The Era of Induastrial Britain (seconda parte)

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Transcription:

The Era of Induastrial Britain (seconda parte)

(To) grow, grew, grow It represented a development of the national and international market, partly as a result of the new system of transport. Capital was formed gradually in the same way as new social and professional c1asses grew, amidst struggles and hardship, generated by the new investments and therefore by capital and property.( ).

(To) grow, grew, grow Commento grammaticale, lessicale e culturale al sesto paragrafo (to) grow, grew, grown. In the same way as (così come). Amid Amidst in the midst of (fra, in mezzo a, nel mezzo di, etc.). Es.: amid the waves; amid the desert.

Saw e rise During the nineteenth century, English society and its economy underwent massive changes, the full extent of which is difficult to illustrate. The new financial system, the expansion of commercial activities and revolutionary anxieties, created a sensation of dismay which the literary sources of the period recorded to various extents and in various ways, embellishing the «taste» of the period with exotic touches.

Saw e rise In contrast to the desperation and pessimism of the growing urban proletariat, this period saw the rise of optimistic «great expectations» of successful merchants and financiers, a mixture of social and human tensions which also emerges in the writing strategies of the literary and paraliterary output of the period.

Saw e rise Commento grammaticale, lessicale e culturale all ottavo paragrafo (to) see, saw, seen (to) rise, rose, risen Great Expectations, novel by C. Dickens, which first appeared in All the Year Round in 1860-61, and was published in book form in the latter year(love story between Pip and Estella).

The most visible phenomenon was the increase in industrial production which, by around 1780, exceeded two percent for the first time ( ). It marked a leap towards the elevated levels of production which took place almost spontaneously, without the state assistance that would accompany all the other industrial revolutions.

COMPARATIVO DI UGUAGLIANZA(tanto quanto; così come): As as(con aggetivi e avverbi); as much...as(con sostantivi sing. e con verbi); as many as (con sost.plur.) Es.: We are as clever as you. He has got as much money as you. He has got as many books as you. Mary can tell as good a story as John;.as good stories as

In frasi negative: So..as (agget. e avv.); so much as( sost.sing. e verb.); so many as (sost.pl.) Es.: We aren t so clever as you. He hasn t so much money as you. He hasn t so many books as you. This is not so cheap a hat as you think; These are not so cheap hats as.. Espressioni da ricordare: As soon as possible (appena possibile). As little as possible (il meno possibile). As well as possible (il meglio possibile).

COMPARATIVO DI MAGGIORANZA (più che; più di) Aggettivi e avv. monosillabici; aggettivi bisillabi in er, -le, -ow, -y: aggiungono er. Aggettivi e avv. con più di due sillabe sono preceduti dall avverbio more Es.: long-er; thin-ner; clever-er; narrow-er; prett(y)-ier (l aggiunta delle desinenze implica il rispetto delle regole ortografiche generali); English is more difficult than Italian. Il comparativo di minoranza si forma con l avverbio less. Italian is less difficult than English. Ma se dico: John ha meno libri di me, traduco: John has got fewer books than I (have)/than me.

Molto davanti ad un comparative si traduce con much. Much more; much less: much more clever than me ; much less clever than you Il secondo termine di paragone(di, che, di quanto, di quanto non, etc.) è introdotto da: as (dopo comparativo di eguaglianza); than(dopo i comparativi di maggioranza e minoranza). Es.: Mary is more intelligent than her Oppure Mary is more intelligent than she is

SUPERLATIVO Superlativo relativo di maggioranza( il più di, il più fra, il più che) Segue stesse regole del comparativo: agg. e avv. monosillabici; aggettivi bisillabi in er, -le, -ow, -y, aggiungono est, agg. e avv. con più di due sillabe sono preceduti da the most.

Es.: She is the cleverest of all. Rome is the finest town in Italy. Mary is the most diligent pupil of all. Il secondo termine di paragone introdotto da di, fra, in, che, etc. è tradotto con of (oppure in se riferito a luogo) oppure da that (talvolta omesso) se segue una frase relativa: Rome is the finest town in Italy. Mary is the beautiful girl of all. This is the longest novel (that) I ever read.

