Tables and Chapter 1 Constructing the Cosmic View Tables 1.1 The Doctrine of the Five Virtues 25 1.2 The Five Virtues and the Triple Concordance Compared 26 1.3 Sage Kings and Dynasties in the Doctrine of the Triple Concordance 30 Chapter 5 Mapping Celestial Bodies 5.1 Cardinal Emblems and Lunar Lodges 309 Introduction: Images and References 0.1 Inscription on Yu ding showing the graphs tian and da 2 0.2 Evolution of the graph tian 2 0.3 Northern Dipper on a stone carving in the Wu family shrines 4 0.4 Excursion of the Heavenly Lord on a mirror unearthed in Xinye, Henan 5 0.5 Celestial images on a wood carving unearthed in Xuyi, Jiangsu 6 0.6 Dragon and stars on a wood carving unearthed in Xuyi, Jiangsu 8 0.7 Lifting a tripod on a wood carving unearthed in Xuyi, Jiangsu 8 0.8 Performances on a wood carving unearthed in Xuyi, Jiangsu 9 0.9 Stele of Hammurabi 13 0.10 Induction of Vibia 14 Chapter 1 Constructing the Cosmic View 1.1 Bin Gong xu 19 1.2 He zun 19 1.3 Tian Wang gui 20
xii 1.4 Conquest cycle of the Five Virtues in the Qin 24 1.5 Conquest cycle of the Five Virtues in the Western Han 24 1.6 Generation cycle of the Five Virtues in the Xin 35 1.7 Layout of Han Chang an 38 1.8 Floor plan of the Bright Hall complex in Chang an 39 1.9 Floor plan and cross-section of the main building in the Bright Hall complex in Chang an 39 1.10 Layout of Han Luoyang 40 1.11 Floor plan of the Bright Hall complex in Luoyang 41 1.12 Floor plan of the main building in the Bright Hall complex in Luoyang 42 1.13 Cong tube and bi disc from the Liangzhu culture 44 1.14 Jade plaque unearthed at Lingjiatan, Anhui 45 1.15 Jade turtle unearthed at Lingjiatan, Anhui 45 1.16 Burial Site 2 at Niuheliang, Liaoning 46 1.17 Chariot unearthed from the mausoleum of the First Emperor 48 1.18 Shi device 49 1.19 Circles and squares in The Zhou Gnomon 52 1.20 Try squares in a ring in The Zhou Gnomon 52 1.21 Making circles and squares in The Zhou Gnomon 53 1.22 Try square and compasses on a stone carving in the Wu family shrines 54 1.23 Schemes of the Han Bright Halls 55 1.24 TLV mirror unearthed at Yinwan, Jiangsu 56 1.25 Liubo game set unearthed from Tomb 3 at Mawangdui, Hunan 57 1.26 Immortals playing the liubo game on a mirror from Shaoxing, Zhejiang 58 1.27 Immortals playing the liubo game on a sarcophagus unearthed at Jianyang, Sichuan 59 1.28 TLV mirror unearthed in Luoyang 60 1.29 TLV mirror in the Shanghai Museum 60 1.30 Wang Shiren s reconstruction of the Bright Hall in Chang an 62 63 1.31 Yang Hongxun s reconstruction of the Bright Hall in Chang an 64-65 1.32 Wu Hung s reconstruction of the Bright Hall in Chang an 65 1.33 Yang Hongxun s reconstruction of the Bright Hall in Luoyang 68-69 1.34 Floor plan and cross-section of the tomb of King Cuo 72 1.35 Design of the royal necropolis on a bronze plaque from the tomb of King Cuo in Pingshan, Hebei 73 1.36 Reconstruction of the mortuary hall for King Cuo 74 1.37 Reconstruction of the Xianyang Palace of the Qin 75-76 1.38 Yang Hongxun s reconstruction of the main building in the Bright Hall complex in Chang an 77 1.39 Wang Shiren s reconstruction of the main building in the Bright Hall complex in Chang an 78
xiii 1.40 Monthly observances in the Bright Hall 79 1.41 Integration of yin-yang, the four seasons, and the Five Phases 81 1.42 Integration of the four seasons, the Five Phases, and the Five Thearchs 82 Chapter 2 Engraving Auspicious Omens 2.1 Qiang pan 90 2.2 Structure of the Han government 98 2.3 Hymn of the Western Passage 100 2.4 Five omens at the Western Passage 102 3 2.5 Cliff carvings in honor of Li Xi at the Western Passage 104 2.6 Omens in the Wu Liang shrine 107 2.7 Bi disc of colored glass in the Wu Liang shrine 108 2.8 Chart of clouds for divination from Tomb 3 at Mawangdui, Hunan 108 2.9 Omens in a Wu family shrine 110 2.10 Layout of Tomb 1 at Wangdu, Hebei 112 2.11 Murals in Tomb 1 at Wangdu, Hebei 113 2.12 Floor plan and cross-sections of the Miu Yu tomb 114 2.13 Stone carving in the Miu Yu tomb 115 2.14 Yellow dragon on the cliff of the Western Passage 117 2.15 Five omens at the Western Passage published by Hong Gua 118 2.16 Five omens at the Western Passage published by Otto Fischer 119 2.17 White deer on the cliff of the Western