Embodiment in Language (II)

Embodiment in Language (II)

Shelley Ching-yu Depner Editor Embodiment in Language (II) Food, Emotion and Beyond 123

Editor Shelley Ching-yu Depner Department of Foreign Languages and Literature National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan ISBN 978-981-10-1797-1 ISBN 978-981-10-1799-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1799-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946957 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd.

Preface Embodiment in Language (II): Food, Emotion and Beyond is the second volume of the series Embodiment in Language. Different from the first volume where body, mind, and different animal or plant vehicles are focused on to outline the specific linguistic roles of the vehicles, this volume focuses more on the broader picture. In doing so, various contexts are chosen, for example, when speakers are angry, what embodiment expressions are used, when people want to create a more relaxing atmosphere, taboos can be avoided and jokes told, or in political and economic contexts, how animal metaphors are used, among others. Embodiment data are collected and investigated for specific research goals and presented in respective chapters which together encompass a complete book under the topic Embodiment in Language in cognitive semantic and pragmatic study. There are in sum twelve chapters including introductory and concluding chapters. The languages investigated are Mandarin Chinese, Taiwanese Southern Min, Hakka, German, Italian, Spanish, and English. Embodiment data comprise human body parts, animals, plants, emotions, and more. This book may be useful to readers who are interested in emotion expressions, jokes, and language learning. The contributors to the book are Mei-rong Wang, Cathy Ya-hua Lin, Wei-lun Tsai, Eric M. Scott, Ya-ying Yang, Tsung-shueng Huang, and Noemi Lovo. They have taken one or two years to complete the studies with interest and efforts. I would like to thank Paul Spence for his careful proofreading of the English and very helpful comments. I also owe a great deal to the anonymous reviewers of the manuscript for their insightful comments and suggestions. Lastly, I extend my gratitude to the National Science Council and National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, as well as the Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium, for having sponsored the research on which this book is based. v

vi Preface In closing, this book could not have been completed without the efforts and hard work of my assistants: Noemi Lovo particularly and Chen-ju Hung, Jasmine Li-xuan Soh, Zhen-xun Wong, and Meg Ching-yi Wang. I am grateful for having them throughout this research journey. Tübingen, Germany January 2016 Shelley Ching-yu Depner

Typographical Conventions and Abbreviations Conventions ++ Metonym e.g., +body part for person+ Literal or metaphorical meaning e.g., the fruit of something = Connecting the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning e.g., dragon-head = the leader [+] Semantic molecules e.g., [+achievements] [ ] Quasi-semantic molecules e.g., [truth] Capitalized letters Schematic types e.g., Personality is Food Categorization of the prototypical center concepts e.g., Cognition, Perception Capitalized and italicized Source and target domains e.g., Taste, Food and Personality Punchline categorization e.g., Anaphora, Answer Italicized and lower case Technical terms e.g., underlying conceit Target lexemes e.g., sweet, Sour, bean curd, and gourd Animal, plant, or food vehicle e.g., ox, dog, flower (continued) vii

viii Typographical Conventions and Abbreviations (continued) Underline Prototype of vehicle e.g., diligence, loyalty, insincerity Punchline of a joke e.g., Q: Why do women have periods? A: Because they deserve them. Abbreviations AFEs ESL GTVH IR L2 MCPC PFEs SSTH TD TLPA Animal fixed expressions e.g., jian1zui3hou2sai1 尖嘴猴腮 sharp-mouth-monkey-cheek; to be as cunning as a monkey English as a Second Language General Theory of Verbal Humor Incongruity Resolution Theory Second language Middle-class politeness criterion Plant fixed expressions e.g., jemandem eine pfeffern somebody-one-pepper = to pepper someone one; to give someone a heavy slap in the face Semantic Script Theory of Humor Target domain Taiwan Language Phonetic Alphabet

Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Shelley Ching-yu Depner Part I Embodiment and Food 2 Food Metaphors in Taiwan Hakka... 7 Cathy Ya-hua Lin and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 3 Pragmatic Functions of Hakka Proverbs: Humor, Praise and Food... 21 Tsung-shueng Huang and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 4 Fruit and Some Plant Vehicles in Mandarin Chinese, English and German... 37 Shelley Ching-yu Depner Part II Embodiment and Emotion 5 How Do Men and Women Express Emotion Differently... 65 Mei-rong Wang and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 6 Taboos in Animal Fixed Expressions in Mandarin Chinese.... 75 Ada Ya-ying Yang and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 7 Euphemisms in Animal-Fixed Expressions in Mandarin Chinese.... 93 Ada Ya-ying Yang and Shelley Ching-yu Depner Part III Embodiment in Broader Contexts 8 The Punchlines of Jokes About Women in Italian, English, Spanish and Mandarin Chinese... 111 Noemi Lovo and Shelley Ching-yu Depner ix

x Contents 9 Dragon and Phoenix Metaphors in Political and Economic Discourse... 135 Peggy Wei-lun Tsai and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 10 Prototype Effects and Cultural Implications of Hakka Proverbs.... 161 Tsung-shueng Huang and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 11 How Do Taiwanese Second-Language Learners Learn English Body Part Metonymy... 177 Eric M. Scott and Shelley Ching-yu Depner 12 Conclusion... 195 Shelley Ching-yu Depner Appendices.... 199 Index... 215

