V O C A B U L A R Y surname, description, sightseeing/agriculture, Master s Degree, level (of English), Director of Studies, university/parrot, pet shop, verse, funny (odd); intelligent, tourist, interview, hotel GRAMMAR Identify people: Look! It s Dave Watson. No it isn t. It s Uncle Jim. need + a noun & need to + a verb I need English for my job. I need to improve my English. Irregular past tenses: have had had hear heard heard buy bought bought come came came think thought thought say said said drink drank drunk see saw seen Expressing ownership: (Whose?) A: Whose is the parrot? B: It's Ahmed's. A:Whose are the shoes? B: They re Dave s. Question tags Form: Positive statement question tag negative A: You re a new student, aren t you? B: Yes, I am. A: Elena s Italian, isn t she? B: Yes, she is.
essay, open-topped bus, (in) trouble, rhyme (v), fire (n), destroy, baker/bakery, oven, blow (v), building (n), Londoner, burn (v), catch (fire), dead, bell, wind, forests, ran away, exit (n), panic (v), (fire) drill Adjectives: fantastic, fascinating, opentopped, beautiful, interesting, great An adverb is formed by adding -ly to an adjective: quick - quickly / calm - calmly If the adjective ends in -y, replace the y with i and add ly easy - easily / angry angrily Examples of adverbs: correctly, loudly, quietly, carefully, quickly, slowly, smartly, immediately, clearly, suddenly, really I d like I d like to go to the Science Museum because I can learn interesting facts. all/both Sit down, both of Sit down, all of you. you. (Both) Two people (All) More than two people Past simple: Describing past events We add (-ed or d) to regular verbs in the past simple. Play - played / like liked / etc Irregular verbs: They change in different ways. eat ate eaten begin began begun forget forgot forgotten, forgot get got gotten, got go went gone know knew known lend lent lent put put put read read read run ran run see saw seen send sent sent take took taken teach taught taught wake woke woken win won won write wrote written
mystery, break-in (n), investigate, strange, torch, (police) statement, definitely, police station, burglar, reporter, headline, oversleep, accident, hurt (v), bruise (v), break (a leg), teering wheel, ambulance, bandages, halfway through, apologise, ambulance, bandages, steering wheel, traffic lights, awful, hope, serious, angry, forgive Asking for extra information: (Which?) A: I was in the shop. B: Which shop? A: I like our teacher. B: Which teacher? A: Do you like my friend? B: Which friend? Apologising: A: I m sorry I m late. B: It doesn t matter. A: I m very sorry. B: That s alright. A: I m very sorry I woke you up. B: That s OK. It doesn t matter. Why/Because Teacher: Why are you late, Yasser? Yasser: Because I I overslept, Teacher. I m, sorry. The use and omission of "the" with places We use "the" when we refer to a particular place. EX: We played in the park. We omit "the" when we refer to a place in general without having a specific place in mind. EX: She went to hospital. Past simple negative: (Subject + didn't + verb) EX: I/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't go to the park. break broke broken have/has had had burn burnt burnt hurt hurt hurt cut cut cut oversleep overslept overslept drive drove driven take took taken forget forgot forgotten tell told told
mirror, knock, mysterious, remember, towards, escape, reward, clean, ground, fault, catch (bird), cage, empty, escape, notice, close, reward, phoned, address, (fly a) kite, (sea) captain, crewman, shout, lifeboat, ship, anybody, nobody, diary, sailing could / couldn t Could and Couldn't are the past tense forms of Can and Can't. Could and Couldn't refer to ability or inability in the past. Ex: When she was one, she could walk. Ex: When she was one, she couldn't speak. Can and Could in the question: Form: (Could / Can + the subject+ verb) Examples: A: Could you play tennis? B: Yes, I could. / No, I couldn't. A: Can Omar speak English now? B: Yes, he can. / No, he can't. Past continuous: (was / were + verb + -ing) Affirmative Negative (Full forms) Negative (Short forms) I was eating. He was eating. She was eating. It was eating. We were eating. You were eating. They were eating. Questions Was I eating? Was he eating? Was it eating? Were we eating? Were you eating? Were they eating? I was not eating. He was not eating. She was not eating. It was not eating. We were not eating. You were not eating. They were not eating. Yes, I was. Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, we were. Yes, you were. Yes, they were. I wasn t eating. He wasn t eating. She wasn t eating. It wasn t eating. We weren t eating. You weren t eating. They weren t eating. Short answers No, I wasn t. No, he wasn t. No, she wasn t. No, we weren t. No, you weren t. No, they weren t.
VOCABULARY climate, lifestyle, electricity, rubbish, gas, carbon dioxide CO2, heat, Japan, Earth, escape, climate, diagram, recycle, plastic, glass (uncountable), oil, petrol, spaceship, throw, limited, energy, coal, waste, valuable, (radio) studio, expert, top, journey, necessary, clean GRAMMAR Much "Much" is used with uncountable and singular nouns. Examples: We don t have much time left. We are using too much electricity. Many "Many" is used with plural nouns. Examples: We need many computers. We are driving too many cars. should / shouldn t We use "should" and "shouldn't" to give advice or to talk about what we think is right or wrong. We should use plastic bags again. We should keep our air clean. We shouldn t throw away plastic bags. "Fewer" is the comparative form of few, and it is used before a count noun to indicate a decreased number of items. Example: We should drive fewer cars. "Less" is used for uncountable, usually abstract nouns: money, happiness, snow, idealism. Example: We should use less electricity.