Passage 123 2.18 Qusou offering furs in the Wu Liang shrine 124 2.19 Interconnecting trees on the cliff of the Western Passage 125 2.20 Interconnecting trees on a stone carving unearthed from Liangchengzhen, Shandong 126 2.21 Interconnecting trees on a stone carving discovered in Suining, Jiangsu 127 2.22 Auspicious grain on the cliff of the Western Passage 129 2.23 Sweet dew on the cliff of the Western Passage 131 2.24 Hymn of the Fu Passage 133 2.25 Transportation between the Han capitals and the Hanzhong Basin 135 2.26 Opening the Bao-Xie Route 136 2.27 Reconstruction of plank footways along the Bao-Xie Route 139 2.28 View of the Western Passage 139 2.29 Inscription on the stele erected by the First Emperor in Langye, Shandong 141 2.30 Eulogy of the Stone Gate 142 2.31 Marker Record for Yang Huai and Yang Bi 143 2.32 Record for Li Yu s Building Plank Footways 144 2.33 Inscription in memory of Geng Xun at the Western Passage 144 2.34 Inscription on Mr. Jing s memorial stele 146
xiv Chapter 3 Imagining Celestial Journeys 3.1 Mirror unearthed in Guangzhou, Guangdong 150 3.2 TLV mirror in the collection of Moriya Kōzō in the Kyoto National Museum 150 3.3 TLV mirror recorded in Jin shi suo 151 3.4 Inscribed brick unearthed from Yibin, Sichuan 152 3.5 Architectural remains of the Ganquan Palace 156 3.6 Roofing tiles for the Tower of Longevity in the Ganquan Palace 156 3.7 Views of Mounds 1 and 2 at the site of the Ganquan Palace 157 3.8 Beacon terrace 17 in Dunhuang, Gansu 158 3.9 Watchtower in the painted tomb at Anping, Hebei 159 3.10 Multi-story building on decorated brick unearthed in Chengdu, Sichuan 160 3.11 Model architecture showing multi-story buildings from Jiaozuo, Henan 161 3.12 Model architecture showing the jinggan structure from Shizhaishan, Yunnan 163 3.13 Jinggan structure depicted on a bronze drum unearthed from Shizhaishan, Yunnan 164 3.14 Reconstruction of the Yongning Pagoda 165 3.15 Cross-section of Tomb 1 at Mawangdui, Hunan 170 3.16 Cross-section of the wooden structure of Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 170 3.17 View of the painted banner atop the innermost coffin in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 171 3.18 Painted banner in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 172 3.19 Name banner unearthed from Mozuizi, Gansu 173 3.20 Final departure on the painted banner in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 173 3.21 Seals unearthed from Tomb 2 at Mawangdui 174 3.22 Inscribed objects in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 175 3.23 Location of Tombs 1, 2, and 3 at Mawangdui 176 3.24 Wooden board from Tomb 3 at Mawangdui 176 3.25 Painted banner in Tomb 3 at Mawangdui 177 3.26 Final departure on the painted banner in Tomb 3 at Mawangdui 178 3.27 Cross-section and floor plan of the tomb at Zidanku, Hunan 179 3.28 Painted banner in the tomb at Zidanku, Hunan 180 3.29 Silk painting in the tomb at Chenjiadashan, Hunan 181 3.30 Celestial field on the painted banner in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 184 3.31 Yong bell in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Suixian, Hubei 185 3.32 Striking bells on a lacquer container in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng 185 3.33 Bi disc atop the innermost coffin in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 188 3.34 Bi disc in the tomb at Zidanku, Hunan 188 3.35 View of three decorated coffins in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 189 3.36 Two dragons coming through a bi disc on painted Coffin 2 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 190
