Compare and Contrast To compare and contrast means to tell how two or more things are alike and different. Clue words such as like and as can show similarities. Clue words such as however and instead can show differences. Directions Read the following passage. Then complete the diagram below. The ancient Greek and Roman cultures seem very similar on the surface. For instance, in both cultures, the people lived in areas with warm climates and wore similar clothing. Both societies also produced great poets and artists. However, they do have some major differences. Greece was a series of small citystates. Rome, on the other hand, was a huge empire, ruled by an emperor. Greek buildings and Roman buildings were both grand, but Rome s were built using more advanced methods. Greek and Roman Cultures Similarities Differences 1. 3. 2. 4. 5. What did you visualize when you read the passage? Home Activity Your child read a short passage and used a graphic organizer to compare and contrast two cultures. Have your child compare and contrast two people you both know well. Ask your child to be specific in naming their similarities and differences. Comprehension 327
Writing Legends Key Features of Legends may be based on historical characters or events invents or exaggerates the great deeds of a hero uses details to describe the fictional traits of the hero is often part fact and part fiction The Legend of Pecos Bill and the Mountain Lion As a young boy, Pecos Bill lived in Texas. When a neighbor moved in fifty miles away, his folks decided it was getting way too crowded. They hitched their cow and mule to their covered wagon and headed west. Bill, who was four, sat in the back of the wagon. Crossing the Pecos River, the wagon s rear wheel hit a hole. Bill was thrown into the river. He shouted excitedly, Wait for me! but no one heard his cry. When his mom discovered he was missing, the family hastily turned back but, sadly, couldn t find him. An old grandfather coyote found Bill and brought him up. Bill learned to talk to the coyotes. As he grew older, he ran so speedily that he could outrun an antelope. He grew so strong that he could catch a buffalo. One day, many years later, Bill s brother Chuck came riding by. Chuck recognized Bill at once. Although Bill insisted he was a coyote, Chuck convinced him they were brothers. He persuaded Bill to journey with him to the ranch where Chuck was a cowboy. Chuck suggested that Bill ride on the back of his pony, but Bill refused. Instead, he jumped on a snake sunning lazily in the grass and rode it until they met a mountain lion. The lion jumped at Bill, but he fought back, vigorously pulling the lion s hair. After several hours, the lion begged Bill to stop. Very well, said Bill. But you must let me ride you like a pony. The lion agreed. Using the snake as a whip, Bill continued on his way. At sunrise, several days later, Chuck and Bill rode up to the ranch. A man seven feet tall wearing a cowboy hat greeted them. He took one look at Bill and said, I ve been the boss of this ranch for many years. But you re boss from now on. Anyone who can ride a mountain lion and use a snake for a whip can be boss here for as long as he lives! 1. What exaggerated deeds of Pecos Bill are included in the legend? 2. Circle a part of the story that may be based on fact. 328 Writing Legends
Vocabulary Directions Choose the word from the box that best matches each definition. Write the word on the line. 1. a violent, rushing stream of water 2. magnificent; splendid 3. formed into flat, level land with steep sides 4. what is left after a building has fallen to pieces 5. an eager desire to know or learn Check the Words You Know curiosity glorious granite ruins terraced thickets torrent Directions Choose the word from the box that best completes each sentence. Write the word on the line shown to the left. 6. The walls of the cave were cool to the touch. 7. The carvings were covered by overgrown of berry bushes. 8. The hill was planted with crops. 9. The archaeologists were thrilled to discover the of an ancient city. 10. The sunshine made the lake sparkle. Write a Description Pretend you are an archaeologist who has just discovered some ancient ruins. Write a description about what you have found. Use as many vocabulary words as you can. Home Activity Your child identified and used vocabulary words from : The Discovery of Machu Picchu. With your child, make up a story about an ancient civilization. Use the vocabulary words from the selection. Vocabulary 329
