James, The Principles of Psychology (1890) 284 Further Reading 287 Index 295