Pietro Mercati System Energy Efficiency Lab seelab.ucsd.edu
In the Rrevious Seminar IoT network IoT devices Technology and architectures This presentation Mohsen s presentation last time on Low level architectures
Introduction What is an IoT application? How to summarize? Device level: Embedded Interaction: the technological and conceptual phenomena of seamlessly integrating the means for interaction into everyday life [Schmidt2010]
Introduction What is an IoT application? How to summarize? Network level: the effort to enable the machine perception of the real world and seamless interaction with it [Mitton2011]
Introduction You just wrote a C program It s compiling with no errors How do you make sure it is properly working? You test it! How do we test IoT applications? What is required?
Introduction Goal 1 (IoT devices): Integrate sensing, networking and actuation capabilities into everyday objects Goal 2 (IoT networks): Design network systems that can interchangeably and efficiently support a large range of applications Make it available for developers to test applications (IoT testbed)
In this Presentation Look at how to test IoT: Device level How do we build new devices for the IoT by integrating sensing/networking capabilities into everyday objects? Network level What are the requirements of a network of interconnected devices? How can users leverage an IoT testbed?
Outline IoT devices Challenges Design guidelines Commercial devices for IoT IoT testbeds The Motelab example IoT testbeds requirements IoT testbeds classification Some examples more into details Motelab SmartSantander Other projects Actuation and control IoT in industry
IoT Devices
Embedded Interaction: Netgets We can modify everyday objects to become a part of the IoT by integrating sensing/networking/actuation. Netgets: specialized networked gadgets with sensors and actuators that let users seamlessly manipulate digital information and data in the context of real- world usage [Schmidt2010] HapiFork Kolibree More on http://iotlist.co/
Challenges [Schmidt2010] Embedded Vs. Interaction Devices Invisibility Dilemma Implicit Vs. Explicit interaction Context dependence Interaction and multimodality Development support
Design Guidelines [Schmidt2010] Information when and where it s useful Information provision without explicit interaction Overprovisioning Specialized components Visibility Accidental use The invisibility dilemma Short and long term life cycle Rapid prototyping Modeling support
Commercial Devices for IoT Prototyping Nodes, sensors, SBCs: PanStamps TinyDuino Arduino RF Duino Pinoccio Raspberry Pi BeagleBone Cubieboard Nanode Arduino Uno PanStamp Raspberry Pi 2 More at http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-hardware
PanStamp Hardware specifications Dimmensions: 0.7 x 1.2 in (17.7 x 30.5 mm) MCU: Atmel Atmega328P at 8MHz Flash: 32 KB RAM: 2 KB EEPROM: 1 KB RF frontend: TI CC1101 Frequency bands: 868/915 MHz Operating voltage: from 2.5 VDC to 3.6 VDC Current consumption: 1 ua when in deep sleep mode. 2.5mA whilst transmitting On-board LED panstamp AVR 2 ($16) https://github.com/panstamp/panstamp/wiki/first-steps
PanStamp Hardware specifications Size: 1.0 x 2.2 in (25.4 x 55.8 mm) Pin spacing: 0.1 in (2.54 mm) Optional on-board sensors: 10KOhm NTC temperature sensor SI7021 I2C humidity/temperature sensor BMP180 I2C pressure/temperature sensor lsm9ds0 I2C accelerometer/gyroscope/ magnetometer sensor Default input voltage (Vcc): 2.0 to 3.6 VDC Optional input voltages: 2.7V to 13.2V with MCP1702 LDO 0.8V to 3.3V with MAX1724 boost regulator panstamp AVR 2 ($16) panstamp sensor board ($6) https://github.com/panstamp/panstamp/wiki https://github.com/panstamp/panstamp/wiki/first-steps
PanStamp panstamp provides three different API's, which are often combined in the same application. Each API has a special purpose and provides control over different cores and peripherals: Arduino API : generic delay functions and I/ O control, including digital I/O's, ADC's, PWM's, UART, SPI and I2C. panstamp API : core functions and power management. SWAP API : SWAP (protocol) functions. This API is implemented in a separate library. Get the libraries from github and program devices using Arduino IDE panstamp AVR 2 ($16) panstamp sensor board ($6) https://code.google.com/p/panstamp/wiki/firststeps https://github.com/panstamp/panstamp/wiki https://github.com/panstamp/panstamp/wiki/first-steps
Raspberry Pi Low cost (~35$) single- board computer A fully functional ARM- based Linux machine WHAT YOU WILL NEED REQUIRED SD Card Display and connectivity cables Keyboard and mouse Power supply Raspberry Pi 2 NOT ESSENTIAL BUT HELPFUL TO HAVE Internet connection Headphones https://www.raspberrypi.org/help/quick-start-guide/
Raspberry Pi Low cost (~35$) single- board computer A fully functional ARM- based Linux machine Raspberry Pi 2 Internet doorbell: https://www.raspberrypi.org/ blog/internet-doorbell/ Temperature and humidity monitor: http://www.instructables.com/id/ Raspberry-Pi-Temperature- Humidity-Network-Monitor/ Raspberry Pi Bluetooth In/Out Board: http://www.instructables.com/id/ Raspberry-Pi-Bluetooth-InOut- Board-or-Whos-Hom/ Raspberry quadcopter: http://www.pcworld.com/article/ 2895874/10-insanely-innovative-incrediblycool-raspberry-pi-projects.html#slide10 Innovative Raspberry projects: http://www.pcworld.com/article/2895874/10-insanely-innovative-incredibly-coolraspberry-pi-projects.html#slide9 Raspberry and IoT: https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/tag/internet-of-things/ Raspberry projects to learn IoT: http://www.informationweek.com/software/enterprise-applications/10-raspberry-pi-projects-
PanStamp Vs Raspberry PanStamp Raspberry Low cost Low cost (~$35) Reliable communication stack Line of compatible products A Linux machine Supports multiple programming languages (Python, C, C++, etc) Battery powered Requires IDE In general requires power cable
How to Test IoT? Are we done yet? So far we looked at how to make the single pieces of IoT Netgets: Custom devices for embedded interaction Challenges and design guidelines Nodes, sensors, SBC: Rapid prototyping How to obtain a realistic environment for IoT? Build an IoT testbed and make it available to everybody
IoT Testbeds
IoT Testbeds Simulations Pros: Good for having a preliminary understanding of the problem and of tradeoffs Can be run in general purpose machines Cons: Rely on assumptions and models which may be not accurate and/or not general This is even more dramatic for IoT: Real world processes Very large scale interactions
IoT Testbeds Need for Interdisciplinary, multitechnology, large- scale, realistic testbeds Test IoT outside of research labs To enable Technical evaluation of IoT under realistic conditions Assessment of social acceptance of IoT Quantification of performance with real users in the loop How do we build an IoT testbed? What are the requirements? How do we classify IoT testbeds?
The Motelab Testbed (2005) A software infrastructure implemented on a network of 30 sensor nodes distributed over three floors of ECE dept building at Harvard University. A web interface allows remote users to program nodes and run experiments. One of first and long lasting testbeds (635 citations on [Welsh2005]) Remote users can connect and use the interface for job scheduling, node programming, data logging. Used as basis for other testbeds, e.g. CCNY- CWSNET and INDRIYA
Requirements [Mitton2011] Scale Thousands of interconnected devices Minimize human intervention Maximize plug- and- play Automate fault management Support resource selection Heterogeneity IoT networks are composed by different devices The testbed should reflect such heterogeneity Repeatability Experiments should be easily re- executed and compared Agreements on standards for experiment specifications, collection of traces, packaging of results
Requirements Federation Enable integration with other IoT testbeds Requires a common framework for authentication, authorization, accounting, reservation and experimental scheduling. Concurrency Multiplexing of concurrent experiments Virtualization to enable resource selection while avoiding conflicts Experimental Environment Moving testbeds out of labs requires higher robustness Every connection should be wireless Overhead of maintenance
Requirements Mobility Real IoT devices may move around Control and exploit realistic mobility of devices and entities User Involvement and Impact IoT application are centered on users Require active participation Mechanisms to evaluate social impact of IoT applications
Testbeds Classification Scope Architecture Hardware features Testbed services
Testbeds Classification Scope and architecture
Testbeds Classification Hardware features
Testbeds Classification Testbed services Web interfaces Application programming interfaces Experiment description Experiment scheduling Reprogramming Execution control Monitoring and data collection Resource discovery and configuration Fault management Performance monitoring Co- simulation
Example 1: Motelab (2005) Federation: Motelab software can manage any lab of nodes providing remote reprogramming and data logging capabilities Concurrency: User quota system facilitates sharing the lab between multiple users Repeatability: Once a job is created, Motelab stores the configuration information allowing the same job to be run multiple times What is missing? Mobility Scale Requirements Scale Heterogeneity Repeatability Federation Concurrency Experimental Environment Mobility User Involvement and Impact
Example 1: Motelab (2005) Scope: HW features: Application domain WSN Generic Limited to TinyOS Technology domain Testbed services: Single domain (WSN) Architecture: Two- tier Web interface for experiment specification Homogeneous Data collection Indoor Power monitoring Permanent/portable?