xv 3.37 Two deer climbing a mountain on painted Coffin 2 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 190 3.38 Animals and a figure on painted Coffin 2 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 191 3.39 Figure on painted Coffin 2 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 192 3.40 Dragon and tiger on painted Coffin 2 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 193 3.41 Cloud pattern on painted Coffin 2 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 193 3.42 View of Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 194 3.43 Owl and tiger on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 195 3.44 Animal with four tails on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 195 3.45 Chasing a hare on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 195 3.46 Shooting on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 196 3.47 Combat on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 196 3.48 Devouring a snake on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 196 3.49 Taming a leopard on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 196 3.50 Dancers and musicians on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 196 3.51 Immortal in contemplation on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 197 3.52 Immortal riding on a deer on painted Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 197 3.53 Coffin 1 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 198 3.54 Decoration on Coffin 1 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 199 3.55 Floral canopy and cardinal emblems on a Han brick 200 3.56 Bronze plaque discovered in Wushan, Sichuan 201 3.57 North panel of Coffin 3 in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 202 3.58 Funeral service on the painted banner in Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 203 3.59 Structure of Tomb 61 in Luoyang 206 3.60 Painted gable in Tomb 61 in Luoyang 207 3.61 Painted ceiling in Tomb 61 in Luoyang 208 3.62 Gate of Heaven on a decorated brick discovered in Xinzheng, Henan 209 3.63 Gate of Heaven on a decorated brick unearthed in Xihua, Henan 209 3.64 Gate of Heaven on a sarcophagus unearthed at Jianyang, Sichuan 209 3.65 Gate-pillars with a phoenix on a decorated brick discovered in Dayi, Sichuan 210 3.66 Gate of Heaven on a bronze plaque discovered at Wushan, Sichuan 211 3.67 Money tree discovered at Maowen, Sichuan 212 3.68 Gate of Heaven and the Mother Queen of the West on a bronze plaque discovered at Wushan, Sichuan 212 3.69 Mother Queen of the West on a decorated brick unearthed at Fanji, Henan 213 3.70 Mother Queen of the West in the painted tomb of Bu Qianqiu in Luoyang 215 3.71 Sheng headgear on a stone carving in the Wu Liang shrine 216 3.72 Mother Queen of the West decorated on a pottery house unearthed at Fanji, Henan 217 3.73 Mother Queen of the West on a painted plate unearthed in Lolang, North Korea 219
xvi 3.74 Mother Queen of the West on a money tree unearthed in Xichang, Sichuan 220 3.75 Bronze pillar decorated on a mirror discovered in Shaoxing, Zhejiang 221 3.76 Carvings on a sarcophagus unearthed in Nanxi, Sichuan 222 3.77 Carvings on a sarcophagus unearthed in Xingjing, Sichuan 223 3.78 Gate-pillars with bi discs on a sarcophagus unearthed in Yibin, Sichuan 224 3.79 Stone carvings on the façade of a tomb in Suide, Shaanxi 226 3.80 Bronze knocker unearthed at the site of the Weiyang Palace 227 3.81 Mother Queen of the West on a stone carving discovered in Suide, Shaanxi 227 3.82 Gate of Heaven on decorated bricks unearthed from Xihua, Henan 227 3.83 Stone carvings on the façade of a tomb at Dangjiagou in Mizhi, Shaanxi 229 3.84 Stone carvings on the façade of a tomb in Shenmu, Shaanxi 230 3.85 Stone carvings on the façade of a tomb at Guanzhuang in Mizhi, Shaanxi 231 3.86 Stone carvings in a tomb at Guanzhuang in Mizhi, Shaanxi 232 Chapter 4 Highlighting Celestial Markers 4.1 Stars around the North Pole 237 4.2 Reconstruction of Structure 3 in the Nine Temples 238 4.3 Roofing tiles unearthed from Structure 2 in the Nine Temples 239 4.4 Lunar lodges in the south 240 4.5 Celestial bird in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 241 4.6 Lunar lodges in the east 242 4.7 Celestial dragon in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 243 4.8 Celestial dragon on a stone carving unearthed in Chengdu, Sichuan 244 4.9 Celestial dragon on a stone carving unearthed in Nanyang, Henan 244 4.10 Celestial dragon on a stone carving unearthed in Nanyang, Henan 244 4.11 Dragons described in the Book of Changes 245 46 4.12 Graphs of dragons in Shang oracle bone inscriptions 247 4.13 Lunar lodges Tuft and Triad 248 4.14 Celestial tiger on a stone carving unearthed in Nanyang, Henan 249 4.15 Dragon and tiger formed by clamshells unearthed from Puyang, Henan 250 4.16 Cardinal emblems on a mirror unearthed from Sanmenxia, Henan 251 4.17 Cardinal emblems on a lacquer chest from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng 252 4.18 Cardinal emblems on an incense burner from the Dou Wan tomb at Mancheng, Hebei 253 4.19 Cardinal emblems in the painted tomb of the king of the Liang Kingdom at Shiyuan, Henan 254 4.20 Dark Warrior on a decorated brick unearthed from Xingping, Shaanxi 255 4.21 Cardinal emblems on a decorated brick unearthed from Jiayuguan, Gansu 256 4.22 Cardinal emblems on a TLV mirror unearthed from Luoyang 257 4.23 Cardinal emblems in the Shiqi Yao tomb at Qianyang, Shaanxi 258 4.24 Cardinal emblems in a painted tomb in Pinglu, Shanxi 259
xvii 4.25 Celestial images in a painted tomb in Pinglu, Shanxi 260 4.26 Cardinal emblems on a jade object unearthed from Xingping, Shaanxi 262 4.27 Façade of a tomb in Suide, Shaanxi 262 4.28 Carvings on the sarcophagus of Wang Hui unearthed in Lushan, Sichuan 264 4.29 Milky Way in the painted tomb of Yuan Yi in Luoyang 267 4.30 River Lord on a mirror unearthed from Xinye, Henan 267 4.31 River Lord on a stone carving unearthed from Xuzhou, Jiangsu 268 4.32 Stars along the Milky Way 269 4.33 Oxherd and Weaving Maid in a painted tomb in Taesongri, North Korea 271 4.34 Celestial images in a carved shrine in Changqing, Shandong 272 4.35 Celestial images on a stone carving unearthed from Nanyang, Henan 272 4.36 Dragon, an immortal, and a gatekeeper in a carved shrine in Changqing, Shandong 273 4.37 Carvings on a sarcophagus unearthed in Pixian, Sichuan 274 4.38 Celestial Palace on a sarcophagus unearthed in Pixian, Sichuan 275 4.39 World of the immortals on a sarcophagus unearthed in Pixian, Sichuan 276 4.40 Sun and moon on the painted banner from Tomb 1 at Mawangdui 278 4.41 Sun and moon on a stone carving unearthed from Suide, Shaanxi 278 4.42 Sun and moon on a stone carving unearthed from Anqiu, Shandong 279 4.43 Solar myth painted on a lacquer chest from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng 280 4.44 Solar myth on a sarcophagus unearthed from Xinjin, Sichuan 281 4.45 Sunbirds on an ivory carving discovered at Hemudu, Zhejiang 282 4.46 Sunbirds on a jade plaque unearthed from Yaoshan, Zhejiang 283 4.47 Sunbird on a stone carving unearthed from Yingzhuang, Henan 284 4.48 Sun and moon on a sarcophagus unearthed in Jianyang, Sichuan 284 4.49 Sun and moon on decorated bricks unearthed from Xinfan, Sichuan 285 4.50 Sun and moon on a stone carving unearthed from Nanyang, Henan 286 4.51 Sun and moon on stone carvings unearthed from Qilingang, Henan 286 4.52 Fu Xi and Nü Wa on a sarcophagus unearthed in Jianyang, Sichuan 287 4.53 Sun and moon on stone carvings unearthed from Bixian, Shandong 288 4.54 Entertainment on a stone carving unearthed from Bixian, Shandong 289 4.55 Celestial images on stone carvings unearthed from Shenmu, Shaanxi 290 4.56 Sun and moon on a sarcophagus unearthed in Pixian, Sichuan 291 4.57 Fu Xi and Nü Wa on a stone carving in the Wu Liang shrine 291 4.58 Sun and moon on a sarcophagus discovered in Jiang an, Sichuan 292 4.59 Brick tomb at Xinfan, Sichuan 294 4.60 Celestial ascent in the painted tomb of Bu Qianqiu in Luoyang 295 4.61 Sun and moon in the painted tomb of Bu Qianqiu in Luoyang 295 4.62 Auspicious animals in the painted tomb of Bu Qianqiu in Luoyang 296 4.63 Immortal guide in the painted tomb of Bu Qianqiu in Luoyang 297
xviii Chapter 5 Mapping Celestial Bodies 5.1 Constellations in Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mysterious 300 5.2 Constellations in Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mysterious 301 5.3 Constellations in Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mysterious 302 5.4 Constellations in Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mysterious 303 5.5 Constellations in Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mysterious 304 5.6 Twenty-eight lunar lodges 306 5.7 Twenty-eight lunar lodges on a lacquer chest in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Suixian, Hubei 307 5.8 Dipper written on a lacquer chest in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Suixian, Hubei 307 5.9 Northern Dipper and lunar lodges 308 5.10 Yellow chart, or chart of the seven orbits 313 5.11 