The DDA (District Developed Assessment)

The DDA (District Developed Assessment) Computer or Paper based exam 40 questions (Over 300 possible questions in Test Bank) Multiple Choice Will be Given during YOUR Exam Week Given during your class time, in the Media Center Will have 90 minutes to complete IF you have multiple TV Classes, you WILL take multiple tests. Each test will be different. (TV2 TV6) Questions will come from the following areas News Organization Production Phases News Elements Storyboarding News Story Types Editing Concepts Camera Movements Equipment Camera Shots Safety Camera Angles Lighting Shot Set Up Microphones 1

Reporting & News Organization Jobs In A News Organization Are Usually Divided Into Two Categories Newsroom Jobs Production Jobs 2

Anchor / Talent: The face of the newscast, figurehead for the station Reads the newscast copy, and makes changes before going live Reporter: Covers a single story each day Researches, sets up and records interviews, writes/voices PKGs, presents them on-air News Director: Head of the newsroom Has final say in what the newsroom covers Assistant News Director: Second in command Stands in for News Director when needed 3

Assignment Editor: Covers assignment desk Works with news directors, producers, reporters and photographers to get news stories Monitors press releases, viewer and source phone calls Executive Producer Oversees several show producers and their newscasts Approves reporter scripts Help producers out Or, in big markets, runs the big picture of an entire newscast News Producer In charge of one newscast Stacks, writes, and manages the show from start to finish Directs talent, relays information, supervises control room 4

Associate Producer Assists show producers Usually acts as a writer for the producer Production Assistant Entry-level job on a production or news team News Photographer Drives the live truck, tapes video and interviews, and generally edits the PKG together with the reporter s script Sports Anchor Usually heads up the sports department Responsible for choosing the day s stories Acts as the face of the station s sports department Meteorologist The station s weathercaster Keeps up with the latest weather, creates graphics, and delivers the forecasts on-air, in front of a green-screen 5

Editor Responsible for assembling raw footage into the final video for broadcast on-air Can also be referred to as technical crew, work is centered in the control room or studio 6

Director In charge of production crew Before the show, reviews scripts regarding shots and camera assignments During the show, follows the scripts, keeps an eye on the time Technical Director (T.D.) / Switcher Operates the switcher during the show Cues and takes shots as directed Floor Manager (Floor Director) Gives anchors camera directions and countdowns during newscast, relays information from the control room to the studio Camera Operator Runs a studio camera during a newscast Sets up the shots and makes sure they re visually pleasing 7

Assistant Director (A.D.) Runs computer programs that control the onair video, and complex graphics Teleprompter Operator Responsible for scrolling the script for the anchors Audio Technician / Engineer Runs the audio board Responsible for the technical quality of the audio Graphics Operator (C.G. or Chyron Operator) Types up and airs name supers and stills that run during the newscast 8

Lighting Director Designs the lighting plot Determines which types of lights to use and their locations Craft Services Provides food for the talent and crew News Elements 9

Newscast Terms Package (PKG) Voice Over (VO) Sound On Tape (SOT) Sound Bite VOSOT Natural Sound (NATSOT) Lead Story Secondary Story Kicker Story B-Roll Tease Cold Open / Close Editorial Breaking News Current News Staged News Feature Story PKG Package Foundation of a newscast Usually 1-to-3 minute edited report / story Generally introduced and tagged by a reporter VO Voice Over Narration done by a broadcast reporter, usually reading from a script When you hear someone talking, but see video of something else 10

SOT Sound On Tape Video AND Audio of a person talking Sound Bite A short audio or video clip taken, possibly from a speech or press conference, and broadcast during a news report VOSOT B-Roll with a written VO script for the anchors, followed by relevant SOT B-Roll is VIDEO NATSOT Natural, or environmental, sound on tape 11

STAND UP A standup is when a television reporter appears in front of the camera to narrate part of a story most often at the beginning to set up the story, or at the very end LEAD-IN/INTRO Anchor/Reporter introduces a story or PKG TAG Anchor/Reporter adds information about a story AFTER the PKG airs Cold Open A pre-recorded segment of VO, or VOSOT, that airs before a newscast begins Lead Story The most important story of the day Secondary Story Any Story that is after the Lead Story Kicker Story A feature story that s the last story in a newscast 12