Example 2: SmartSantander (2009- present) SmartSantander proposes a unique in the world city- scale experimental research facility in support of typical applications and services for a smart city. The project envisions the deployment of 20,000 sensors in Belgrade, Guildford, Lübeck and Santander (12,000)
Example 2: SmartSantander (2009- present) Key Functions: Validation of approaches to the architectural model of IoT. Evaluation of the key building blocks of the IoT architecture Evaluation of social acceptance of IoT technologies and services. Scale, Federation, Mobility, User involvement
Other Interesting Projects WISEBED [Pfisterer2009] SensLab [Vandaele2011 ] SmartCampus [Headley2013] IoT- LAB [Ziegler2015] IoT-LAB testbeds are located at six different sites across France which gives forward access to 2728 wireless sensors nodes: Inria Grenoble (928), Inria Lille (640), ICube Strasbourg (400), Inria Rocquencourt (344), Inria Rennes (256) and Institut Mines-Télécom Paris (160)
Other Interesting Projects WISEBED [Pfisterer2009] SensLab [Vandaele2011 ] SmartCampus [Headley2013] IoT- LAB [Ziegler2015] 1. Build your application Build one or several firmwares to use during your experiment for WSN430, M3 or A8 hardware platform. 2. Select resources Choose number and type of nodes or choose a specific topology. 3. Configure nodes Associate a firmware to each node and define the activity of the control node during the experiment 4. Submit your experiment A scheduler will program your experiment, immediately if resources are free. The deployment will be automatic. https://www.iot-lab.info/what-is-iot-lab/ https://www.iot-lab.info/get_started/
Actuation and Control Smart grids Detailed energy measurement Energy control and distribution A problem of distributed control: Move control to subcomponents Achieve optimal solutions by intelligently orchestrate distributed controllers REFERENCES Demo Abstract: Distributed Control of a Swarm of Buildings Connected to a Smart Grid Multi-Agent Systems in a Distributed Smart Grid: Design and Implementation Management and Control of Domestic Smart Grid Technology The Path of the Smart Grid Control Mechanisms for Residential Electricity Demand in SmartGrids https://www.terraswarm.org/
IoT Platforms ThingWorx Carriots idigi http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-platforms
IoT Startups SmartThings Chui Sensoria
IoT in Large Companies Intel http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet- of- things/overview.html ARM https://www.arm.com/products/internet- of- things- solutions/ Google https://cloud.google.com/solutions/iot/ Cisco http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/internet- of- things/overview.html
Conclusion Potentially every object can be augmented with sensing, networking and actuation capabilities. There is a proliferation of commercial smart devices, sensor boards, single- board computers Invisibility dilemma, rapid prototyping. IoT applications require large and flexible testbeds IoT testbeds should be developed to fulfill important requirements Some recent effort realized large- scale testbeds for IoT experimentation (SmartSantander, IoT- lab) Important companies are striving to drive IoT development Proliferation of IoT- related startups
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