14 12 10 8 6 Fujitsu VP2000 IBM 3090S Pulsar 4 IBM 3090 IBM RY6 CDC Cyber 205 IBM 4381 IBM RY4 2 IBM 3081 Apache Fujitsu M380 IBM 370 Merced IBM 360 IBM 3033 Vacuum Pentium II(DSIP) 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 NTT Fujitsu M-780 IBM RY5 Jayhawk(dual) IBM RY7 Prescott T-Rex Mckinley Squadrons IBM GP Pentium 4 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Radio Receive for Mesh Maintenance 2-6 ma Typical Current Draw 1 sec Heartbeat 30 beats per sample Sampling and Radio Transmission 9-15 ma Low Power Sleep 0.030-0.050 ma Heartbeat 1-2 ma 0 200 220 240 260 280 300 Time (seconds) Digital Integrated Circuits EECS 312 http://robertdick.org/eecs312/ Teacher: Robert Dick Office: 2417-E EECS Email: dickrp@umich.edu Phone: 734 763 3329 Cellphone: 847 530 1824 GSI: Office: Email: Shengshou Lu 2725 BBB luss@umich.edu HW engineers SW engineers Current (ma) IBM ES9000 Bipolar CMOS Power density (Watts/cm 2 ) Year of announcement IBM Z9
Review Recent history of digital integrated circuits What are the historical motivations that have driven changes in digital device implementation technologies? What is the difference between a combinational and sequential network? What substrates (device types) have been used for computation? What are the primary advantages of integrated circuits over these competing technologies? 2 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits 2. 3. 4. 3 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Remember the ENIAC? 1946. 18,000 vacuum tubes. 30 tons. 100 khz. Unreliable. What impact would ICs have on it? 4 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
IC ENIAC 30 tons 40 mm 2. 100 khz 20 MHz. Unreliable. 5 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
First microprocessor Intel 4004. 1971. 2,300 transistors. 12 mm 2. 740 khz. 12-bit addresses, 8-bit instructions, 4-bit data words. 6 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Trend for one company More than ten generations. Datapath: 4 bits 64 bits. Frequency: 740 KHz 3 GHz. In-order, cache-less Architectural features for common-case performance. Uni-processor Chip-multiprocessor (CMP). A few thousand transistors Billions of transistors. 7 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Moore s law 1965. The number of transistors in an IC doubles every 18 24 months. 8 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Actual trend 9 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Feature size trends 10 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Logic density trends 11 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Frequency trends Technology scaling delay by 30% and frequency by 43%. Frequency 1/Delay. 12 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Power trends 13 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Power density trends 14 IBM ES9000 12 Bipolar CMOS Jayhawk(dual) Prescott Power density (Watts/cm 2 ) 10 8 6 Fujitsu VP2000 IBM 3090S Pulsar 4 IBM 3090 IBM RY6 CDC Cyber 205 IBM 4381 IBM RY4 2 IBM 3081 Apache Fujitsu M380 IBM 370 Merced IBM 360 IBM 3033 Vacuum Pentium II(DSIP) 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 NTT Fujitsu M-780 Year of announcement IBM RY5 IBM RY7 T-Rex Mckinley IBM GP Squadrons IBM Z9 Pentium 4 14 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Power supply trends 15 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Productivity trends 16 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Impact of power consumption and temperature Early ICs used bipolar transistors (BJT). Easier to manufacture reliably, faster. In the 1970s, integration densities rose. Each bipolar device consumes a lot of power. Eventually power became the limiting factor in moving from BJT to MOS devices. Currently CMOS dominates. Complementary MOS logic. Likely to dominate for the next decade. 17 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Power consumption trends Initial optimization at transistor level. Further research-driven gains at this level difficult. Research moved to higher levels, e.g., RTL. Trade area for performance and performance for power. Clock frequency gains linear. Voltage scaling V 2 DD important. 18 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Power consumption in synchronous CMOS P SWITCH P = P SWITCH + P SHORT + P LEAK = C V DD 2 f A P SHORT = b 12 (V DD 2 V T ) 3 f A t P LEAK = V DD (I SUB + I GATE + I JUNCTION + I GIDL ) C : total switched capacitance f : switching frequency b : MOS transistor gain t : rise/fall time of inputs V DD : high voltage A : switching activity V T : threshold voltage P SHORT usually 10% of P SWITCH Smaller as V DD V T A < 0.5 for combinational nodes, 1 for clocked nodes.