Concept of the Canopy Heaven in the Zhou Gnomon 314 5.12 Celestial chart carved in the tomb of the King of the Wuyue Kingdom 314 5.13 Celestial chart on a stele in Suzhou, Jiangsu 315 5.14 View of the main chamber of the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 317 5.15 Restoration of the celestial images in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 318 5.16 Twenty-eight lunar lodges in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 319 5.17 Lodges Triad and Tuft in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 320 5.18 Lodge Swine in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 321 5.19 Lodge Tumulus in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 321 5.20 Gao Lu s reconstruction of the cardinal emblems 322 5.21 Extensions of the four celestial palaces in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 324 5.22 Lodge Dipper in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 325 5.23 Oracle bone inscription showing the graph bi 326 5.24 Lodge Net in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 326 5.25 Hunting scene on a decorated brick unearthed from Fangcheng, Henan 326 5.26 Oracle bone inscription showing the graph ji 327 5.27 Lodge Basket in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 327 5.28 Harvest scene on a stone carving unearthed from Yinan, Shandong 328 5.29 Collecting animal manure on a stone carving unearthed from Guanzhuang, Shaanxi 328 5.30 Figurine holding a basket unearthed from Pengshan, Sichuan 329 5.31 Dining scene on a painted brick unearthed from Jiayuguan, Gansu 329 5.32 Wind Lord on a stone carving unearthed from Anqiu, Shandong 329 5.33 Lodge Maid in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 330 5.34 Bronze lamp in Dou Wan s tomb at Mancheng, Hebei 331
xix 5.35 Lodge Ox in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 331 5.36 Lodge Ghost in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 332 5.37 Fetching water on a painted brick unearthed from Jiayuguan, Gansu 333 5.38 Abandoning the elder father on a sarcophagus discovered in Luoyang 333 5.39 Butchering a pig on a painted brick unearthed from Jiayuguan, Gansu 335 5.40 Drawing of the celestial images in the painted tomb at Fenghuangshan, Inner Mongolia 337 5.41 Drawing of the celestial images in painted Tomb M61 in Luoyang 337 5.42 Celestial charts in Essentials of the Method for the New Armillary Sphere and Celestial Globe 339 5.43 Chart of comets for divination in Tomb 3 at Mawangdui 340 5.44 Celestial chart for divination discovered in Dunhuang 342 5.45 Structure of the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 345 5.46 Sun and moon in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 346 5.47 Cranes in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 347 5.48 Toad in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 348 5.49 Three-legged crow in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 348 5.50 Animals roaming among clouds in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 350 5.51 Celestial ascent in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 351 5.52 Immortal holding a fungus in the painted tomb at Jiaotong University in Xi an 352 5.53 Immortal in the painted tomb at Qianjingtou in Luoyang 352 5.54 Immortal in the painted tomb at Technical University in Xi an 353 5.55 Deer-drawn cart on a stone carving unearthed from Nanyang, Henan 353 5.56 Pure Land painted in Cave 320, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang 355 Conclusion: Visibility and Visuality C.1 Celestial images from Qilingang in Nanyang, Henan 360 C.2 Inscription on a pottery jar unearthed from Chang an, Shaanxi 361 C.3 Layout of the tomb at Zhenzhichang in Nanyang, Henan 364 C.4 Moon on a stone carving from the tomb at Zhenzhichang in Nanyang, Henan 364 C.5 Sun and the celestial tiger on a stone carving from the tomb at Zhenzhichang in Nanyang, Henan 365 C.6 River Lord on a stone carving from the tomb at Zhenzhichang in Nanyang, Henan 365 C.7 Cardinal emblems on a stone carving from the tomb at Zhenzhichang in Nanyang, Henan 366 C.8 Rainbow on a stone carving from the tomb at Zhenzhichang in Nanyang, Henan 366 C.9 Rainbow on a stone carving in the Wu family shrines 367