FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN STEINBECK S THE PEARL A THESIS BY: ENY NOVEYONA PURBA REG. NO. 11705025 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN STEINBECK S THE PEARL A THESIS BY ENY NOVEYONA PURBA REG. NO. 110705025 SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D NIP.19511013 197603 1 001 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara,Medan. The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara on December 22 nd, 2015. Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001 Board of Examiners Dr. H. MuhizarMuchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D Drs. M. Syafie ie Siregar, M.A Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A........
AUTHOR S DECLARATION I, ENY NOVEYONA PURBA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : December 23 rd, 2015 v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : ENY NOVEYONA PURBA TITLE OF THESIS : FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN STEINBECK S THE PEARL QUALIFICATION DEPARTMENT : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : December 23 rd, 2015 vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, praise and gratitude I send up only to Jesus Christ who strengthens me and has given the mercy, the blessing, guarding, and guidance in my life, especially in accomplishing this thesisas one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department at Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.. Along with this finished thesis, Iwould like to thank those who have given their helps either directly or indirectly. The first sincere gratitude is given to mybeloved family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my father, Jhon S. Purba, my mother, Narma Saragih, my brothers, Erick, Tomy and Wirado who always give supports, advices, motivations and prayers to me in finishing this thesis. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA and Sir Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., as my co-supervisor who always inspires, encourages and stimulates critical thought as well asguiding me in finishing this thesis. My next sincere gratitude goes to all my lecturers in English Literature Department who have taught and given me precious knowledge during my study.i also thank Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the Chief of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, the Secretary, for their attention to all my academic affairsand Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies of the University of Sumatera Utara as well as the members of administration for their valuable help throughout the academic years. vii
I would also like to thank all of my best friends, Reny Andari, Rena Andari, Nadia Gutari, Elsa Grace Indira, mamibos and babebos who always present in any situations, for all support and motivation you have given to me and thank you for being there in every struggle, sadness and happiness I have been through.thank for your prayer, love and care. And thanks to all my friends in English Department 2011 whose names can t be mentioned one by one, thank for spending our great times together in four years. Finally, I am truly appreciate criticism and suggestion from the readers to make it better. Despite my effort to produce a faultless thesis, I am well aware that the readers will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize. Writer, ENY NOVEYONA PURBA Reg. No: 110705025 viii
ABSTRACT The title of this thesis is Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck s The Pearl describes about the types of the figurative expressions and to identify it. The theory is transference meaning by Geoffrey Leech (1969:48) is used in this thesis. The method used in collecting the data related to the subject of this research is quantitative method. This thesis was conducted by collecting any relevant data and information about the topic or problem of the study from books and internet that are available for the analysis. The data collection used the following steps: reading the full novel, and then selecting the data that used the types of figurative language. While the steps to analyze the data are identifying the types of figurative language according to Leech, identifying the type of figurative expression and followed by interpreting the data. The result shows that the total of analysis is 129 cases of figurative expressions in John Steinbeck s The Pearl. There are 65 cases of personification, 40 cases of simile, 20 cases of metaphor, 3 cases of synecdoche and 1 case of metonymy The most dominant type of figurative expressions in Steinbeck s The Pearl is personification which represents (50,38%) of whole cases, followed by simile (31,00%), metaphor (15,50%), synecdoche (2,32%), and metonymy (0,77%). It can be indicated that the dominant type of figurative language in the novel is personification. The author uses personification figurative expression to describe the circumstances, to make the characters alive, to express how the characters feel, and to make his writing vividly imaginable. Keywords: semantics, figurative expressions, meaning ix
ABSTRAK Judul skripsi ini adalah Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck s The Pearl menjelaskan tentang jenis ekspresi figuratif dan mengidentifikasinya. Teori transferensi makna oleh Geoffrey Leech (1969: 48) digunakan dalam tesis ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data yang berkaitan dengan subjek penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif. Skripsi ini dilakukan dengan dengan cara mengumpulkan data dan informasi yang relevan tentang topik atau masalah penelitian dari buku-buku dan internet yang tersedia untuk dianalisis. Pengumpulan data mengggunakan langkahlangkah berikut: membaca seluruh isi novel, dan kemudian memilih data yang menggunakan jenis bahasa kiasan. Sedangkan langkah-langkah untuk menganalisis data adalah dengan cara mengidentifikasi jenis bahasa kiasan menurut Leech, mengidentifikasi jenis ekspresi figuratif dan diikuti dengan menafsirkan data. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa total analisis adalah sebanyak 129 kasus ekspresi figuratif pada novel John Steinbeck, The Pearl. Ada 65 kasus personifikasi, 40 kasus simile, 20 kasus metafora, 3 kasus sinekdot dan 1 kasus metonimi. Jenis yang paling dominan tentang ekspresi figuratif di novel John Steinbeck, The Pearl adalah jenis personifikasi yang mewakili (50,38%) dari kasus keseluruhan, diikuti oleh simile (31,00%), metafora (15,50%), sinekdot (2,32%), dan metonimi (0,77%). Hal ini dapat menunjukkan bahwa jenis dominan bahasa kiasan dalam novel adalah personifikasi. Penulis menggunakan ekspresi figuratif jenis personifikasi untuk menggambarkan keadaan, untuk membuat karakter hidup, untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana perasaan karakter, dan untuk membuat tulisannya bias jelas dibayangkan. Kata kunci : sematik, ekspresi figuratif, makna x
TABLE OF CONTENT AUTHOR S DECLARATION... COPYRIGHT DECLARATION... v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vii ABSTRACT... ABSTRAK... TABLE OF CONTENT... ix x xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study... 1 1.2 Problems of The Study... 4 1.3 Objectives of The Study... 5 1.4 Scope of The Study... 5 1.5 Significance of The Study... 5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Semantic... 6 2.2 Scope of Semantic... 8 2.3 Meaning... 9 2.4 Varieties of Meaning... 10 2.4.1 Linguistic Meaning... 10 2.4.2 Speaker Meaning... 11
2.4.2.1 Literal Meaning... 11 2.4.2.2 Non Literal Meaning... 12 2.5 Sense and Reference... 12 2.6 Goal of Semantics... 14 2.7 Semantic Deviation... 14 2.8 Definition of Figurative Expression... 18 2.9 Types of Figurative... 19 2.9.1 Personification... 19 2.9.2 Metaphor... 20 2.9.3 Simile... 21 2.9.4 Synecdoche... 22 2.9.5 Metonymy... 23 2.10 Related Study... 23 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design... 25 3.2 Data and Data Source... 25 3.3 Data Collection Method... 26 3.4 Data Analysis Method... 26
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis... 28 4.2 Finding... 41 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion... 42 5.2 Suggestion... 42 REFERENCES APPENDICES