Contributors Shelley Ching-yu Depner Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, ROC Tsung-shueng Huang North District, Tainan City, Taiwan, ROC Cathy Ya-hua Lin Guishan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC Noemi Lovo Qianzhen Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC Eric M. Scott Tainan City, Taiwan, ROC Peggy Wei-lun Tsai Xinhua District, Tainan City, Taiwan, ROC Mei-rong Wang Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC Ada Ya-ying Yang Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC xi

List of Figures Figure 2.1 Example (1) Iu24 giong24 mog5 pau11 pi11, oi55 xiong31 mo11 giong24 sii11 do not spend all your money in case of poverty... 12 Figure 2.2 Example (4) Siid5 pu11 e31, mo11 liu11 zung31 enjoying rich life without leaving money for future... 13 Figure 2.3 Example (5) Xi24 gua24 va31 tai55 pien31 a person who usually flatters important people... 14 Figure 2.4 Example (11) Ngoi55 sen24 siid5 mu24 kiu24, qin24 qiong55 siid5 teu55 fu55 uncles are so kind to their nephews that they would not refuse their needs... 16 Figure 2.5 Example (12) Ngin11 qin11 oi55 zo55, teu55 fu55 oi55 mo55 socializing with others is as necessary as making bean curd... 17 Figure 2.6 Metaphorical processes of FOOD... 18 Figure 3.1 Conceptual blending of qiang24coi55 zu31 teu55fu55 Figure 3.2 green vegetables cooked with tofu... 30 Conceptual blending of diu24 ted2 ngiu11ngien31 hi55 qiong31 bo31 throw away the longan to rob the gem... 31 Figure 4.1 Semantic distribution of fruit in Chinese... 43 Figure 4.2 Semantic distribution of fruit in English... 45 Figure 4.3 Semantic distribution of fruit in German... 51 Figure 6.1 Schema of animal expressions (Hsieh 2009: 207)... 78 Figure 6.2 Relationship of cognitive mechanisms in AFE taboos... 90 Figure 7.1 Offensiveness extent by category of AFE taboos.... 98 Figure 8.1 Incongruity-resolution model... 115 Figure 9.1 Derivation of an animal expression (Hsieh 2006: 2214)... 139 Figure 9.2 Hierarchy of beings in Chinese and Taiwanese (Sun 2009: 82)... 141 Figure 9.3 Relevance theory of da4pai2zhang2long2... 144 Figure 9.4 Relevance theory of feng4mao2lin2jiao3... 149 xiii

xiv List of Figures Figure 10.1 Familiarity and daily usage frequency of animal/plant metaphors in Hakka proverbs... 172 Figure 11.1 Sentence containing metonymic component... 186

List of Tables Table 3.1 Pragmatic functions of Hakka plant proverbs... 29 Table 3.2 Top five plant vehicles in praising and encouraging Hakka proverbs... 32 Table 3.3 Prototypical features of plant vehicles in praising and encouraging Hakka proverbs.... 33 Table 3.4 Qualia structure of praising and encouraging Hakka plant proverbs.... 33 Table 4.1 Data of the five vehicles... 40 Table 4.2 Semantic molecules of the metaphorical vehicles... 53 Table 4.3 Language speakers usage of animal and plant metaphorical vehicles.... 57 Table 5.1 Comparison of the emotion terms listed by the participants.... 70 Table 5.2 The number of experienced emotion terms by different genders... 71 Table 7.1 Strategies for euphemisms (Allan and Burridge 1991).... 95 Table 8.1 Web sites used to retrieve women jokes... 114 Table 9.1 Data collected... 137 Table 9.2 Semantic molecules of long2... 154 Table 9.3 Semantic molecules of feng4... 155 Table 10.1 General information of participants... 165 Table 10.2 Appropriateness of animal/plant metaphors in Hakka proverbs... 167 Table 10.3 Appropriateness of animal/plant metaphors Table 10.4 in Hakka proverbs... 168 Familiarity (F1) and daily usage frequency (F2) of animal/plant metaphors in Hakka proverbs... 170 Table 11.1 Overall metonymic performance... 186 Table 11.2 Metonymic competence by gender.... 187 Table 11.3 Metonymic competence by grade... 187 Table 11.4 Metonymic competence of complementary pairs... 188 Table 11.5 Competence of chained metonymies... 189 xv

xvi List of Tables Appendix A.1: The Perception of Offensiveness of Each AFE Taboo.... 199 Appendix A.2: The Questionnaire of AFE Euphemisms in Mandarin Chinese... 201 Appendix A.3: Questionnaires of Animal and Plant Hakka Proverbs... 206 Appendix A.4: The Pretest of Life-Form Metonymic Comprehension.... 211 Appendix A.5: Multiple Choice Test: English Life-Form Metonyms... 212