Wiring power consumption In the past, transistor power wiring power. Process scaling ratio changing. 20 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Other (related) design trends Smaller transistors. Bigger chips (die). Lower power consumption. Higher clock frequencies. More complex designs. Lower voltage. 21 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Other (related) design trends Smaller transistors. Bigger chips (die). Lower power consumption. Higher clock frequencies. More complex designs. Lower voltage. More cores. Some of these trends are slowing. 22 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Current status Feature size: 22 nm. Integration: 700,000,000 transistors. Frequency: 2-4 GHz. Power: 100 W. 23 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Current status Feature size: 22 nm. Integration: 700,000,000 transistors. Frequency: 2-4 GHz. Power: 100 W. Only two of these characteristics have changes in the past few years. 23 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Multi-core processors Intel Core 2 Duo 24 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Summary of recent IC history Process scaling improves device count, speed. Power density increases, eventually limiting further improvements. Current move to multi-core. Also considering new device technologies, but no clear winners now. 25 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits 2. 3. 4. 26 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Levels of abstraction Hardware software system. Processor. Functional unit. Logic stage: flip-flop or combinational logic network. Gate. Transistor or wire. Physical material or doping regions. Derive and explain. 27 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
What properties must a digital device have? What allows us to treat a device as digital, and still have the system work? Does this imply certain properties for the transfer function? 28 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Completeness Technology should support implementation of arbitrary Boolean functions. Consider {AND2, OR2} and {NAND2}. Derive and explain. 30 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only true (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only false (low) signals 31 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only true (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only false (low) signals 31 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only true (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only false (low) signals 31 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
NMOSFET gate dielectric source (N) silicon bulk (P) drain (N) 32 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
NMOSFET gate source (N) dielectric channel silicon bulk (P) drain (N) 32 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits NMOS turns on when the gate is high PMOS just like NMOS, with N and P regions swapped PMOS turns on when the gate is low NMOS good at conducting low (0s) PMOS good at conducting high (1s) Use NMOS and PMOS transistors together to build circuits Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) 33 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS NAND gate V DD A B Z V SS 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS NAND gate PMOS V DD A B Z NMOS V SS 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS NAND gate V DD A B Z V SS 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
CMOS NAND gate pull up network V DD A B Z V SS pull down network 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
What is this? 35 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
What is this? How would we lay it out? V DD A B V SS 36 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Non-Credit quiz on material covered so far 1 History of integrated circuits. 1 What happens as a result of process scaling? 2 What have the motivations for major changes in device technology been? 3 What is a digital system? 4 What is a general-purpose computer? 5 What is an embedded system? 6 What is an integrated circuit? 7 What is an ASIC? 8 What is an instruction processor? 9 What is an FPGA? 2 What gate properties support use in digital systems? 1 What properties should V out V in curve have? 2 Describe completeness. 37 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Upcoming topics Enough overview: time to start building! Diodes Transistor static behavior Transistor dynamic behavior 38 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits 2. 3. 4. 39 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Lab one challenges Learning to use the tools (Friday). Understanding the circuits used in the lab (Tuesday). A note on the CAD tools market. Derive and explain. 40 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
NMOS inverter schematic 41 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
NMOS inverter simulation results 42 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Upcoming topics 6 September: Discussion in room 1620 BBB will focus on Lab 1. 10 September: MOSFETs. 43 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits 2. 3. 4. 44 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
assignment and announcement 5 September: Email topics of interest. 10 September: Read Sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3.1 in J. Rabaey, A. Chandrakasan, and B. Nikolic. Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective. Prentice-Hall, second edition, 2003. 17 September: Laboratory assignment one. 45 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits