Metaphors Used in Our Daily Life (A case study on The Jakarta Post and Kompas Newspaper articles) Penulis Pertama: Pracillia Sulistiani Jalan Margonda Raya No. 100 Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Gunadarma (babel-nudel@yahoo.com) ABSTRAK Key Words: Metaphors, The Jakarta Post, Kompas People assume that metaphors can only be found in literature. However, indirectly we live in a metaphor, as when we devote our thoughts and feelings in writing and every sentence we speak, we unknowingly use the words of metaphor. This happens because of human thought processes largely metaphorical. The purposes of this study are to find out metaphors in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers, to describe the kinds of metaphors, and to find out the frequency of metaphors found in both newspapers. This study uses qualitative and quantitative descriptive method. The result of this study shows that there are many metaphors identified in The Jakarta Post and in Kompas. Of 100 metaphors identified in The Jakarta Post, there are 26.4% metaphors. And, of 100 metaphors identified in Kompas, there are 31.6% metaphors. Finally, there are 7 types of metaphors identified in The Jakarta Post, namely dead metaphor, absolute metaphor, active metaphor, compound or loose metaphor, dying metaphor, epic metaphor, and unconventional metaphor. In addition there are 8 types of metaphors identified in Kompas, namely dead metaphor, absolute metaphor, active metaphor, compound or loose metaphor, dying metaphor, epic metaphor, synecdoche metaphor, and unconventional metaphor. INTRODUCTION Background of the Problem A tool that used to communicate with other humans is called. This language does not just convey information, but we also can put the ideas, feelings, and the human mind. Figurative language takes an important role in the routine of our daily lives, not only in perception but in thought and action, whether in magazines, newspapers, novels, short stories, poetry, and drama. One of the figurative language most often used is a metaphor. 1
The assumption of people says that there is only a metaphor in literature, and the only poet who use them. But indirectly we live in a metaphor, as when we devote our thoughts and feelings in writing and every sentence we speak, we unknowingly use the words of metaphor. This happens because of human thought processes largely metaphorical. Met aphor is a kind of figurative language that has many meanings and deeper meaning, sometimes difficult to translate the metaphor literally. Metaphors not only make our thoughts more vivid and interesting, but they actually structure our perceptions and understanding. Therefore, the metaphor contained in the various forms of writing such as literature, advertising, media articles, and even everyday conversations. The presence of figurative language is to attract attention, generate freshness, and life in literature. In this research, the writer will analyze the metaphors in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspaper. In addition, I will explain about the types of metaphors and the frequency of metaphors used in both newspapers. Previous Research Yunizar Djoenaid (1993) Yunizar wrote Understanding of Metaphor in the Drama As You Like It: A Pragmatic Study, a research paper submitted to the faculty of Letters as a partial Fulfillment of the requirement for Strata I in English, University of Indonesia. In his paper, he pointed out analyzing metaphor comprehension process in terms of pragmatic and to know the role of pragmatic theories to find meaning in metaphor. The data are taken from drama comedy As You Like It by William Shakespeare. Noni Marlianingsih (2003) Noni wrote The metaphor in William Shakespeare s poem Sonnet LXIII, a scientific research paper submitted to the Faculty Letters as partial fulfillment of the requirement for Diploma III in English Department, Gunadarma University. She analyzed the metaphors in Sonnet LXIII. 2
Problem Formulation The problems of the research are as follows: 1) What metaphors are there in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers? 2) What types of metaphors are there in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers? 3) How often metaphors are found in both newspapers? Aim of the Study The aims of this research are: 1) To find out the metaphors used in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers. 2) To describe the types of metaphors in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers. 3) To find out the frequency of metaphors found in both newspapers. Scope of the Study This research focuses only on metaphors, the number of metaphors, and the types of metaphors used in The Jakarta Post and in Kompas newspapers. Significance of the Study This research may contribute several benefits to the writer and to the readers. The benefits are: 1) To enrich and increase knowledge on the figurative language of metaphors in The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers. 2) It is useful for the readers to give a greater awareness that the metaphor used in our daily life. 3) In fact, metaphors not only shape our view, but the way we think and what we do in our life THEORETICAL REVIEW 3
