LAW LIBRARY PLANS FOR THE PRINT MATERIALS COLLECTION

LAW LIBRARY PLANS FOR THE PRINT MATERIALS COLLECTION ISBN 978-1-57440-353-4 2015 Primary Research Group Inc.

2 P a g e Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection

Table of Contents THE QUESTIONNAIRE... 10 Characteristics of the Sample... 16 Use of Interlibrary Loan... 17 Comfort Level with ebooks... 17 Trends in Spending on Print, 2014, 2015, 2016... 17 Areas Subject to Most Aggressive Elimination of Print Titles... 17 Change in Size of the Print Collection over the Past Five Years... 18 The Future of Print Collection over the Next Five years... 18 Percentage of Print Book Titles Culled Each Year... 18 Changes in Book Culling Philosophy... 19 Use of Space Liberated by Reductions in Print Spending... 19 Trends in the Number of Journal Subscriptions in Print Maintained... 19 The Future of Print Journal Subscriptions... 20 Trends in the use of Print Forms of Legal Encyclopedias... 20 Percentage of Libraries that Survey their Patrons about Preferences for Print Vs. Digital Resources... 21 Maintenance of Print Forms When Digital Forms are Available in the Library... 21 Policies when Libraries have Both Print and Digital Forms in the Library... 21 Division of Print Materials Budget among Primary and Secondary Legal Information and Non-Legal Information... 22 Spending on Print Forms of Legal Directories... 23 Future Plans for Print Directories... 23 Spending on Print Subscriptions to Newspapers and Magazines... 23 Spending on Print Versions of Books that are not about Legal Subjects... 23 Impact of Ebooks... 24 Has the Library Ever Been Forced to Re-Purchase Culled Print Materials?... 24 Areas Most Resistant to the Culling or Print Sources... 24 Decisions-Making About Print Culling... 24 ALTERNATIVES TO PRINT... 26 What role has your inter-library loan capabilities and relations with consortia and other partners played in your print materials culling practices? Does the library maintain particularly vigorous print materials sharing arrangements with any other institutions?... 26 3 P a g e

4 P a g e Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection How comfortable would you say your library patrons are with the substitution of ebooks forms of treatises for print treatises? When does the acquisition of an ebook title lead you to eliminate or reduce your holdings of the print version of the same title?... 29 PRINT COLLECTION VOLUME... 33 Table 1 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in each of the following years:... 33 Table 1.1.1 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in 2014? (All figures in $ US)... 33 Table 1.1.2 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in 2014? Broken out by Type of law library (All figures in $ US)... 33 Table 1.1.3 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in 2014? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians (All figures in $ US)... 33 Table 1.2.1 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in 2015? (All figures in $ US)... 34 Table 1.2.2 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in 2015? Broken out by Type of law library (All figures in $ US)... 34 Table 1.2.3 What has been the library's total spending on print materials in 2015? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians (All figures in $ US)... 34 Table 1.3.1 What will be the library's total spending on print materials in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US)... 34 Table 1.3.2 What will be the library's total spending on print materials in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 35 Table 1.3.3 What will be the library's total spending on print materials in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 35 In which areas has the library been most aggressive in eliminating print titles and why in these areas?... 36 What has happened to your library's print materials collection over the past five years? Is it larger than it was five years ago, in what areas has it grown? If it is smaller, in what areas has it diminished?... 39 In your view what will happen to your library's print materials collection over the next five years? Will it become larger or smaller? If so, what areas will be most affected and why? Will spending remain the same? Increase or decrease?... 42 PRINT BOOK CULLING STRATEGY... 46 Table 2.1 Approximately what percentage of titles in your print book collection do you cull each year?... 46 Table 2.2 Approximately what percentage of titles in your print book collection do you cull each year? Broken out by Type of law library... 46 Table 2.3 Approximately what percentage of titles in your print book collection do you cull each year? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 46 If the library has changed its book acquisitions and/or book collection culling strategy over the past five years, or expects to change it soon, please describe these changes.... 47 SPACE ISSUES... 50 Table 3.1 If the library has reduced the size of its print collections in recent years, has this led to an increase in space that the library can use for other purposes?... 50