activity, bird of prey, Hawk Conservancy, prehistoric, parallel, desert, religious, trade, trip, explore, turn off, pick up, publish, glasses (spectacles), save, a cup of tea, hall, upstairs, cool, bee, honey, traditional, ski, crowded, palace Describing places: past simple questions 1. When did you go? 2. Where did you go? 3. What did you see? 4. What did you eat? 5. What was your favourite activity? 6. How many photos did you take? 7. What did you buy? Irregular verbs: 8. blow blew blown fly flew flown come came come put put put meet met met wake woke woken Expressing possibility: (possibly / probably) Possibly means that (he doesn t know). EX: He's possibly going to London on the 23rd. Probably means (he think he is). EX: He is probably going to Cairo on the 9 th. Infinitive of purpose: (to + verb) Penny: What are you doing, Nina? Nina: I m turning the lights off, Mum. Penny: Why? Nina: To save energy. Penny: Why do you want to save energy? Nina: To stop climate change. Phrasal verbs: Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of (verb + adverb) or (verb + preposition). Phrasal verbs and their opposites: put on take off come in go out go away come back get up go to bed pick up put down go to sleep wake up Past simple tense irregular verbs: questions and negatives: I had a car. I didn't have a car. Did you have a car? He ate my toast. He didn't eat my toast. Did he eat my toast?
bank, bin, rot, naturally, disappear, gold, rubbish, glass/plastic bottles, wood, planet, matters, verse, conserve, scissors, mobile (phone), fridge, dryer, tap, throw away, turn off/on, man-made, volcano, Mount, erupt, ash, tonne, serious, flood, drought, visa, cloud, Embassy, finally Describing material: It s made of 1. What s a table made of? A table s made of wood. 2. What s a pen made of? A pen s made of plastic. 3. What s a notebook made of? A notebook s made of paper. 4. What s a window made of? A window's made of glass. 5. What are the boots made of? They re made of leather. Giving advice: (should/ shouldn't + verb) You should turn the water off. You shouldn t drive to school. Describing purpose: What s a/what are s for? It s/they re for + -ing 1. What s a dictionary for? It s for looking up words. 2. What are scissors for? They re for cutting paper. Sequencing adverbs order: or or or First Then Next After that Finally First After that Next Then Finally First Then After that Next Finally First Next Then After that Finally
lamp, feed, spare time, pole, lid, duck, rabbit, pour, ground, wild birds, flat (adj), Briton, huge, weigh, midsummer, observatory, agree, disagree, plain, planet, equipment, snack, dark, blond, fitness centre, café, island, brochure, swimming pool Describing appearance: looks like Lucy: Here, look! Nina: But what is it? It looks like a small spaceship! Elena: No it doesn t. It looks like a lamp. Agreeing: So do I /Neither do I 1. We use (so + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject) When we agree with an affirmative statement. EX: A: Reema likes ice cream. B: So do I. 2. We use (neither + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject) When we agree with a negative statement EX: A: Omar doesn t like coffee. B: Neither does Fred. Expressing possibility: (may + verb infinitive) He may travel by train. The hotel may be quiet. Specifying people: (Prepositional modifiers; verb+ing) Fred: Who s that boy sitting at the table? Charlie: There are four boys sitting at the table. Fred: The one with the blond hair. Charlie: There are two boys with blond hair. Fred: The one in the green shirt. The one holding some juice.
GRAMMAR VOCABULARY kid, close (adj), get lost, map, embassy, (photographic) plate, image, optics, establish, major (adj), invent(or), upside down, ray (of light), web page, development, project, liquid, jet lag, stewardess, bumpy, position, enjoy, wound up (excited), hostess, basketball, feed, weigh, huge Directions Fred: Excuse me, but can you help us? We re looking for Charles Street, the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Policeman: Oh, you re very close. Go to the end of this street and turn left. The Embassy s on the other side of the road. You can t miss it. Fred: Thank you very much. Explaining a subject: What s it about? It s about A: A project? What s it about? B: It s about photography. Wishing a good experience: Enjoy your trip / flight / holiday / day. Subject, object and possessive pronouns Subject personal pronouns Object pronouns Possessive adjectives I Me My You You Your He Him his She Her her It It its We Us our You You your They them their should / shouldn t Should/ shouldn't : Use (subject + should/shouldn t + verb) for advice Should = This is a good idea Shouldn t = This is a bad idea. Affirmative I/You/He/She/It/We/They should stay in safe place. Negative I/You/He/She/It/We/They shouldn't go outside. Use (should + subject + verb) for questions Question Should I read the instructions? Answer Yes, you should. / No, you shouldn't.
scholarship, congratulate, congratulations, escape, score, award, include, pocket money, committee, specially, relatives, erupted why / because: A: Why did the mouse run up the tree? B: Because it wanted to escape from the cat. infinitive of purpose: (to + verb infinitive) A: Why does Elena go to Italy every year? B: To see her relatives. (Some-, an-, no-) with (-one, -thing) 1. Some We use compounds of some in affirmative sentences and in questions: Somebody/Someone left their wallet on my desk yesterday. Can I have something to drink? 2. ANY We use compounds of any in negative sentences and in questions: There wasn t anyone/anybody on the beach this morning Is there anything interesting on television tonight? 3. NO We use compounds of no with an affirmative verb: Nobody/No one wanted to go out last night, so we stayed at home. Affirmative I /He/ She/ It Played. We/ You/ They Pasts Simple: Negative Full forms Short forms I /He/she/it I /He/She/it did not play. didn t play. We/You/They We/You/They Questions Short answers I /He/ She/ It I /He/ She/ It I /He/ She/ It Did play? Yes, did. No, We/you/they we/you/they we/you/they Question tags The exam was difficult, wasn't it? I tried, didn't I? didn t.