Figurative Language 4
Figurative language there are various, but in spite of all kinds, have something (adj) common, namely the languages are metaphorically view impute something plugging in something else. (Altenbernd, 1970:15). Metaphor Metaphor is for most people device of the poetic imagination and rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. For this reason, most people think they can get along perfectly well without metaphor. We have found on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Lakofff and Johnson (2003). TYPES OF METAPHORS COMMON TYPES Dead Metaphor A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. Most people do not visualize the action dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Extended Metaphor (conceit) Extended metaphor establishes a principal subject (comparison) and subsidiary subjects (comparisons). The As You Like It quotation is a good example, the world is described as a stage, and then men and women are subsidiary subjects further described in the same context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) 5
Mixed Metaphor Mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first. Example: "If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate." Quote from Futurama TV show character Zapp Brannigan. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Absolute Metaphor Absolute metaphor denotes a figure or a concept that cannot be reduced to, or replaced with solely conceptual thought and language. Absolute metaphors, e.g. light (for truth ) and seafaring (for human existence ) have distinctive meanings (unlike the literal meanings), and, thereby, function as orientations in the world, and as theoretic questions, such as presenting the world as a whole. Because they exist at the pre -predicative level, express and structure pragmatic and theoretical views of Man and the World. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) UNCOMMON TYPES Absolute or Paralogical Metaphor Absolute or Paralogical metaphor (sometimes called an anti -metaphor) is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image. e.g. light as a metaphor for virtue. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Active Metaphor Active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor. (http ://en. wikip edia.org/wiki/metaphor) Complex Metaphor Complex Metaphor is one which mounts one identification on another. Example: 6
"That throws some light on the question." Throwing light is a metaphor: there is no actual l i g h t, a n d a q u e s t i o n i s n o t t h e s o r t o f t h i n g t h a t c a n b e l i t u p. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Compound or Loose Metaphor Compound or Loose Metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of similarity. Example: "He has the wild stag's foot." This phrase suggests grace and speed as well as daring. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Dying Metaphor Dying Metaphor is a pejorative term coined by George Orwell in his essay Politics and the English Language. Orwell defines a dying metaphor as a metaphor that isn't dead (dead metaphors are different, as they are treated like ordinary words), but has bee n worn out and is used because it saves people the trouble of inventing an original phrase for themselves. In short, a cliché. Example: Achilles' heel. Orwell suggests that writers scan their work for such dying forms that they have 'been seen regularly before in print' and replace them with alternative language patterns. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Epic Metaphor or Homeric Simile Epic Metaphor or Homeric Simile is an extended metaphor containing details about the vehicle that are not, in fact, necessary for the metaphoric purpose. This can be extended to humorous lengths, for instance: "This is a crisis. A large crisis. In fact, if you've got a moment, it's a twelve-storey crisis with a magnificent entrance hall, carpeting throughout, 24- hour porterage and an enormous sign on the roof saying 'This Is a Large Crisis.'" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) 7
Implicit Metaphor Implicit Metaphor is one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Implied or Unstated Metaphor Implied or Unstated Metaphor is a metaphor not explicitly stated or obvious that compares two things by using adjectives that commonly describe one thing, but are used to describe another comparing the two. An example: "Golden baked skin", comparing bakery goods to skin or "green blades of nausea", comparing green grass to the pallor of a nauseated person or "leafy golden sunset" comparing the sunset to a tree in the fall. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Simple or Tight Metaphor Simple or Tight Metaphor is one in which there is but one point of resemblance between the tenor and the vehicle. Example: "Cool it". In this example, the vehicle, "Cool", is a temperature and nothing else, so the tenor, "it", can only be grounded to the vehicle by one attribute. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Submerged Metaphor Submerged Metaphor is one in which the vehicle is implied, or indicated by one aspect. Example: "my winged thought". Here, the audience must supply the image of the bird. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Synecdochic Metaphor 8