5 P a g e Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection Table 3.2 If the library has reduced the size of its print collections in recent years, has this led to an increase in space that the library can use for other purposes? Broken out by Type of law library... 50 Table 3.3 If the library has reduced the size of its print collections in recent years, has this led to an increase in space that the library can use for other purposes? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 50 PRINT JOURNALS... 54 Table 4 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in each of the following years (include journals available in both print and online formats)... 54 Table 4.1.1 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US)... 54 Table 4.1.2 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 54 Table 4.1.3 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 54 Table 4.2.1 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US)... 55 Table 4.2.2 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 55 Table 4.2.3 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 55 Table 4.3.1 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US)... 55 Table 4.3.2 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 56 Table 4.3.3 How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 56 What is the future of print journal subscriptions at your library in the near future?... 57 LEGAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS... 60 Table 5 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in each of the following years? Note that the question is about volumes and not subscriptions.... 60 Table 5.1.1 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US)... 60 Table 5.1.2 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 60 Table 5.1.3 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 60 Table 5.2.1 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US)... 61 Table 5.2.2 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 61

Table 5.2.3 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 61 Table 5.3.1 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US)... 61 Table 5.3.2 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 62 Table 5.3.3 How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 62 LOOSE-LEAF SERVICES... 63 Table 6 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in each of the following years?... 63 Table 6.1.1 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US)... 63 Table 6.1.2 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 63 Table 6.1.3 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 63 Table 6.2.1 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US)... 64 Table 6.2.2 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 64 Table 6.2.3 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 64 Table 6.3.1 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US)... 64 Table 6.3.2 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 65 Table 6.3.3 How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats will the library maintain in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 65 OPINIONS AND ACTIONS OF LIBRARY PATRONS... 66 Table 7.1 Has the library surveyed its patrons on their preferences for print vs. digital resources as a prelude to decision making on reducing the size of book collections?... 66 Table 7.2 Has the library surveyed its patrons on their preferences for print vs. digital resources as a prelude to decision making on reducing the size of book collections? Broken out by Type of law library... 66 Table 7.3 Has the library surveyed its patrons on their preferences for print vs. digital resources as a prelude to decision making on reducing the size of book collections? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians.. 66 Table 8.1 Has your library measured use of print versions and digital versions when it maintains access to both forms of a particular resource?... 67 6 P a g e

7 P a g e Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection Table 8.2 Has your library measured use of print versions and digital versions when it maintains access to both forms of a particular resource? Broken out by Type of law library... 67 Table 8.3 Has your library measured use of print versions and digital versions when it maintains access to both forms of a particular resource? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 67 If you have studied the use of print and digital forms of the same legal resource, what have you learned and how have your studies informed your collection decision making?... 68 Primary vs. Secondary Materials... 70 Table 9 How is the library's print materials budget approximately divided between primary (cases, laws, regulations, statutes), secondary (journals, treatises, books, reference worksheet), and on-legal materials? The answers should add up to 100%.... 70 Table 9.1.1 Primary Works... 70 Table 9.1.2 Primary Works Broken out by Type of law library... 70 Table 9.1.3 Primary Works Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 70 Table 9.2.1 Secondary Works... 71 Table 9.2.2 Secondary Works Broken out by Type of law library... 71 Table 9.2.3 Secondary Works Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 71 Non-Legal Subject Materials... 71 Table 9.3.1 non-legal Subjects... 71 Table 9.3.2 non-legal Subjects Broken out by Type of law library... 72 Table 9.3.3 non-legal Subjects Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 72 What kind of print presence do you maintain in primary legal materials and why does your library maintain this presence and what is its future?... 73 For non-legal materials such as newspapers, magazines, newsletters, technical studies and reports and other works that might provide valuable background and context for lawyers but are not specifically legal materials, what is the library's print presence in these areas and how will it develop in the near future? 77 DIRECTORIES... 80 Table 10 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in the following years?... 80 Table 10.1.1 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in 2014? (All figures in $ US)... 80 Table 10.1.2 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 80 Table 10.1.3 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 80 Table 10.2.1 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in 2015? (All figures in $ US)... 81 Table 10.2.2 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 81

8 P a g e Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection Table 10.2.3 How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 81 Table 10.3.1 How much will the library spend on print forms of legal and other directories in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US)... 81 Table 10.3.2 How much will the library spend on print forms of legal and other directories in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 82 Table 10.3.3 How much will the library spend on print forms of legal and other directories in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 82 What are the library's future plans for its print directory subscriptions?... 83 NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES... 85 Table 11 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in each of the following years?... 85 Table 11.1.1 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2014? (All figures in $ US)... 85 Table 11.1.2 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library 85 Table 11.1.3 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2014? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 86 Table 11.2.1 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2015? (All figures in $ US)... 86 Table 11.2.2 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library 86 Table 11.2.3 How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2015? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 87 Table 11.3.1 How much will the library spend on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US)... 87 Table 11.3.2 How much will the library spend on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by Type of law library... 87 Table 11.3.3 How much will the library spend on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in 2016 (anticipated)? (All figures in $ US) Broken out by full time equivalent librarians... 88 What has been and what will be the library's strategy in terms of allocating its spending between print and digital resources for newspapers and magazines that are not specifically about legal subjects but provide valuable context?... 89 BOOKS... 91 Table 12.1 In the past year, how much has the library spent on print versions of books that are not legal materials? (All figures in $ US)... 91

Table 12.2 In the past year, how much has the library spent on print versions of books that are not legal materials? Broken out by Type of law library (All figures in $ US)... 91 Table 12.3 In the past year, how much has the library spent on print versions of books that are not legal materials? Broken out by full time equivalent librarians (All figures in $ US)... 92 What has been the general trend in the purchase of books that are not legal materials, specifically has their purchase been impacted by ebooks? Has the library shifted from print books to ebook and if so to what extent and through what venues?... 93 Culling the Print Collection... 96 Mention some incidents, if any, in which the library was forced to back track and restore access to print copies of materials that had been culled in printed form.... 96 Are particular disciplines or legal subjects in your view particularly resistant to the culling of, or reduced purchasing of print materials? If so which ones?... 99 How is print collection culling at your library organized? Which librarians are involved in the decisionmaking? Who makes the final decisions in particular areas? Who reviews decisions? Who overturns decisions?... 101 9 P a g e

Introductory Information Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection THE QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Please give us the following contact information A. Name: B. Organization: C. Title: D. Country: E. Email Address: 2. Type of law library A. Law School Library B. Law Firm Library in Firm with Less than 150 lawyers C. Law Firm Library in Firm with more than 150 lawyers D. Government Law Library E. Private Company Law Library F. Other (please specify) 3. How many full time equivalent librarians are employed by your library? Alternatives to Print 4. What role has your inter-library loan capabilities and relations with consortia and other partners played in your print materials culling practices? Does the library maintain particularly vigorous print materials sharing arrangements with any other institutions? 5. How comfortable would you say your library patrons are with the substitution of ebooks forms of treatises for print treatises? When does the acquisition of an ebook title lead you to eliminate or reduce your holdings of the print version of the same title? Print Collection Volume 6. What has been the library's total spending on print materials in each of the following years: A. 2014 B. 2015 C. 2016 (anticipated) 7. In which areas has the library been most aggressive in eliminating print titles and why in these areas? 10 P a g e

11 P a g e Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection 8. What has happened to your library's print materials collection over the past five years? Is it larger than it was five years ago, in what areas has it grown? If it is smaller, in what areas has it diminished? 9. In your view what will happen to your library's print materials collection over the next five years? Will it become larger or smaller? If so, what areas will be most affected and why? Will spending remain the same? Increase or decrease? Print Book Culling Strategy 10. Approximately what percentage of titles in your print book collection do you cull each year? 11. If the library has changed its book acquisitions and/or book collection culling strategy over the past five years, or expects to change it soon, please describe these changes. Space Issues 12. If the library has reduced the size of its print collections in recent years, has this led to an increase in space that the library can use for other purposes? A. Yes B. No 13. If space has been freed-up over the past five years how much space and how is this space now being deployed? Print Journals 14. How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in each of the following years (include journals available in both print and online formats) A. 2014 B. 2015 C. 2016 (anticipated) 15. What is the future of print journal subscriptions at your library in the near future? Legal Encyclopedias 16. How many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in each of the following years? Note that the question is about volumes and not subscriptions. A. 2014 B. 2015 C. 2016 (anticipated)

Loose-Leaf Services Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection 17. How many subscriptions to loose-leaf services in print formats has the library maintained in each of the following years? A. 2014 B. 2015 C. 2016 (anticipated) Opinions & Actions of Library Patrons 18. Has the library surveyed its patrons on their preferences for print vs. digital resources as a prelude to decision making on reducing the size of book collections? A. Yes B. No 19. Has your library measured use of print versions and digital versions when it maintains access to both forms of a particular resource? A. Yes B. No 20. If you have studied the use of print and digital forms of the same legal resource, what have you learned and how have your studies informed your collection decision making? Primary vs. Secondary Materials 21. How is the library's print materials budget approximately divided between primary (cases, laws, regulations, statutes), secondary (journals, treatises, books, reference works, etc.), and on-legal materials? The answers should add up to 100%. A. Primary Works B. Secondary Works C. non-legal Subjects 22. What kind of print presence do you maintain in primary legal materials and why does your library maintain this presence and what is its future? Non-Legal Subject Materials 23. For non-legal materials such as newspapers, magazines, newsletters, technical studies and reports and other works that might provide valuable background and context for lawyers but are not specifically legal materials, what is the library's print presence in these areas and how will it develop in the near future? 12 P a g e

DIRECTORIES Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection 24. How much has the library spent on print forms of legal and other directories in the following years? A. 2014 B. 2015 C. 2016 (anticipated) 25. What are the library's future plans for its print directory subscriptions? NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES 26. How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in each of the following years? A. 2014 B. 2015 C. 2016 (anticipated) 27. What has been and what will be the library's strategy in terms of allocating its spending between print and digital resources for newspapers and magazines that are not specifically about legal subjects but provide valuable context? BOOKS 28. In the past year, how much has the library spent on print versions of books that are not legal materials? 29. What has been the general trend in the purchase of books that are not legal materials, specifically has their purchase been impacted by ebooks? Has the library shifted from print books to ebook and if so to what extent and through what venues? Culling the Print Collection 30. Mention some incidents, if any, in which the library was forced to back track and restore access to print copies of materials that had been culled in printed form. 31. Are particular disciplines or legal subjects in your view particularly resistant to the culling of, or reduced purchasing of print materials? If so which ones? 32. How is print collection culling at your library organized? Which librarians are involved in the decision-making? Who makes the final decisions in particular areas? Who reviews decisions? Who overturns decisions? 33. What is the greatest mistake that the library has made in its print materials collection development decision making in recent years? 13 P a g e

PARTICIPANTS LIST 14 P a g e Akron Law Library Bacon Ballard Spahr Barclay Damon, LLP Berks County Law Library Bodleian Law Library, University of Oxford Caplin & Drysdale Clark Hill PLC Coleman Karesh Law Library, USC School of Law College of William & Mary Cooley LLP Dougherty County Law Library Drake Law Library Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP Fairfax Public Law Library Florida Coastal School of Law Foley & Lardner LLP Fowler School of Law Chapman University Gonzaga Haynes and Boone. LLP Holland & Hart, LLP Indiana University RL Law Library John Hancock Law Library of Montgomery Co. Los Angeles County Law Library Maryland State Law Library Maslon LLP Mayer Brown LLP McGeorge Law School, University of the Pacific McLane Law Firm Michigan State Univ. College of Law Mississippi College Law Library Montgomery County Circuit Court New York County District Attorney's Office NKU Chase College of Law Norfolk Law Library Ohio Attorney General's Office Orrick Pepperdine University Law Library Pierce County Law Library Quarles & Brady, LLP Ramsey County Law Library Reed Smith LLP Reinhart Boerner Van Deuren Ryley, Carlock & Applewhite

SBCLL Schwabe Williamson & Wyatt Scott County Law Library Seton Hall Law Library Smith, Gambrell & Russell, LLP Southern California Edison St. Louis University Law School Library Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County The University of Alabama School of Law, Bounds Law Library U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Library UC Hastings College of the Law UC Irvine Law Library UND Thormodsgard Law Library University of Miami Law Library US Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims US Department of Energy Yale Law Library 15 P a g e

Characteristics of the Sample Type of law library Category # Law School Library 24 Law Firm Library in Firm with Less than 150 lawyers 6 Law Firm Library in Firm with more than 150 lawyers 14 Government Law Library 19 Private Company Law Library 3 Total 66 How many full time equivalent librarians are employed by your library? Category # 2 or less 20 2+ -4 13 4+ -7 16 More than 7 17 Total 66 16 P a g e

SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS Use of Interlibrary Loan Unlike many academic libraries, law libraries, even academic law libraries, do not appear to be using interlibrary loan aggressively for the purposes of sharing materials and being able to cull materials that they might be able to borrow. A minority of law school libraries do rely on ILL somewhat significantly but they seem to be very much in the minority. Small firm libraries rely to a degree on local law school libraries and county law libraries while larger firm seem also share just as frequently with local academic and court libraries. Government law libraries, on the other hand, seem to be very much behind the curve when it comes to serving their own clientele through ILL and few report many collaborative arrangements, at least those that are aimed at benefiting their user base rather than supplying titles to others. The few private company law libraries in the sample do not appear to use ILL virtually at all. Comfort Level with ebooks In general, university law libraries say that their patrons are not particularly comfortable with ebooks. While there are many exceptions, and some say that familiarity and ease of use is growing, the majority do not really feel that the current patron base is ebook savvy. Law firm libraries are even less likely to embrace ebooks; government libraries, and somewhat surprisingly, private company law libraries, are even less likely than the reluctant law firm libraries. One private company librarian put it this way: We have had bad luck rolling out ebooks. They were not embraced. The technology was too primitive and confusing. Trends in Spending on Print, 2014, 2015, 2016 We asked the libraries sampled what had they spent on print materials in 2014, and 2015 and anticipated spending in 2016. The mean figure for 2014 was $586,117 with a median of $459,685 and a range of $250 to $3,040,000. The law school libraries in the sample spent a mean of $654,534 while small law firm libraries (less than 150 lawyers) spent a mean of $158,750 and large law firm libraries (more than 150 lawyers) spent a mean of $842,133. The government law libraries in the sample spent $469,083. Mean spending on print dropped to $501,123 and survey participants expect a further drop to $453,669 in 2016. The cumulative expected 2-year drop in spending on print resources from 2014-2016 is expected to be 22.6%. Areas Subject to Most Aggressive Elimination of Print Titles We asked the librarians sampled in which areas had the library been most aggressive in eliminating print titles and why? Generally, for law schools, reporters, journals and loose-leaf services and anything duplicated on WestlawNext, LexisNexis, Bloomberg Law or HeinOnline are the most likely candidates for elimination of paper. For law firm libraries one emphasis is elimination of duplication or paper sources among same firm offices. Many say that they have aggressively reduced print sources in all areas, others emphasize reporters and digests. 17 P a g e

Government law libraries emphasized the elimination of primary law print sources. Some court libraries tend to maintain larger print collections since their clientele may not be as computer literate as those that use other law libraries. Private company law libraries tended to note the lack of space and personnel to take care of a print collection. Change in Size of the Print Collection over the Past Five Years We asked the libraries sampled: What has happened to your library's print materials collection over the past five years? Is it larger than it was five years ago, in what areas has it grown? If it is smaller, in what areas has it diminished? For university law libraries the answers invite much further inquiry. Some had reduced their collections substantially; others had more or less held them constant while a healthy number had also increased the size of their print collections over the past five years. While most university law libraries appear to have reduced the size of their print collections, the trend was not all encompassing or definitive and the many libraries had a range of varying policies. For law firm libraries at both large and small firms the trend was clearer; down, often substantially. On the whole and with some exceptions, the size of print collections at government law libraries also shrunk. The Future of Print Collection over the Next Five years Next we asked about the future. In your view what will happen to your library's print materials collection over the next five years? Will it become larger or smaller? If so, what areas will be most affected and why? Will spending remain the same? Increase or decrease? For university law libraries, about a sixth expect their spending on print collections to grow, while about half expect it to go down and about a third expecting it to remain about the same. Whatever the case it would seem that the rate of decrease in print spending is likely to slow down somewhat but not reverse. For law firm libraries, on the other hand, almost all expect continued decreases. Some libraries appear to believe that publishers of print materials are gouging prices to make up for lost revenue as demand for print products drops. Percentage of Print Book Titles Culled Each Year We asked: Approximately what percentage of titles in your print book collection do you cull each year? The mean was 10, 71% with a median of 10% and a range of 0 to 65%. The culling percentage was lowest for law school and government law libraries, at 6.82% and 6.14% respectively. Large law firm libraries culled a quite high 21.3% of their print book titles in the past year while smaller law firm libraries culled 10.3%. For government libraries the figure was 6.14%. In general the larger law libraries tended to cull more. Those with 2 or fewer full time equivalent librarians culled a mean of 8.68% of titles while those with 4 or more FTE librarians culled exactly or slightly more than 12.3%. 18 P a g e