Adverbs An adverb is a word that tells how, when, or where something happens. Adverbs tell about verbs. An adverb can appear before or after a verb. Many adverbs that tell how something is done end in -ly. How Bingham gazed thoughtfully. He repeatedly asked about ruins. When Slowly he saw the city s outline. Travelers seldom stopped there. Where The mule train stopped nearby. The sun shone overhead. Directions Write the adverb in each sentence. 1. He waited anxiously at the canteen. 2. Suddenly, they were in the jungle. 3. They traveled down the slippery bank. 4. The river raged below. 5. Finally, they reached the top of the mountain. Directions Write how if the underlined adverb tells how an action happens. Write when if it tells when an action happens. Write where if it tells where an action happens. 6. Above them was a snow-covered mountaintop. 7. The boy cheerfully urged them forward. 8. He looked closer. 9. Bingham left the guide behind. 10. It looked as though it had been cleared recently. 11. There was more jungle beyond where they stood. 12. Wearily, he walked through the jungle. 13. Immediately, he took a picture of the boy. 14. They gently pushed the vines out of the way. 15. Bingham honestly thought he had found Vilcapampa. Home Activity Your child learned about adverbs. Encourage your child to tell you about his or her day using adverbs telling how, when, or where things happened. Ask your child to identify the adverbs he or she used. 330 Conventions Adverbs
Words with Double Consonants Spelling Words tomorrow written offer current borrow bottle suffer lettuce different ridden slippers saddle rabbit odd grasshopper shudder matter bubble worry hobby Word Groups Write the list word that best completes each word group. 1. yesterday, today, 1. 2. raccoon, rat, 2. 3. shake, tremble, 3. 4. leafy, salad, 4. 5. can, container, 5. 6. give, present, 6. 7. horse, stirrups, 7. 8. etched, typed, 8. 9. ladybug, butterfly, 9. 10. shoes, sandals, 10. Missing Words Complete each sentence by writing a list word. 11. Please don t about the spilled milk. 12. May I your extra raincoat? 13. My cat was behaving in a rather manner. 14. Do you have the issue of this magazine? 15. Every person is in his or her own way. 16. Building model cars is my grandfather s new. 17. My father continues to with the flu. 18. Now we can get down to the heart of the. 19. I have never such a tall horse. 20. My friends like to see who can blow the biggest. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Home Activity Your child wrote words with double consonants. Have your child explain how double consonants stand for one sound. Spelling Words with Double Consonants 331
Story Sequence B Title Characters Setting Events 332 Writing Plan
Vocabulary Greek and Latin Roots Many English words are based on Greek and Latin roots, which are often included in their definitions in a dictionary. Your understanding of Greek and Latin roots may help you understand the meaning of unfamiliar words. The Latin word terra, meaning earth, land, is in the words terrain and territory. The Latin word gloria means praise, as in the word glorify. Directions Read the following passage. Then answer the questions below. The curiosity was getting the better of me. I had to know what was at the end of this path. We had been hiking on rugged terrain for hours. We had to change direction twice to avoid a very powerful torrent that could have knocked us to our feet if we had tried to cross it. At least it was a glorious day. The sun was shining bright and the sky was a beautiful light blue. Finally, we saw a terraced hill before us. Once we were completely out of the trees, I could see the top of the hill. There was a huge granite structure in all its glory. 1. What is the Latin root in terraced? How does the root help you understand the meaning of the word? 2. How does the root in glorious help you understand its meaning? 3. What do you think terrain means? How does the root help you understand the word s meaning? Use a dictionary to help you. 4. How is the meaning of glory related to the meaning of the Latin root? 5. Write a sentence using a new word with either the root gloria or terra. Home Activity Your child read a short passage and identified the meanings of unfamiliar words using Latin roots. Look in a dictionary with your child to find other words that use the Latin roots, gloria and terra. Vocabulary 333