Synecdochic Metaphor is a trope that is both a metaphor and a synecdoche in which a small part of something is chosen to represent the whole so as to highlight certain elements of the whole. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metaphor) Unconventional Metaphor According to (Levinson, 1983:147-162) unconventional metaphor is a metaphor whose meaning is not or has not been fixed, so their understanding is dependent on context. The metaphors of this kind are often used in writings, advertisements and everyday conversations. RESEARCH METHOD Research Design The methods used in this research are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative method is a research procedure that produces descriptive data such as written words or verbal expression from the people and their behavior that have been observed. (Bogdan & Taylor, 1975:5). Source of the Data Sources of data in this study are The Jakarta Post and Kompas Newspapers, which appeared Tuesday on August 10, 2010. The newspaper was selected as the data source because it contains many metaphors. Data Collection Procedure The writer uses several data collection procedures as follows: 1) Read the whole page newspaper The Jakarta Post and Kompas used as a data source. 2) Identify English metaphors from The Jakarta Post newspaper. 3) Identify Indonesia metaphors from the Kompas newspaper. 4) Type in the article as the data from these papers with a total of 5000 words of each newspaper. 5) List the metaphors into a table. 9
Data Analysis Procedure Data analysis is process of data organization and sort data into pattern, category, and set of base description so that the theme can be found and the working hypoth esis can be formulated as suggested by data. (Moleong, 1994:103). After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data by doing: Editing The data that has been collected is to edit, because there may be some mistakes when t h e y a r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e s o u r c e i n t o t h e r e s e a r c h. Data Preduction a) Calculate how often metaphors are used in each newspaper. b) Categorize the types of metaphors in each newspaper. Data Presentation The data are represented in tables and in Pie charts. Data interpretation The writer interprets the data by providing an explanation for the data that has been collected and provide further information about the metaphor. RESULT OF THE STUDY AND DISCUSSION Result of the Study and Discussions The Metaphors in The Jakarta Post and Kompas Newspaper There are two newspapers that become the sources of the data, namely The Jakarta Post and Kompas newspapers. Of 5.000 words analyzed in The Jakarta Post, there are 132 metaphors identified and of 5.000 words in Kompas, there are 158 metaphors identified. 10
The following lists show the metaphors identified in The Jakarta Post and in Kompas newspapers. No. The Jakarta Post Types of Metaphor 1. Oversaw crimes of savagery a generation ago. Dying metaphor 2. He will spend the next 19 years in jail. Dying metaphor 3. Political scapegoats. Absolute metaphor 4. Killing fields. Unconventional metaphor 5. The rich and powerful have enjoyed near Dying metaphor 6. impunity. Dying metaphor 7. End up in jail. Active metaphor 8. The word justice has little meaning. Unconventional metaphor Critics are quick to point out the process was 9. flawed from the start. Active metaphor 10. The broad daylight killing. Dying metaphor No. Kompas Types of Metaphor 1. Indonesia menjadi negara gagal. Compound metaphor 2. Merebaknya aksi teror. Dying metaphor 3. Masalah-masalah yang membelitnya. Dying metaphor 4. Tereduksinya keluhuran politik. Compound metaphor 5. Politik praktis berdurasi pendek, kerdil, dan Epic metaphor bernuansa sempit. 11
6. Kekerasan yang merebak. Dying metaphor 7. Sporadis. Absolute metaphor 8. Berkembang suburnya sisi kekerdilan manusia. Active metaphor 9. Doktrin sempit agama. Absolute metaphor 10. Krisis identitas. Absolute metaphor The Frequency of Metaphors Found in The The Jakarta Post and in Kompas Newspapers The frequency of metaphors in The Jakarta Post In the articles there consists of 5.000 words that had been analyzed which had a number of 132 words of metaphors that were divided into the types of metaphors in The Jakarta Post. There are 7 types, this can be seen in the following: No. Types of metaphors Frequency Percentage 1. Dead Metaphor 1 0.75 % 2. Absolute Metaphor 5 3.78 % 3. Active Metaphor 41 31.0 % 4. Compound Metaphor 1 0.75 % 5. Dying Metaphor 61 46.2 % 6. Epic Metaphor 13 9.84 % 7. Unconventional Metaphor 10 7.5 % TOTAL 132 Metaphors 100 % 12
This also can be seen in the following of figurative Pie Chart: dead metaphor absolute metaphor active metaphor compound metaphor dying metaphor epic metaphor unconventional metaphor 4.2.2 The frequency of metaphors in Kompas In the articles there are consists of 5.000 words that had been analyzed which has a number of 158 words of metaphors that divided into the types of metaphors in Kompas. There are 8 types, this can be seen in the following: No. Types of metaphors Frequency Percentage 1. Dead Metaphor 9 5.69 % 2. Absolute Metaphor 11 6.96 % 3. Active Metaphor 31 19.6 % 4. Compound Metaphor 24 15.1 % 5. Dying Metaphor 68 43.0 % 6. Epic Metaphor 6 3.79 % 7. Synecdoche Metaphor 1 0.63 % 8. Unconventional Metaphor 8 5.06 % TOTAL 158 metaphors 100 % This also can be seen in the following of figurative Pie Chart: 13