Changes in Book Culling Philosophy Law Library Plans for the Print Materials Collection We asked: If the library has changed its book acquisitions and/or book collection culling strategy over the past five years, or expects to change it soon, please describe these changes. Some university law librarians tended to speak more to acquisitions strategy and several commented that their acquisition models had changed from what one called more just-intime than just in case. In other words it is driven more by patron requests than by librarian collection building. One university library gradually weeded most print journals and we thought their print culling experience overall was worth reproducing in the summary: We used to get rid of all law school law reviews except for the top 100, then it was the top 50 cited journals and then down to the top 25 cited journal titles. We are contemplating getting rid of the top 25 as they are most likely to be online. Print titles that were considered "sacred" in the past are now on the chopping block like state codes, reporters etc. We purchased Making of Modern Law and are contemplating matching the electronic and print bib records and eliminating the print books. We will also be weeding the collection to remove duplicate copies, superseded series based on the bibliographers decision on whether the historical work is worth keeping in this library or not. For law firms, culling philosophy varies enormously as some have decided to go all electronic and cull print with that goal in mind; others survey attorneys to determine print culling rates and some cull print as online alternatives come available. Use of Space Liberated by Reductions in Print Spending We asked: If the library has reduced the size of its print collections in recent years, has this led to an increase in space that the library can use for other purposes? A third of the libraries sampled said that the reduction in the size of its print collections had led to an increase in space used for other purposes. Overwhelmingly two types of libraries accounted for those that could shift space to other purposes by reducing print collections; they were: law school libraries and law firm libraries in smaller law firms. For the former 58.33% had space liberated for other purposes by declines in print holdings; or the latter, the figure was 50%. For university law libraries, many used the space for group study areas or study rooms; a few expanded library space reserved for faculty. Law firms tended to create more offices for attorneys. One government law library found an enterprising use for its saved space, they write: When we eliminated our Federal print collection we converted that room into a conference room. We rent out the conference room to law firms for depositions. We don't make a huge sum of money on our rentals, but it is some steady additional income. Trends in the Number of Journal Subscriptions in Print Maintained We asked: How many subscriptions to legal journals in print formats has the library maintained in each of the following years: 2014, 2015, and 2016 (include journals available in both print and online formats. The mean for all law libraries sampled was 295.4 in 2014 19 P a g e

dropping to 222 in 2015 and dropping again to 146.74 anticipated for 2015, an astounding drop. It is law school libraries that account for much of this radical decline; the mean number of print journal subscriptions maintained in 2014 was nearly 970 but this dropped to 745 in 2015 and survey participants expect another drop to 469 in 2016; print subscriptions to journals would have more than halved in two years. For small law firm libraries the number of subscriptions to print journals went from 66.67 to 51.67 and then to an anticipated 45 over the three year period, a cumulative 3-year drop of 32%. For larger law firms the drop was much less severe, from a mean of 79.5 in 2014 to 74 in 2015 to an anticipated 70 in 2016, a decline of about 12%. For government law libraries, print subscriptions went from 55 in 2014 to 29.4 in 2015 and then to an anticipated 24 in 2016, a drop of 56.4%. The Future of Print Journal Subscriptions We asked: What is the future of print journal subscriptions at your library in the near future? Essentially the future is rather bleak with many libraries cancelling print versions of anything that is available on major electronic information services. Some are keeping a range of the top journals but cancelling others. The trend in law firm libraries, similarly, is for aggressive weeding for those libraries that have not already done so. Same is true for government and private law firm libraries, one noting simply; There is no future for print subscriptions. Trends in the use of Print Forms of Legal Encyclopedias Next we asked about how many volumes of legal encyclopedias in print format has the library maintained in 2014, 2015 and anticipated for 2016. The mean number maintained for all libraries in the sample was 248.63 but the median was only 4; most were held by law school and government law libraries. The mean number of volumes held by law school libraries was 322.11 while for government libraries it was 369.8. Large law firm libraries held 125.13 keep in mind that this is volumes, not subscriptions. Interestingly, the number of volumes held increased modestly to 261.84 in 2015 and then will drop sharply to an anticipated 182.37 in 2016. For law school libraries the count went down from 322.11 to 249.89 to an expected 219.33 in 2016, a cumulative 3-year expected drop of 32%. Large law firm libraries dropped from 125.13 to 87.5 over the three year period, a cumulative decline of 32.4%. Similarly, government libraries will drop from 369.8 to an expected 283.7 in 2016, a drop of 23.2%. The libraries sampled had subscriptions to a mean of 105.94 loose-leaf services, with a median of 42.5 and a range of 780. Overall the number of subscriptions is expected to drop off to 78.72 in 2016, a decline of 25.4%. For law school libraries, the total number of subscriptions in 2014 to 2016 (anticipated) will go from 190.75 to 153.38 and then to an expected 118.38, a drop off of approximately 38%. Government law libraries plan reductions from a mean of 42.3 subscriptions to 30 in 2016, a drop of 29.3%. Large law firm libraries planned only marginal cuts of about 6.3% while small law firm libraries planned greater cuts of about 21%. 20 P a g e

