Introduction to Digital Logic Missouri S&T University CPE 2210 Introduction and Application Areas Egemen K. Çetinkaya Egemen K. Çetinkaya Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology cetinkayae@mst.edu http://web.mst.edu/~cetinkayae/teaching/cpe2210spring2018 19 January 2018 rev. 18.0 2014 2018 Egemen K. Çetinkaya
Introduction and Overview Outline Introduction and history Applications Digital signals and systems Summary 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 2
Introduction and Overview What is Digital Logic? Digital data: discrete, non-continuous values Logic: study of (mathematical) reasoning Others: Informal logic Formal logic Symbolic logic Mathematical logic 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 3
Introduction and Overview Brief History 1847: Boolean algebra George Boole, John Venn, and Charles Sanders Peirce 1938: application of logic on circuits Claude E. Shannon 1946: ENIAC; first digital computer 1948: invention of transistor @ AT&T Bell labs John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley 1965: Moore s law number of components on ICs will double every year 2000s: billions of transistors in ICs 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 4
History Vacuum Tube http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/269 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 5
History First Transistor http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/273 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 6
History First Planar IC http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/329/1422 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 7
Introduction and Overview What are application areas? What are the application areas of digital logic? Egemen K. Çetinkaya 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 8
Healthcare Introduction and Overview What are application areas? Finance and business Consumer electronics Communications Transportation Buildings 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 9
Application Areas Transportation Boeing 787 Dreamliner Cockpit Google Self-Driving Car USS Gerald R. Ford with Japan s maglev train (603 km/h) Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 10
Application Areas Healthcare pacemaker Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) medical ventilator defibrillator 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 11
Application Areas Consumer Electronics 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 12
Application Areas Communications 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 13
Introduction and Overview What are application areas? Many application areas To improve quality of life Requires collaborative efforts to design multiple teams multiple cultures multiple nations 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 14
value Egemen K. Çetinkaya Digital vs. Analog Analog Signal Signal: physical phenomenon has unique value at every instant of time Analog signal (aka continuous signal) Infinite set of possible values Examples: temperature: 72.16 F degrees human speech pressure light time Possible values: 1.00, 1.01, 2.0000009,... infinite possibilities 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 15
value Egemen K. Çetinkaya Digital vs. Analog Digital Signal Signal: physical phenomenon has unique value at every instant of time Digital signal (aka discrete signal) Finite set of possible values Examples: pressing a button on keypad switch on/off 4 3 2 1 0 time Possible values: 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. That s it. 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 16
value Egemen K. Çetinkaya Digital Systems Representations Digital signals represented by two values on/off, 0/1 Two-value representation: binary representation A single value is called bit (binary digit) Digital system: take digital inputs generates digital outputs Digital circuits: connection of digital components Embedded systems: for a particular purpose 1 0 time 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 17
Why binary system? Digital Systems Representations 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 18
Why binary system? Digital Systems Representations Ease of operation compared to 3 digits or more ease of storage, computing, transmission Transistors operate on two-value logic transistor is a basic electrical circuit component 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 19
Digital-Analog Conversion ADC (A2D) and DAC (D2A) Egemen K. Çetinkaya 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 20
Digital vs. Analog Pros and Cons What are the pros and cons of analog vs. digital? 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 21
Digital vs. Analog Pros and Cons What are the pros and cons of analog vs. digital? Analog signal is prone to noise amplified during transmission, storage, processing Digitized analog signal is never exact due to sampling Digital signal can be compressed repetitive patterns can be encoded in other way 00000000 00 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 22
Digital Systems Block Diagram input controller actuator process output sensor Basic elements 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 23
Digital Systems Components analog phenomena electric signal A2D digital data digital data sensors and other inputs Digital System D2A electric signal actuators and other outputs digital data digital data Transducer: sensor + actuator Not all sensors/actuators require A2D/D2A conversion Digital system can be implemented: microprocessor readily available, cheap, easy to program, easy to reprogram custom circuit smaller, faster, consume less power 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 24
Introduction and Overview Summary Binary logic is the basis for digital systems Early history goes to 1850s not much done till 1938 significant progress after World War II with invention of transistor last decade is head-spinning There are many application areas of digital systems very pervasive in our lives Analog signals are continuous signals Digital signals are discrete signals 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 25
References and Further Reading [V2011] Frank Vahid, Digital Design with RTL Design, VHDL, and Verilog, 2nd edition, Wiley, 2011. [S2017] John Seiffertt, Digital Logic for Computing, 1st edition, Springer, 2017. 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 26
End of Foils 19 January 2018 MST CPE2210 Introduction and Motivation 27