FLORENCE SCHOOL OF REGULATION COMMUNICATIONS & MEDIA Annual Training 2012-2013 on Communication & Media Regulation Radio spectrum resources and their usage Wireless Networks and Convergence Antonio Sassano - Università di Roma La Sapienza Fiesole - October 16, 2012
Outline Mobile Broadband Growth we (badly) need: More Spectrum for LTE (main focus) How much spectrum do we hold? (spectrum holdings US / Italy) Where to get more spectrum and how? LTE Spectrum worlwide: a messy scenario Three Regions many strategies ITU Conference WRC12 (Africa&ME need spectrum) 28+ different band arrangements (the Iphone5 case) UHF: the sweetspot (who owns it?) How to move on: TV LTE co-existence or replacement? (white spaces, re-farming) The United Arab Emirates proposal (July 2012) Reverse Auctions & Repacking. The FCC proposal (October 2012) Pagina 2
Mobile Broadband trends Pagina 3
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Mobile Data Traffic per month 2011-2016 1 Exabyte = 10 18 bytes 1 Exabyte = 10 9 Gigabytes 18 fold increase 2011-2016 2 Exabyte = data produced wordwide in one year (2004 estimate) Pagina 5
Mobile Data Traffic per device type 2011-2016 Pagina 6
Mobile Data Traffic per region 2011-2016 (extrapolation at constant rate) 18 in 2016 1000 in 2020 Capacity Crunch? Pagina 7
Spectrum/Capacity: Shannon Theorem (single carrier) Capacity (Bit/sec) C BW log2(1 BandWidth (Hertz) S N Example: Satellite Maximum Capacity BW = 10 MHz; S/N = 100 (20 db) C = 10.000.000 x log 2 (101) 66 Mbit/sec ) Signal/Noise Ratio Need More Capacity? Increase Bandwidth More spectrum (100 MHz for 1 Gbit LTE A) Increase S/N Ratio Increase Signal Power or better # of cells (Network Density) Increase Spectral Efficiency (MIMO, Coding) Pagina 8
Avoiding Capacity Crunch: the Ljubljana Cube CAPACITY = Bandwidth Efficiency Network Density 3GPP Ljubljana Meeting (June 2012) 45 vendors & mobile operators 250 technical presentations LTE Release 12 - frozen in 2014 1000 (2020 target) 3 Spectrum 6 Spectral Efficiency 56 Density of cells More spectrum & efficiency Lower # of cells Lower CAPEX/OPEX Pagina 9
How much spectrum do we hold and where do we get extra spectrum (more than 3 ) Pagina 10
Auctions, Refarming, Swaps, M&A etc. OFCOM Consultation Document (700 MHz) Better Quality Pagina 11
Spectrum Holdings (USA) Verizon 3.6b$ acquisition of SpectrumCo (Comcast, TimeW,..) AT&T s failed 39b$ acquistion of T-Mobile (FCC said no) Possible meger of T-Mobile and MetroPcs (NewCo) Clearwire to start deploying 5000 site TDD-LTE Network (2.5GHz) Pagina 12
Spectrum Holdings (Italy) Total (paired / unpaired) 800 Mhz 900 MHz 1.8Ghz In red 2011 auction acquisitions 1.9GHz (TDD) 2.1GHz 2.6GHz 2.6GHz 65 / 5 10 10 15 + 5 5 10 15 0 (TDD) 65 / 5 10 10 15 + 5 5 10 15 0 65 / 5 10 10 15 5 10 20 0 45 / 35 0 5 * 15 5 15 10 30 * January 2014 Pagina 13
2020: from 100 to 300 MHz per operator. How? 40MHz L Band 1452-1492 Use the UHF Band (the sweetspot) asymmetrically White spaces and Co-existence with TV services Re-pack TV stations and free the UHF spectrum Marsden : NERA Consulting June 2012 Pagina 14
LTE Tecnology : Carrier Aggregation Each UE can have different aggregation capability Crucial for backward compatibility Simplifies migration. Adds Flexibility to Spectrum Management Ease the challenge posed by the need of big chunks of contiguous spectrum (>100 MHz) for Gigabit LTE Allows an asymmetric use of (valuable) spectrum Pagina 15
UHF - The sweetspot White spaces Pagina 16
UHF-spectrum is valuable and scarce Pagina 17
Supplemental DownLink Pagina 18
Supplemental Downlink: asymmetric and efficient DLink and ULink traffic are asymmetric so.. assign the spectrum to DLink Using TDD (or half FDD band) L Band (1452-1492) or Upper 700 MHz Band Pagina 19
Case Study: L Band (UHF 1452 1492) Pagina 20
Case Study: L Band (UHF 1452 1492) Pagina 21
White spaces and Cognitive Radio Pagina 22
Well-planned TV Digital Networks leave white spaces UK - MFN Network ITALY - SFN Network White Spaces can be re-used Cognitive devices (Mode I) Geolocation & DataBases (Mode II) Managed co-existence: ASA concept GE06 PLAN - MFN Network Pagina 23
WiFi, White Spaces and Cognitive Radio WiFi (2.4, 5, 60 GHz) a possible solution to increase available BW and improve LTE performances (offload broadband traffic) White Spaces: 390-470 Band largely underused (Personal Mobile Radio, Tetra) TV Band (co-existence with local station) Femtocells? Mode II DataBases: Google Spectrum Bridge Pagina 24
Spectrum Availability DataBase Pagina 25
Coexistence TV MBB (ISBUL Project AGCOM 2009) A primary Digital Network SFN (82 sites BLUE) Switch-on the TV sites one at a time.. evaluating the etension of the white area (GREEN) 1 DVB-T site 10 DVB-T sites 82 DVB-T sites Pop TV: 24.8 Pop TV: 63.1 Pop TV: 90.6 Pop MBB: 37.4 Pop MBB: 22.8 Pop MBB: 7.5 Pagina 26
The Authorized Shared Access concept (I) Pagina 27
The ASA concept (II) Managed co-existence Pagina 28
UHF: from TV to LTE Pagina 29
Three ITU Regions Americas Europe, Africa & Middle East Asia Pacific Pagina 30
Different needs Africa is a wireless continent (AT Kearney 2011) With no digital dividend! Pagina 31
The 700 MHz Band: Asia-Pacific and Africa 850 MHz in Africa & ME allocated to mobile: Digital Dividend insufficient Geraldo Neto : Qualcomm Montevideo - June 2012 Pagina 32
Africa and Middle East: we do not need 40 TV channels! 694 790 700 MHz Band 800 MHz Band TV (DTT) 30 MHz Base 30 MHz Mobile 21 22 23 47 48 40 Channels 49 50 694 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 (EUROPA AFRICA ME) 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 9 Channels (TLC) 806 21 22 23 TV (DTT) 28 Channels 47 48 G U A R D 49 50 51 45 MHz Mobile G U A R D 52 53 54 55 56 45 MHz Base 57 58 59 60 6162 63 64 65 6667 68 69 14 Channels (ASIA-PACIFIC) 7 Channels (TLC) 698 806 TV (DTT) A B C E F A B C C' D PS C' D PS 21 22 23 47 48 28 Channels 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 6667 68 69 14 Channels (USA - AMERICAS) 7 Channels (TLC)
GENEVA 2012 The Second Digital Dividend (DD2) ITU WRC12: African & Middle East Members ask for DD2 (700 MHz) Decision: 2015 96 MHz (700MHz) for co-primary use TV / MBB 40 channels currently assigned to TV broadcasting Digital Dividend 1 TV (DTT) TV/TLC 2015 (co-primary) 30 MHz Base 30 MHz Mobile 21 22 23 47 28 Channels 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 12 Channels 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 9 Channels 700 MHz band 800 MHz band 2012 2015 (intense) technical preparatory activity (ITU JWG 4-5-6-7): Channel harmonization (Asia-Pacific or USA for Region 2?) GE06 (TV plan) revision (bilateral agreements with GE06 rules) TV - LTE cross-border co-existence (e.g. Italy and North-Africa) OFCOM consultation (Re-packing of Digital TV networks) Pagina 34
Cross Border coordination (GE06) Channel 56 Channel 52 North-Africa will squeeze TV uses to maximize the Second Digital Dividend Coordination based on rights guaranteed by Geneva 2006 Allotments (never changed) 300 Km separation required Francois Rancy Director ITU Technical Board We should ask: give up your Mobile BB in order to let me to watch 100 DTT programs coordination is very difficult! Pagina 35
Channel harmonization Pagina 36