Percentage of Libraries that Survey their Patrons about Preferences for Print Vs. Digital Resources 54.555 of libraries surveyed have themselves surveyed their library patrons on their preferences for print vs. digital resources as a prelude to decision-making on reducing the size of print book collections. Law school libraries and the libraries of small law firms were the most likely to have done such surveying. Maintenance of Print Forms When Digital Forms are Available in the Library We asked: Has your library measured use of print versions and digital versions when it maintains access to both forms of a particular resource? 34.85% had done so, with small law firm libraries and law school libraries the most likely to have done so; 50% of the former and 45.83% of the latter had done such surveying. Policies when Libraries have Both Print and Digital Forms in the Library We asked: If you have studied the use of print and digital forms of the same legal resource, what have you learned and how have your studies informed your collection decision making? The range of opinions here are quite wide and varied. Some more or less said that print was passé and on the way out and had no important place in their collections. One university law librarian wrote: Hardly anyone uses our print collection. We did subscribe to way too many print sources in 2012. I've cancelled over $650,000 over the past three years and could cancel more very easily. However, most viewed print as a kind of new niche technology that has its limited but definite place. One writes: Our students are not in the habit of using print EXCEPT for textbooks and course review materials. This is a very important print collection and we continue to support it. They find digital format easier to manipulate when they need to retrieve an answer to a particular question. So we are no longer keeping loose-leaf titles & multi-volume print sets if the titles are available in digital from a major vendor or platform. They also prefer a "single source" big box approach. We teach a very popular Advanced Legal Research class which is attended by 40% of the graduating class, and we cover cost-effective, time-effective research in the real world. They are exposed to print at that time and many realize it will be useful from the practice perspective. But digital is a good format for supporting seminar and upper-level writing research, since they use law reviews quite heavily. Another writes: We have found that our patrons are evenly split on their preferences but that the majority prefer to read cases in paper still, having located them online. We use this feedback to ensure we maintain as much in paper as is manageable, and which reflects reading list content and topics as well. Large law firms, too, maintain an interest in print. One librarian writes: 21 P a g e

We had a few ebooks, but the constraints the publisher placed on the titles drastically limited the use. The ebooks were one time downloads that had to be put on a computer in the library. No one used them. Since the patrons were already in the library, they preferred to use the print titles. The limitations also meant that the ebooks could not be lent out. And one private company law librarian notes that: Most users enjoy the "access from anywhere" of the digital or electronic resources, however, most users admit they prefer the print for some areas e.g. tax codes etc. Division of Print Materials Budget among Primary and Secondary Legal Information and Non-Legal Information We asked: How is the library's print materials budget approximately divided between primary (cases, laws, regulations, statutes), secondary (journals, treatises, books, reference works, etc.), and on-legal materials? The answers should add up to 100%. For primary works, the mean was 35.53% with a median of 30% and a range of 5% to 90%. For law school libraries, print primary materials accounted for 54% of the total print materials budget, a much higher percentage than for law firm libraries 27.5% to 28% or government law libraries, 32.86%. Secondary works accounted for a mean of 56.54% of the print materials budget with a median of 60% and a range of 9% to 90%. Non-legal subjects accounted for a mean of 7.92% of the print materials budget, with a median of 5% and a range of 0 to 40%. Government and private company law libraries spent the highest percentage of their print materials budget on non-legal materials, 9.79% and 13.33% respectively. We asked: What kind of print presence do you maintain in primary legal materials and why does your library maintain this presence and what is its future? Print remains for a variety of reasons: consortia obligations, desire for print reporters for own-state and bordering states, libraries of record need paper. For whatever reasons, many university law libraries maintain print copies of Federal statutes and regulations. One small law firm librarian noted that: The primary legal materials we retain in print are mostly state materials. The states we practice in for the majority of our work do not have strong electronic access to their primary materials. Next we asked: For non-legal materials such as newspapers, magazines, newsletters, technical studies and reports and other works that might provide valuable background and context for lawyers but are not specifically legal materials, what is the library's print presence in these areas and how will it develop in the near future? Subscriptions to non-legal materials among university law libraries appears mostly driven by requests from faculty and to a lesser extent students; some also maintain a basic magazine and newspaper subscription collection. For law firms these collections are driven partially by a need to maintain a basic news collection, such as a few major newspapers, but also by demands for information about specific industries served by the law firm. 22 P a g e