REGOLE ORTOGRAFICHE da rispettare: Busy (y/ies): busier the busiest. Early: earlier the earliest. Thin (n-er): thinner the thinnest. SUPERLATIVO assoluto: very (con aggettivi e avverbi). Much (con participi passati). Es.: very good; very fine; much loved. Spesso con aggettivi e avverbi polisillabici si usa most senza art.: es., most interesting, most affectionate.

Far(lontano) farther the farthest Varianti sono: further furthest, nel senso di oltre, ulteriore. Es.: On further inquiry Mary found out the whole truth (in una ulteriore inchiesta M. scoprì tutta la verità). If Mary goes further than that, he will go away (se M. va oltre, lui se ne andrà).

Old: older (più vecchio)/elder (più anziano) the oldest/the eldest Le forme elder/eldest si riferiscono a persone legate da parentela, ma non si usano se seguite da secondo termine introdotto da than. Es.: Mary is her elder sister; she is much older than her/she (is). Late (tardi, recente, tardi): later (più recente/più tardi) the latest (il più recente). Latter (il secondo di due) the last (l ultimo).

COMPARATIVI E SUPERLATIVI IRREGOLARI: Good/well.:better.the best. Bad,evil (cattivo). Badly, ill (male): worse.the worst. Little: less the least (il minore, il meno). NOTARE: Minore riferito ad età si traduce younger ; a dimensione. Smaller ; a valore lower, a distanza e spazio shorter.

Es.: My younger sister; of a smaller size; at a lower price; a shorter distance. Much/many (molto/molti): more (più) the most (il più, i più). Most indica la maggior parte di e si usa anche nel senso di più di tutto : es.: Most people believe so (la magg.parte lo crede); Most of your friends. That s what surprises me most (ecco che cosa mi sorprende di più).

Latter (il secondo fra due) si usa in contrasto con former (il primo di due). Last indica l ultimo di una serie. Es. Do not come too late. We shall write to him later. Bob and John are brothers: the former is a professor, the latter is a journalist. The latest news (le ultime notizie). The last day of the year. Here is his latest poem, which will probably be his last.

Near (vicino), nearer, the nearest (il più vicino)/ the next (il successive, il prossimo, l adiacente). Es.. the next day (il giorno seguente); the next stop (la prossima fermata); the next room (la stanza attigua).

SEMPRE PIU, SEMPRE MENO. She is growing kinder and kinder (divente sempre più gentile). She is growing more and more attentive (diventa sempre più attenta). She is growing less and less attentive (diventa sempre meno attenta). più.più, quanto più tanto più, etc.. Le correlative italiane SI TRADUCONO col comparativo preceduto dall articolo: es.: The wiser you are the greater is your endurance (più sei saggio più grande è la tua tenacia). The more you talk the less you understand (più parli meno capisci).

LA LOCUZIONE AVVERBIALE: non più SI TRADUCE: se si riferisce a quantità: no more, or not..any more. Es.: He said no more (non disse più nulla); he did not want to see her any more (non volle vederla più). Se si riferisce a spazio oppure a distanza: no farther or not any farther. Es.: Having reached the forest, the party decided not to walk any farther (to walk no farther). Se si riferisce a tempo: no longer, not any longer. Es. After 8 o clock, I shall not wait for her any longer.

CFR.l uso delle espressioni formate dal passato di to have seguite dal comparativo (con valore di condizionale): Es.: I had better..than (farei meglio a che a..); I had rather than/i had sooner than (preferirei piuttosto che); I had as soon as/ I had as well as (sarei altrettanto disposta a che a ) L infinito che segue non vuole il to Es.: I had better go than stay here (farei meglio ad andare che a rimanere). I had rather leave for Italy than spend my holidays here (preferirei partire per l Italia piuttosto che passare la vacanze qui). I had as well take an exam in English as in French (sarei altrettanto disposto a fare un esame di Inglese che di francese.

W. W. Rostow (1960) considers the period from 1783-1802 as «the great watershed in the life of modern societies», that is to say, «the take-off towards sustained development» of the British economy which began the automatic and irreversible process of its economic development and which saw London transformed into an international market and imperial power.