Brock / Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience A Researcher's Guide to Scientific and Medical Illustrations
Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience Series Editor: Thomas D. Brock University of Wisconsin-Madison Tom Fenchel ECOLOGY OF PROTOZOA: The Biology of Free-living Phagotrophic Protists Johanna D6bereiner and Fabio o. Pedrosa NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN NONLEGUMINOUS CROP PLANTS Tsutomu Hattori THE VIABLE COUNT: Quantitative and Environmental Aspects Roman Saliwanchik PROTECTING BIOTECHNOLOGY INVENTIONS: A Guide for Scientists Hans G. Schlegel and Botho Bowien (Editors) AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA Barbara Javor HYPERSALINE ENVIRONMENTS: Microbiology and Biogeochemistry Ulrich Sommer (Editor) PLANKTON ECOLOGY: Succession in Plankton Communities Stephen R. Rayburn FOUNDATIONS OF LABORATORY SAFETY: A Guide for the Biomedical Laboratory Gordon A. McFeters (Editor) DRINKING WATER MICROBIOLOGY: Progress and Recent Developments Mary Helen Briscoe A RESEARCHER'S GUIDE TO SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS
Mary Helen Briscoe A Researcher's Guide to Scientific and Medical Illustrations With 172 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Mary Helen Briscoe Medical Illustrator Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Briscoe, Mary Helen. A researcher's guide to scientific and medical illustrations / Mary Helen Briscoe. p. cm. - (Brock/Springer series in contemporary bioscience) Includes biographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-387-97199-5 1. Medical illustration. 2. Scientific illustration. 1. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Medical illustration. WZ 348 B859r] R836.B73 1990 610'.22'2-dc20 DNLM/DLC 89-26214 Printed on acid-free paper. 1990 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Editorial supervision by Science Tech Publishers, Madison, Wisconsin. 10987654321 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-97199-5 e-isbn-13: 978-1-4684-0355-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0355-8
In memory of Julius H. Comroe, Jr. without whom I would not have started, and in gratitude to Wayne without whom I would not have finished.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For the many years' opportunity to practice and learn my profession, I am indebted to the Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI) and its director, Dr. Richard J. Havel. Many members of CVRI have been particularly helpful with their time, advice, and loan of books and figures. I am especially grateful to Dr. Norman Staub and students and faculty of his classes in The Art of Lecturing, Dr. Leonard Peller, Dr. Richard Bland, Dr. Donald MacDonald, Mr. Paul Graf, Ms. Rolinda Wang, Dr. Jen Tsi Yang, Dr. Wendy Wu, and to all who have given permission to use figures for this book. Ms. Ilse Saurwald of the Department of Growth and Development took time to describe photographic processes and to develop and print some of the photographs. Dr. Geri Chen and Mr. David Hardman patiently demonstrated and explained the process of making, photographing, and printing gels. For his expertise in explaining sequences and maps I am indebted to Dr. Hugo Martinez of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the University of California, San Francisco. Ms. Jori Mandelman, Dr. Martinez' assistant, generated most of the figures for the sequence and mapping sections and was also helpful with her explanations. The software developed by Dr. Martinez is remarkable for its wealth of detailed information and analytical capabilities. Its output is a basis for further hypotheses and experimentation. Ms. Leslie Taylor of the Department of Pharmacy of the University of California, San Francisco, generously donated her time to explain and show molecular models generated in the computer graphics laboratory. Ms. Julie Newdoll, artist for the Department of Biochemistry vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and Biophysics of the University of California, San Francisco, was also helpful in explaining and demonstrating molecular models. The advice, both scientific and literary, of Dr. Wayne Lanier has been invaluable, as has been the contribution of Mrs. Lilly Urbach in her perspicacious proof-reading. I feel fortunate in having access to the resources of the University of California, San Francisco. The work being done here, the technical facilities, and the visiting scientists and lecturers have been a stimulus to continuing learning and teaching. M.H.B.
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Vll CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 What is Communication? 1 An Intention to Communicate 2 Visual Communication 2 Good Illustrations 3 Using Words 4 U sing Pictures 4 CHAPTER 2 PLAN THE FIGURE 7 When to Use a Figure 7 What to Illustrate 8 How Much Information 8 Find Out About the Viewer 9 Know the Media Requirements 9 Plan Integral Figures 9 Plan for Sufficient Time and Money 10 Plan to Communicate Visually 10 An Exercise in Planning 11 CHAPTER 3 DRAWINGS AND DIAGRAMS 15 Line or Continuous Tone Drawing Communicating With the Artist 20 21 CHAPTER 4 PHOTOGRAPHS 23 Photographic Reproduction 23 Tracings 25 Photographic Figures 28 Photomicrographs 30 Gels 37 Video Images 40 CHAPTER 5 CHARTS AND TABLES 43 Charts 43 Tables 47 ix
x CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 MOLECULAR GRAPHICS 57 Genetic Sequences 57 Restriction Maps 65 Molecular Models 68 CHAPTER 7 KINDS OF GRAPHS 75 The Pie Graph 76 The Bar Graph 77 The Histogram 79 The Line Graph 80 The Scattergram 80 Overlapping Graph Forms 81 CHAPTER 8 GRAPH DESIGN 83 Axis Lines 84 Labels 95 Design Symbols and Lines 102 Texture and Contrast 104 Arrows and Brackets 105 CHAPTER 9 THE JOURNAL FIGURE 109 Journal Instructions 110 Reduction 111 Format 114 Labels 118 Consistency 120 Final Preparation 120 The Printing Process 121 CHAPTER 10 SLIDES 123 Slide Format 125 Labels for Slides 127 Color 130 Slides From Books and Journals 131 CHAPTER 11 POSTERS 135 Plan the Poster 136 Poster Text 141 Figures 145 Poster Layout 147 Poster Production 149 Poster Purpose 153 CHAPTER 12 USING AN ILLUSTRATOR 155 Communicate With the Illustrator 157 The Illustrator and the Computer 158 The Illustrator as a Resource 159
CONTENTS xi CHAPTER 13 USING A COMPUTER 161 Letters, Fonts, and Styles 163 Use Computer Options to Simplify and Organize 164 Computer Drawings and Diagrams 165 Bit Mapped vs Vector-Based Graphics 168 Computer Generated Graphs 169 Computer Print Out 171 CHAPTER 14 DRAWING BY HAND 173 Trim, Mount, and Label Tracings 174 Trim, Mount, and Label Gels 181 Draw and Label Graphs 182 Photocopy Machine for Corrections and Changes 187 CHAPTER 15 CONCLUSION 191 You Should Learn to Communicate 193 You Can Learn 193 BIBLIOGRAPHY 197 SOURCE OF ILLUSTRATIONS 199 INDEX 205