Spending on Print Forms of Legal Directories Next we asked about spending on print forms of legal directories, which was minimal. For the entire sample the mean in 2014 was only $1,765.56 and the median, must $500. The range was 0 to $11,100. Large law firm libraries spent the most, a mean of $4,640 while university law libraries spent the least, a mean of just $500. Spending fell to a mean of $1,428.41 in 2015 with a median of $350. Much of the fall was when one big law firm subscriber paying more than $11,100 suddenly cut back and this field seems prone to sudden cutbacks of print materials that are also available online. Other types of law libraries, for smaller law firms, government and university law libraries, experienced mild one year drops on the order of approximately 2% to 6%. Anticipated spending for 2016 on print forms of legal directories fell to a mean of $1403.70, a modest drop of about 1.75%. Large law firm libraries in the sample actually anticipated spending slightly more on print versions of legal directories in 2016, after the substantial drop the year before. Future Plans for Print Directories We asked about future plans for print directories. In general most of the cancellation work has already been done by university law libraries which rely on electronic sources. However, there still appears to be some stable demand from small law firm libraries, though they are expected to shrink their print collections in this area, albeit slowly. Large law firm libraries appear less open to print, perhaps because they have better economies of scale in online purchasing. Government libraries appear likely to maintain many print directory subscriptions in the near future. Spending on Print Subscriptions to Newspapers and Magazines We asked: How much has the library spent on print subscriptions to newspapers and magazines that are not research or professional journals in each of the following years? The mean for 2014 for all libraries sampled was $2478.74 with a median of $442.34 and a range of 0 to $22,000. The data was relatively sparse here and many libraries did not answer this question and perhaps did not have a good estimate of these content forms. Spending fell modestly to $2,397.46 in 2015 and then is expected to rise a drop to an expected $2403 in 2016. University law libraries tend to rely on other campus libraries for newspapers and magazines though many also keep a core collection. In general, for other libraries, they do tend to see some value in maintaining some print and magazine subscriptions though in some cases they are subsumed by an over-riding concern with reducing expenditures on print. Spending on Print Versions of Books that are not about Legal Subjects We also looked at book spending in the same vein, asking: In the past year, how much has the library spent on print versions of books that are not legal materials? The mean for all libraries 23 P a g e

was $2174.84 but the median was just $200 with a range of 0 to $20,000. Law school and government law libraries tended to spend the most; $2328.57 for law school libraries and $2646.43 for government law libraries. Impact of Ebooks We asked about the impact of ebooks, querying: What has been the general trend in the purchase of books that are not legal materials, specifically has their purchase been impacted by ebooks? Has the library shifted from print books to ebook and if so to what extent and through what venues? For law school libraries, many access ebooks through the main campus but some have started to buy their own collections, even of non-legal subject ebooks. For the most part ebook of non-legal materials have not taken off in the law firm or government or private firm law department library. Has the Library Ever Been Forced to Re-Purchase Culled Print Materials? Since much culling of print legal materials has been going on over the past ten years, we asked librarians sampled to mention some incidents, if any, in which the library was forced to back track and restore access to print copies of materials that had been culled in printed form. Many libraries had stories of canceled print titles restored while just as many never had a problem. Some reasons listed for backtracking: when an online service is canceled this left holes in the collection so previously canceled print subscriptions were restored; the occasional print aficionado judge, partner or law professor with an aversion to online sources and other reasons. Areas Most Resistant to the Culling or Print Sources We asked: Are particular disciplines or legal subjects in your view particularly resistant to the culling of, or reduced purchasing of print materials? If so which ones? One area of print materials that librarians were reluctant to cut was tax law materials, as much necessary materials does not appear to be easily accessible online. Monographs is another area that lends itself to print as one survey participant put it: Monographs. I realize this is not a discipline or subject. But as I noted earlier, monographs are studied in a different manner than the larger treatises. It is important to have a format that is a comfortable read that lends itself to learning-in-space with sticky notes and fixed images. There is a physicality to learning. As librarians we need to watch the emerging literature from the medical fields on how fixed images are stored into memory, for deeper & more effective recall. Decisions-Making About Print Culling We asked: How is print collection culling at your library organized? Which librarians are involved in the decision-making? Who makes the final decisions in particular areas? Who reviews decisions? Who overturns decisions? 24 P a g e