By Kisar Bittar Aylen fonseca CE 435 Dr. Alexandridis 1
Outline: Introduction The Engineering Dimension The Use Dimension The Environment Dimension The Personal Dimension Conclusion 2
Introduction: Questions have to be answered before designing the product: What materials should I use? How, where, when the product will be used? Who is my costumer? Does my product comply with legislative requirements that the product must meet? (ISO, FDA, etc.) Would my product survive the use? Is it toxic? Is it practical? 3
Introduction: Therefore, we explore the four dimensions of materials information: Multidimensional Engineering Use Environment Personal 4
Engineering Dimension: *Technical Attributes: To understand the fundamental origins of material properties, and ultimately to manipulate them. Material science has developed a classification based on the physics of the subject. It is helpful for us as designers 5
Engineering Dimension: (con t) *Technical Attributes: Family Class Member Technical Profile Metal Elastomers Polyamide Physical Polymers Thermoplastics PVC Mechanical Ceramics Thermosets PS Electrical Composites Polypropylene Optical 6
Engineering Dimension: (con t) *Technical Attributes: Physical Attributes Mechanical Attributes Thermal Attributes Electrical Attributes Density Yield Tensile Elongation Molding T Th Cond Dielectric C Resistively Toughness 7
Engineering Dimension: (con t) **Mapping Technical Attributes: It s the method to compare and understand the ultimate properties. From Multi-dimensional scaling, MDS, we can: 1.Have an idea how we can manipulate the properties. 2.We can reveal similarities and differences between members of a group. 8
Engineering Dimension: (con t) ** Mapping Technical Attributes: (Physical Attributes) 9
Engineering Dimension: (con t) ** Mapping Technical Attributes: (Mechanical Attributes) 10
The Use Dimension: (Ergonomics and the product interface) 11
The Use Dimension: (con t) Poorly design interface: - Human Factors are considered only at the end-stages of product design. - Product is not easy to use or efficient to use. Well design products: - Human Factors are considered in the product design. - They are safe and easy to interact with. - They are user friendly 12
The Use Dimension: (con t) 1. Anthropomorphic and Bio-mechanics The design of a product s interface has three broad aspect: -Matching the product to the capabilities of the human body. -Matching to the reasoning power of the human mind. -Matching with the surroundings in which the humans lives and works. What is ergonomics? -Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of optimizing the interface between human beings, and the designed objects and environments they interact with. 13
The Use Dimension: (con t) 1. Anthropomorphic and Bio-mechanics: Anthropomorphic: the measurement of the size and shape of the human body. Human biomechanics: the analysis of the movement, forces, power and stamina of which the body is capable. 14
The Use Dimension: (con t) 1. Anthropomorphic and Bio-mechanics: Characteristic Man (18-40) Women (18-40) Standing Height, m Seated Height above seat, m Seat With, m Eye Height, m 1.63-1.85.84-.96.33-.40 1.52-1.74 1.54-1.76.79-.91.35-.43 1.44-1.65 Body mass, kg 60-94 44-80 Head mass, kg 1.4-1.7 1.25-1.6 15
The Use Dimension: (con t) Design for usability: These characteristics are treated as constraints In the workplace, these constraints must be met to conform with legislation intended to prevent undue fatigue or muscle strain and the accidents they cause. Equipment must be matched to the capabilities of the individual, not some average. examples are children, the disable and the elderly, before their needs were often neglected in the past, but now are more widely recognized and designing to meet them is seen as a priority. 16
The Use Dimension: (con t) 2. Information Management: Multi-dimensional Materials Two sorts of communication must be built into the overall design: -Passive one (indicating function) This need is met by clear icon or pictogram. Icons: are easily read, In a world of international trade and travel. Emoticons (icons adapted to electronic messaging system) are based on the specific combinations of key strokes and can be interpreted as emotions. -Active one (indicating response to an input) 17
The Use Dimension: (con t) 2. Information Management: Multi-dimensional Materials A person operating a device is part of a closed control-loop. Such loop requires: one or more displays that document its current state. Visual displays are the most efficient way to transmit this information. loop requires control elements or input methods (push bottoms, knobs etc). inputs are interpreted by the device, which then reacts to them. loop requires an indicator (visual, tactile or acoustic) that the input has been received. 18
The Use Dimension: (con t) 3. Noise Management: The mechanism for reducing sound and vibration levels within a given enclosed space (a room) depends where it comes from - Generated within the room, one seeks to absorb the sound. - Comes from outside, one seeks to insulate the space to keep the sound out - If it is transmitted through the frame of the structure itself (deriving from a machine tool), one seeks to isolate the structure from the source of vibration. In product design it is usually necessary to absorb sound. -Soft porous materials absorb incident, airborne sound waves, converting them into heat. - Porous or highly flexible materials such as low density polymer and ceramic foams absorb well. 19
The Use Dimension: (con t) 3. Noise Management: Absorption coefficient: Sound-absorption coefficient: proportion of sound absorbed by a surface. Material At 500-4000Hz Wood 0.015-0.80 Thick Carpet 0.30-0.80 Glass Wool 0.5-0.99 Cork tiles 0.20-0.55 20