dead metaphor absolute metaphor active metaphor compound metaphor dying metaphor epic metaphor synecdochic metaphor unconventional metaphor The Types of Metaphors Used in The Jakarta Post and Kompas Types of metaphors in The Jakarta Post Dead Metaphor A metaphor that has lost the true meaning of metaphor where the people can be understand without knowing the earlier connotation. The frequency is 1 word and have a calculate 0.75 %. Example : Arms length help from the US. Absolute Metaphor A concept of metaphor that cannot be reduced to, or replaced with solely conceptual thought and language. The frequency is 5 words and have a calculate 3.78 %. Example : Political scapegoats. Active Metaphor The metaphor that are not part of everyday language and it seen as a metaphor. The frequency is 41 words and have a calculate 31.0 %. Example : The word justice has little meaning. Compound or Loose Metaphor A metaphor which is the only one who can captures the mind with some points in common. The frequency is 1 word and have a calculate 0.75 %. Example : But when will the time ever be ripe? 14
Dying Metaphor Metaphors are treated like ordinary words. The frequency is 61 words and have a calculate 46.2 %. Example : Solve this conflict. Epic Metaphor Metaphor which is containing the details of along and needed to show metaphor. The frequency is 13 words and have a calculate 9.84 %. Example : While himself has no political power and little money, many Cambodian s disappointment with what they see as a too lenient sentence. Unconventional Metaphor Metaphor that has meaning is not fixed and depends on the context of sentences. The frequency is 10 words and has a count of 7.5%. Example : Critics are quick to point out the process was flawed from the start. Types of metaphors in Kompas Dead Metaphor A metaphor that has lost the true meaning of metaphor where the people can be understand without knowing the earlier connotation. The frequency is 9 words and have a calculate 5.69 %. Example : Batu sendi dasar ideologi bernegara. Absolute Metaphor A concept of metaphor that cannot be reduced to, or replaced with solely conceptual thought and language. The frequency is 11 words and have a calculate 6.96 %. Example : Sporadis. Active Metaphor 15
The metaphor that are not part of everyday language and it seen as a metaphor. The frequency is 31 words and have a calculate 19.6 %. Example : Ibarat berseru di padang pasir. Compound or Loose Metaphor A metaphor which is the only one who can captures the mind with some points in common. The frequency is 24 words and have a calculate 15.1 %. Example : Indonesia menjadi negara gagal. Dying Metaphor Metaphors are treated like ordinary words. The frequency is 68 words and have a calculate 43.0 %. Example : Masalah-masalah yang membelitnya. Epic Metaphor Metaphor which is containing the details of along and needed to show metaphor. The frequency is 6 words and have a calculate 3.79 %. Example : Politik praktis berdurasi pendek, kerdil, dan bernuansa sempit. Synecdoche Metaphor Metaphor which small part of something that was selected to represent the overall. The frequency is 1 word and have a calculate 0.63 %. Example : Elemen bangsa. Unconventional Metaphor Metaphor that has meaning is not fixed and depends on the context of sentences. The frequency is 8 words and have a calculate 5.06 %. Example : Mencegah pelapukan saat ini. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion 16
This implies that out of 100 metaphors, there are 2 metaphors in The Jakarta Post. Meanwhile, out of 100 metaphors in Kompas, there are 3 metaphors. The types of metaphors found in The Jakarta Post are; one dead metaphor, five absolute metaphors, forty-one active metaphors, one compound metaphor, sixty-one dying metaphors, thirteen epic metaphors, and ten unconventional metaphors. Meanwhile, the types of metaphors found in Kompas are; nine dead metaphors, eleven absolute metaphors, thirty-one active metaphors, twenty-four compound metaphors, sixty-eight dying metaphors, six epic metaphors, one synecdoche metaphor, and eight unconventional metaphors. Suggestion The writer in this study would like to suggest to the readers that if we want to understand a sentence containing metaphors. First, we must understand the definition of metaphor, then read the full and see the context of sentences that contain metaphors, then we can know what the meaning of the sentence these. If other writers are interested in analyzing figurative language in the newspapers or short stories, there are several other types of figurative language that states the form of comparison than a metaphor, namely similes, personification, synecdoche, and metonymy. In addition there are also other forms of figurative language that can be used for other writers to a broader exploration. 17
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