B-ROLL Any video that you use in a story. Usually used to cover your V.O. The video that does not include the talent TEASE Anchor gives viewers sneak peek of upcoming stories to keep viewers watching Usually right before a commercial break GOODBYES/CLOSE anchors wrap up the newscast, say goodbye EDITORIAL On-air sharing of SUBJECTIVE views on a story covered on the newscast, or on an event in the community 13

News Story Types There are 4 categories of News Breaking Current Staged Feature Under the main 4, there are 2 other sub categories Dated or Non-Dated News Hard or Soft News 14

Breaking News This is an unplanned or unexpected event that has an impact on society Examples of this Weather Events Terrorism Accidents Assassinations Current News An ongoing event or continuous event Often may be as a result of breaking news Examples of this Clean up efforts after natural disasters The Stock Market Gas Prices Elections (Campaigning) 15

Staged News A Preplanned event Know when and where an event will take place Examples of this: A Speech A Debate Ribbon Cutting Sporting Event Feature Story Stories that could be of human interest or entertainment related pieces. This news is interesting but not necessary Sports sometimes fall under this (based upon the audience) Examples of this: Movie s or Openings Awards Shows People recovering from health issues Good Samaritans 16

Example of how each of the 4 basic stories can relate to each: Tornado sets down in Oklahoma; destroys town Breaking Clean up of town the week following the tornado Current Press Conference about where the displace town will move Staged Return to the town for the opening of the rebuilt library Feature Dated or Non-Dated News Dated News Information that must be presented at that moment to have any relevance Non-Dated A story that could be played at anytime and still have the same importance 17

Hard or Soft News Hard News This is news that MUST be known Soft News News that is Nice to know, but is not as important may be interesting, but not necessarily vital: feature stories, sometimes staged news Camera Movements 18

5 Types of Advanced Shots/Camera Moves: Pan Tilt Dolly Truck Zoom Truck 19

Pan A smooth, right-to-left or left-toright camera movement The camera stays in one place, but turns from side to side Should only be used when there is a REASON to pan: Examples: Following the action / Showing the audience something new in the scene A good Pan has a distinct beginning and end A rapid, blurry pan is called a Whip Pan or a Swish Pan You can Pan left or Pan right 20

Tilt An upward or downward camera movement The camera tilts up and down, while remaining stationary You can use a tilt to change the dynamics of the shot, or to reveal a different perspective Zoom Looks like a camera move but it is NOT a real camera move!!! A zoom occurs when you manipulate the focal length lens Zooming IN makes your subject appear closer Zooming OUT makes your subject appear farther away 21

Truck Trucking is a lateral, or side-toside movement of the entire camera (you move with the camera) Trucking lets the camera follow lateral action (follows along with characters as they walk) Cameras can truck right or truck left Dolly When you move the entire camera forward and backwards to change perspective (you move with the camera) Dollies should be performed with the camera lens zoomed all the way out 22

1 Dolly 2 Crane 3 Truck 4 Pan 5 Tilt 6 Roll 23

Camera Shots / Angles There are Three Basic Shots Wide Medium Close-up Extreme Close-Up 24

WIDE SHOT aka Long Shot Often used as an establishing shot Includes a lot of visual information Definition: Lacks Detail, Gives Perspective Cut-Offs Upper Cut off None Lower Cut Off None There are No Cut offs for a Wide Shot 25

MEDIUM SHOT Transitional Shot Most COMMON shot you will see on TV Gives a closer look but still provides background, generally a shot from around the waist to right above the head Definition: In between a Wide Shot and a Close up Cut-Offs Upper Cut off 6 to 12 inches above head Lower Cut Off Waist Knees 26

CLOSE-UP Provides more detail MOST IMPORTANT SHOT IN TV! Definition: Lacks Perspective, But gives HIGH detail Cut-Offs Upper Cut off 3 to 6 inches above head Lower Cut Off Arm Pits 27

EXTREME CLOSE-UP Provides the most detail Definition: An over focus on a particular object 28

Gives a sense of lack of power to a person Makes the subject appear weak May also show size difference Shooting from above the subject, camera facing downwards If shooting bully/victim, this would be angle used for the victim High Angle Is used to make someone more powerful than they are Used to show size Shooting from below the subject, camera facing upwards If shooting bully/victim, this would be angle used for the bully Low Angle 29

Shot Set Up LEAD ROOM When following action or a subject s direction, allow space in front of the subject 30

HEAD ROOM The amount of space in the shot between the top of the subject and the top of the screen Too little subject looks cramped Too much subject looks small, too low RULE OF THIRDS Divides the screen into 9 equal parts Center your image or action at an intersection 31

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180 Degree Rule Guideline regarding the onscreen spatial relationship between two characters or within a scene An imaginary line called the axis connects the characters, and following the rule means keeping the camera on one side of the axis. 33

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Production Phases 2013-14 35

There are 3 Phases of Production Pre Production The Planning Phase Production The Phase where the video or movie is created Post Production When Editing and finalization of the video are done Pre Production 36

Pre Production The process of preparing all the elements involved in the movie or video. Pre Production ends when the planning ends and the content starts being produced Tasks included in this phase: Creating a Treatment Storyboarding Location Scouting Casting Log Line One or two sentence description of the story Treatment Treatments read like a short story, but are told in the present tense and describe events as they happen Serves as a blue print of the story Done prior to the creation of Storyboards 37

Storyboarding 5 Things that every Storyboard will show Human / Character Movement Camera Movements Time Audio Sequence Sequence Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes Time Music / SFX Location / Set: Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes 38

Human Movement and Camera Movements are drawn in the Visual box The movements are represented by 3 different types of arrows Strait (Skinny) Arrow Jagged Arrow Broad Arrow e Location / Set: Visual Visual Strait Arrows Used to show the Human Movement Jagged Arrows Used to show Rapid Human Movement 39

e Visual Location / Set: Soccer Field Visual Broad Arrows Used to show the basic Camera Movements Drawn on the outside of the Visual Box 40

e Visual Location / Set: Soccer Field Visual In addition to using the Visual box, the Shot Note box is used to describe the order of events that take place in the visual Graphics/FX/Shot Notes 1. Kick Ball 2. Run After Ball phics/fx/shot Notes 1. Tilt Up 2. Zoom Out 3. Pan Right 41

Time The approximant amount of time that a shot will take Sequence Time Visual Location / Set: Visual Audio Audio is managed in 2 boxes on the storyboard Dialog is under script Music and Sound Effects are done in the Music / SFX box Script / Narration Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes Music / SFX Graphics/FX/Shot Notes 42

Sequence The Number of shot in the order of the Video A single shot may have multiple drawings They would use a number and a letter to tell its position 1B or 7A Visual Sequence Time Location / Set: Visual Post Production 43

Post Production Phase During Post, the video is assembled or Edited into the final form for broadcast Music and graphics will be added to support the visuals Voice overs would be added during this phase Terms used in the Post Production Phase Importing Exporting Clip Transition Cutting On Action Jump Cut Continuity Split Screen Freeze Frame Sub Titles 44

Editing The process of selecting the good portions of raw footage and putting it in order of the production plan Importing The process of adding video, pictures, or other media to a computer and editing software Exporting The process of removing a complete / edited video from editing software 45

Clip The smallest piece of a video project Multiple clips are used and combined to create a video A clip is defined as having both an in-time and an out-time within a larger video element Transition A transition is a technique used in editing by which scenes or shots are overlapped or combined when moving from one to the next Transitions are used to make a fluid move from one clip to another Common transitions are dissolves, fades (usually to black) and wipes 46

Cutting on Action Cutting on action or matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action If an actor is walking, when the camera angle changes he should still be walking Jump Cut A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly This type of edit gives the effect of jumping forwards in time 47

Continuity The state of continuing for a period of time, without problems, interruptions, or changes The organization of a film or television program to make it seem that the action happens without pauses or interruptions Continuity Errors 48

Continuity Errors Continuity Errors 49

2013-14 B-Roll Video that is used in a news package. Usually used to cover a voice over In interviews and documentary films, it is used to describe secondary footage that adds meaning to a sequence or disguised the elimination of unwanted content An example would be, a retired athlete talking about their career, and highlights would be playing from their career while your hear them speaking Split Screen Multiple pictures or videos playing on screen at the same time 50