Geraldo Neto : Qualcomm Montevideo - June 2012 Channel harmonization Pagina 37
Channel harmonization: What if Region 2 choses APT? ITU Technical Group (July 2012): United Arab Emirates proposal CEPT DD1 (800 MHz) APT (700 MHz) both options Pagina 38
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Are the smartphones compatible with this solution? Not EU DD1! The Iphone5 case Pagina 40
A messy scenario LTE Frequency Bands EU IPHONE5 US VERIZON US AT&T EU DD1 WRC12 DD2 Pagina 41
Qualcomm s reply to UAE consultation : Band 28 on the Iphone 5S? Pagina 42
UAE proposal suggests a 2-phase strategy for Europe?: Phase 1 (2015): Only 4 TV channels relocated 57-60 (reduced repacking) 30MHz used as supplemental downlink (as Band L) : competitive auction possible with options for the uplink (future) band 21 22 23 TV (DTT) 47 28 Channels 30 MHz Base (or TDD) 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Final Configurations Phase 1 30 MHz Base 30 MHz Mobile 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 9 Channels for TLC Compatible with current options for 700MHz Phase 2 (2020): The rest of 700 MHz Band is vacated. TV channels repacked Pagina 43
The FCC Strategy Pagina 44
Broadcasters on the war-path : The FCC GRAB The CTIA estimates that the average cost of a TV station transferring to a new channel (also referred to as channel swapping) would be $898,000. Such costs include new transmitters, new towers, various electronics, and installation. It is not clear that TV station owners will find this a reasonable number (Milgrom et alii) High political pressure on FCC Voluntary spectrum release Spectrum Act (Feb 2012) FCC Consultation (Oct 2012) Responses (Dec 2012) FCC answers (Feb 2013) Auction June 2014 Pagina 45
The FCC proposal : An Incentive Auction Reverse Auction broadcaster bid to voluntary relinquish spectrum rights.. or to accept interference, a UHF VHF swap or channel-sharing each option has a (descending) price defined by the auctioneer (FCC) the bidder either exits and gets a channel in the original band (re-packing).. or stays active and implicitly accepts the current offer Forward Auction the objects (5 MHz generic blocks) are defined by the Reverse Auction downlink (X) and uplink (Y) channels are not necessarily paired clock auction: FCC raises the prices when demand exceeds the offer Pagina 46
Reverse Auction and Re-Packing Coverage and Interference evaluated Feasible assignment (re-packing): Each bid is satisfied (channel cleared and paid, UHF-VHF swapped or re-assigned to the original band with no interference) Cost of satisfying a bid (re-pack) varies Population covered Interference produced International Coordination.. How to choose among 10 50 re-packings? Pagina 47
SET Incentive Auction (II): a two side mechanism Target Clearing Cost (max amount payable to clear the spectrum) Clearing Target (n channels to be cleared) INTERLEAVED VERSION (SKETCH) Reverse Auction Find the feasible assignment that clears the n channels (8Mhz) at minimum cost Forward Auction Assign m = f(n) blocks (5 Mhz) with a clock ascending auction Closing Rule If Net Revenue > Net Revenue Target then STOP else decrease Clearing Target by 1 - Collect the bids - Assign a price to each bid (scoring) - The sum of prices is the cost of a feasible assignment and is Target Clearing Cost Find (a new) feasible assignment clearing n channels and having minumum cost (re-packing) - If some bids are useless in the minimum cost assignment - Decrease the prices - Announce them to bidders - Some of them will leave the auction Integer Programming Pagina 48
Thanks for your attention! Pagina 49