Outline An outline is a plan that shows how a story, article, report, or other text is organized. An outline includes a title, main topics, subtopics, and details. You can use an outline to better understand how a text is organized or as a way to organize your own thoughts before you write something of your own. Directions Read the following outline. Then answer the questions below. Ancient Civilizations I. Aztecs A. Location and Size 1. Mexico 2. made up of hundreds of states 3. 5 to 6 million people B. People 1. priests and nobles 2. warriors 3. serfs or enslaved people 1. What is the title of this outline? II. Incas A. Location and Size 1. Peru, Ecuador, and Chile 2. about 12 million people B. People 1. emperor 2. nobles 3. farmers 2. What two topics are under Aztecs? 3. What types of Inca people will be included in this report? 4. Why do you think the same two subtopics are used under Aztecs and Incas? 5. How would an outline help you to organize your thoughts before writing a report? 334 Research and Study Skills
Directions Read the following article. Then complete the outline below. Even though the Incas lived long ago, they were highly civilized. Their system of farming was well planned. Their farming allowed them to feed themselves with enough left over to trade. Inca farmers grew cotton, potatoes, corn, and many other crops. Their irrigation system helped them water their crops. Incas kept animals on the farm too. They raised llamas, ducks, and alpacas. Besides their farming system, the Incas also had buildings and roads. If you were to visit the Inca sites in South America today, you would be able to see the ruins of grand temples, palaces, and military forts. The Inca transportation system was based on two main roads that stretched for hundreds of miles. Minor roads connected the main roads. They also constructed bridges and tunnels. Directions Complete the outline by writing the correct information on the line shown to the left. Inca Civilization 6. I. I. A. Crops 1. cotton 7. I. A. 2. 2. 3. corn 8. I. B. B. 1. llamas 2. ducks 3. alpacas II. Buildings A. Palaces 9. II. B. B. C. Forts III. Transportation A. Roads 1. two main roads 10. III. A. 2.. 2. B. Bridges and Tunnels Home Activity Your child learned about outlines. Read an article and create an outline together based on the information in the article. Research and Study Skills 335
Words with Double Consonants Proofread a Speech Circle six misspelled words in the speech. Write the words correctly. Write the sentence with a verb in the incorrect tense correctly. Welcome, Friends of the Zoo! I d like to thank all of you who kindly ofer your time to our local zoo. Tomorow is Family Education Day at the zoo. An expert will talk about the cicada, grasshoper, and beetle. Children can learn what makes them diferent. You can also feed letuce to a rabit in the petting zoo. Again, I want to thanks you all for your support. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Proofread Words Circle the list word in each sentence that is spelled correctly. 8. What is the matter mater with Andy s parakeet? 9. Have you ever ridden riden in a hot air balloon? 10. At night, I like to wear my comfortable slipers slippers. 11. Please take an extra bottle botle of water. Spelling Words tomorrow borrow different rabbit matter written bottle ridden odd bubble offer suffer slippers grasshopper worry current lettuce saddle shudder hobby Frequently Misspelled Words again different were want 12. My sister is letting me borrow borow her grey sweater. Home Activity Your child identified misspelled words with double consonants. Spell the first syllable of a list word and have your child spell the rest of the word. 336 Spelling Words with Double Consonants
Adverbs Directions Read the passage. Then read each question. Circle the letter of the correct answer. The Seekers (1) Bingham careful started across the narrow, rickety bridge. (2) Bingham thought hard about the ruined lost city he hoped to find. (3) The travelers trod wary to a remote canyon. (4) Final, they broke through into the glaring sunlight. (5) The people whispered quietly that there were wonderful ruins on the mountain. 1 What change, if any, should be made in sentence 1? A Change narrow to narrowly. B Change careful to caring. C Change careful to carefully. D Make no change. 4 What change, if any, should be made in sentence 4? A Change Final to Finally. B Change Final to Finale. C Change glaring to glareful. D Make no change. 2. What change, if any, should be made in sentence 2? A Change hoped to hopeful. B Change ruined to ruins. C Change hard to hardly. D Make no change. 5 What change, if any, should be made in sentence 5? A Change quietly to quiet. B Change wonderful to wonderfully. C Change quietly to quite. D Make no change. 3 What change, if any, should be made in sentence 3? A Change wary to careful. B Change wary to warily. C Change wary to warly. D Make no change. Home Activity Your child prepared for taking tests on adverbs. Have your child look through a newspaper or magazine article. Ask him or her to highlight the adverbs and say whether they tell how, when, or where something happened. Conventions Adverbs 337