Freeze Frame Also called stop motion. An optical effect or technique in which a single frame of film is repeated to give the effect of a still photograph Sub Titles Words that appear on the screen during a movie, video or television show and that are translations of what the actors are saying 51

Equipment Tripod A three legged camera support The part that connects the camera to the tripod is called the Shoe 52

Camera Parts Camera Parts Light enters the Lens Light is Split into the different colors The colors hit the Charge-Couple Device There could be 1 CCD or 3 CCDs in the Camera CCDs convert the light to an electrical current The processor interprets the electrical charges Then Saves the information to the SD Card The processor also sends a image to the view finder 53

Common Camera Issues Will not record No Battery No media or SD card Can not see an image Camera not turned on No Battery Lens Cap on or not open Green Screen (Chroma Key) A background in front of which moving subjects are filmed and are able to be removed or replaced during the editing process, with a image or other video 54

Green Screen (Chroma Key) 55

There are 4 types of Microphones Handheld Lavaliere Boom Shotgun Handheld Picks up audio from where it s held. Best for man on the street interviews Lavaliere Clipped onto a newscaster, actor. Good for sit-down interviews 56

Boom Gets audio from a small area, held overhead. Used in films, TV shows Shotgun Picks up audio from far away. Often used for sports, to pick up sounds on the field during a game 2014 2015 2014-15 Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: Cardioid Most common pattern Picks up sound to the front of the microphone, and slightly from the sides Hyper cardioid Records from the front, rejects almost everything else Omnidirectional Picks up sound equally 360 degrees around the microphone capsule 57

Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: Cardioid Most common pattern Picks up sound to the front of the microphone, and slightly from the sides Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: Hyper cardioid Records from the front, rejects almost everything else 58

Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: Omnidirectional Picks up sound equally 360 degrees around the microphone capsule Safety 59

Safety issues in Television Moving heavy objects Do not attempt to lift by bending forward. Bend your hips and knees to squat down to your load, keep it close to your body, and straighten your legs to lift Never lift a heavy object above shoulder level Avoid turning or twisting your body while lifting or holding a heavy object Safety issues in Television Moving heavy objects 2014-15 60

Safety issues in Television Working with Lights Wear Gloves when working with Unplug any lights when moving Wait for the lights to cool, if they were in use recently Never touch the bulb with bare hands Leaves oils on the bulb that may cause it to shatter Bulb may be hot from previous use Lighting Types 61

Ellipsoidal Type of spotlight Reflects light off a surface shaped like an ellipsoid in the back Creates a small to mid-sized circular light pattern Fluorescent Provides extremely soft, broad lighting Aren t as hot, great for lighting actors up close or in small spaces 62

Scoop Provide a broad, soft light that boosts overall light levels Cannot be focused Does NOT have a Lens Fresnel Uses a larger lens to focus light Creates soft circular light pattern Broader than an ellipsoidal, but narrower than a scoop 63

LED Operates at low temperatures like fluorescent lights Can be controlled to change colors on cue This feature is useful for matching indoor or outdoor light conditions but they are expensive Ambient Light The natural light already available in a space. It can be the lights in the ceiling indoors, or the sun outdoors Lighting helps make a 2-D TV image more 3-D The Lights are positioned above on a lighting grid Connected to the pipes by the C-clamp 64

Lighting Accessories Scrim Goes in front of a light to help diffuse, or soften, the light on your subject Barn Doors: Adjustable metal casing around a light, used to redirect light 65

Cookie attaches to a light to project a pattern Gel Placed in front of a light to change the color of the light C-Clamp Used to attach a light to a lighting grid 66

Lighting Set Up 67

3 Point Lighting Key Light: Main, strongest light. Defines the subject Place at a 45 degree angle from a line between your subject and the camera Leaves one side of your subject well lit, other side has shadows (Ellipsoidal) Fill Light Secondary light On opposite side of the key light, 45 degree angle from camera Light output much less intense than key Used to fill the shadows created by the key light (Fresnel) Back Light Placed behind the subject Does not provide direct lighting, helps to separate the subject from the background Intensity slightly less than the key light (Fresnel) 68

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3 Point Lighting Simulator 70