The Use Dimension: (con t) 4. Thermal Management: All products that consume power generate heat, create two classes of problem in thermal management. - challenge is to insulate parts that are sensitive to heat or that will be touched by the operator so that they don t get too hot. ex. The hair dryer in which the casing must be insulated from the heating element. The best insulating materials are foams ( that trap one of the gasses in closed pores), or fibrous materials like glass wool or mineral fiber that hold air still. -challenge is to transmit or spread heat, requiring materials that conduct to spread heat laterally for even cooking. Best materials are solid silver, gold or diamond. 21
The Use Dimension: (con t) 5. Light Management: Material % Aluminum 60 *Few products generate excessive light intensity, but many reflect light in ways that interfere with the vision of the operator. Carbon steel 57 Magnesium 72 Surface Texture % Matte 1-10 Mirror >95 *The reflectivity of a surface depends on the material of which it is made or coated. Full Gloss >80 22
The Use Dimension: (con t) What have you discarded lately that sill worked or, if it didn t, could have been fixed? Industrials design carries a heavy responsibility here, it has, at certain periods, been directed towards creative obsolescence: designing products that are desirable only if new, and arguing the consumer to buy the latest models, using marketing techniques that imply that acquiring them is a social and psychological necessity. - A well designed product can outlive its design by centuries. Far from becoming unwanted can acquire value with age. ex. auction houses and antique dealers of London, Paris 23
The Environmental Dimension: Green Design : Materials and Resources : -As the natural resources of materials are consumed prices rises; the lower-grade uses become economically untenable and consumption falls. -A more balance view is that we will never run out of anything, but that the adjustments imposed by rising cost may be very uncomfortable to live with, giving sufficient reason to urge a policy of restraint and conservation. -A more immediate concern is the impact of manufacturing on the environment. There are those who argue that only a massive reduction can reduce the impact on the environment to an acceptable level. 24
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) Balancing Material and Energy Consumption: Ways to conserve materials: - smaller - make them last longer - recycle them when they finally reach the end of their lives. Materials and Energy from part of a complex and highly interact system - primary catalysts of consumption such as population growth, increasing wealth and new technology, appear to accelerate the consumption of materials and energy and the by-products that these produce. - wealth also brings education, and with it, greater awareness of the problems these by-products create, restraining consumption. - New technology offers more material and energy-efficient products, yet by also offering new functionality it creates the desire to replace a product that has useful life left it. 25
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) 1. Eco Design: Design challenge - To create products that can be adapted and personalized so that they acquire a character of their own and transmit the message keep me. Passive products are those that do not require much energy to meet their primary function (furniture, carpets, etc); for these, the material production and manufacture phase dominate the consumption of energy and materials. Energy-consuming products (vehicles, heated, etc) consume more resources-above all, more energy in the use phase of their life than in all the others put together. 26
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) 1. Eco Design: Improvement The greatest potential for improvement then lies in examining use and disposal rather than manufacture. Extending the life of energy consuming products, particularly those in which technology is changing rapidly, may be counter productive. Instead the focus is on: - lightweight materials to reduce fuel consumption in transport system. -more efficient electronics with stand-by or sleep modes to cut power consumption when the product is inactive. - materials with better thermal insulation to reduce energy loss in refrigerators. - if product life is short, reuse or recycling offers particularly large gains 27
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) 2. The Aesthetic Dimension: A. The Visual Attribute: Transparency is described by the four level ranking: 1.Opaque 2.Translucent 3. Transparent 4. Optical Quality Metals: Opaque Glasses: Transparent Ceramics: Opaque, translucent Polymer: anything 28
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) 2. The Aesthetic Dimension: A. The Visual Attribute: 29
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) 2. The Aesthetic Dimension: B. The Hearing Attribute: 1-The frequency of sound when the object is struck Relates to two material properties: modulus and density 2-The damping of the object. A highly damped material sounds dull and muffled. 3-The brightness. The inversed of damping. Examples: High pitch: Bronze, glass, steel and alumina (ring when struck) High damped: Polymer, rubber, and foam (sound dull) (vibrate at low frequency) Lead (high damped, low pitch) 30
The Environmental Dimension: (con t) 2. The Aesthetic Dimension: 31
The Personal Dimension: Customer Personality Product Personality 32
The Personal Dimension: (con t) 1. Customer Personality: Who are your customers? What are their culture? Their background? Age, sex Safety of product! Children customers Would you buy it? Would you use it? 33
The Personal Dimension: (con t) 2. Product Personality: Certain things are valued more highly when they are old than when they are new. (wood). Polymers may have different personality. A Vocabulary of Perception: Examples: funny, durable, cheap, classic,.etc. 34
Conclusion: The Engineering Dimension The Environment Dimension Multi-dimensional Materials The Use Dimension The Personal Dimension 35
References: Mike Ashby and Kara Johnson, Materials and Design, 2002 Kai von Fintel, How Multi-Dimensional is Quotation?, Harvard-MIT- UConn on Indexials, 2004 www.daimlerchrylser.com 36
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