Special Issue on Bibliometric & Scientometric Studies 1 Scientometric Analysis of Astrophysics Research Output in India 26 years Dr. R. Senthilkumar Librarian (SG) & Head (Research) Department of Library and Information Science Kongunadu Arts & Science College (Autonomous) Coimbatore- Tamil Nadu, India G.Ulaganathan LIS, Research Scholar Ph.D (PT) Kongunadu Arts & Science College (Autonomous) Coimbatore-641 049 & Librarian Dr. SNS.Rajalakshmi College of Arts & Science Coimbatore- Tamil Nadu, India Abstract This study analyzes the Astrophysics research output in India from the year 1989-2014. The data was downloaded from web of science database which was maintained by Thomson Reuteurs. The findings of the study revealed that The highest number of publications is in the year 2013 with 913 records having a Global Citation score 4342 and Local Citation Score of 324.The study shows that major source of publication in Astrophysics research comes in the form of articles. The study also applied statistical tools such as Exponential Growth Rate, Zipf s law and Half period comparison. Keywords: Scientometrices, HistCite, Web of Science, Astrophysics, Exponential Growth Rate, Zipf s law Introduction The Scientometrics is often done using bibliometrics which is a measurement of the impact of scientific publications. The research analysis of scientific publications is an important aspect of research activities in information science in recent years. The effectiveness of scientific and social science research publications, performance can be examined by scientometric analysis. Scientometrics are used to measure scientific activities, mainly by producing statistics on scientific publications indexed in databases. It is a flexible tool used to study the scientific communities, to conduct scientific strategic, technical, technological or competitive monitoring, to design and manages research programs and evaluates research. They are extremely valuable methods for evaluating research output, positioning studies and conducting foresight studies in science & technology also can be used to measure and compare the scientific activities at various levels of aggregation including institutions/departments, sectors, provinces and countries. They can also be used to measure research collaborations, to map scientific networks and to monitor the evolution of scientific fields. During the last few years, scientometrics analysis has been increasingly used and is still being used to examine and evaluate the research performance of scientists and the growth of various disciplines of science. Scientometrics is that branch of
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 2 Information Science which analyses quantitatively the published information based on bibliographic data elements. It is an academic discipline in much of the research works which are being carried out for a quantitative study of the various aspects of literature output. Birnholtz, J., Guha, S., Yuan, Y.C., Gay, G., and Heller, C (2013) have described Institutions that are spread across multiple geographic locations face additional challenges. To better understand the nature of cross-campus collaboration within a single institution and the effects of institutional efforts to spark collaboration, they conducted a case study of collaboration at Cornell University using scientometric and network analyses. Nishy, P et.al. (2012) have studied the Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B during 2005-2009 and have been analysed using various scientometric parameters like geographical distribution, citations received each year, authorship patterns, etc. Builova and Osipov (2011) have briefed information and analytical survey of the papers that were submitted to the Third International Nano technology Forum that was held in Moscow on November 1-3, 2010. Scientometric data on the participants, their origins by region and research center, as well as an analysis of the achievements and problems of Russian research on nano technologies, are given. Raja et.al. (2011) have analyzed plasmodium falciparum research publication in India measured from HistCite software and other tools. The results show that the growth of Indian literature in plasmodium falciparum deposition and make the quantitative assessment of the research in terms of year-wise research output, geographical distribution, nature of collaboration, characteristics of highly productive institutions and the channel of communication used by the scientists. Vitzthum,K et al. (2010) analyzed Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research a total of 6580 articles were analyzed during the period 1900 2008. The first article was published in the year 1964. Using different scientometric approaches, a continuous increase of both quantitative and qualitative parameters was found. The combination with density-equalizing calculations demonstrated a leading position of the United States (2,959 items published) in terms of quantitative research activities. Si, Linbo et.al. (2010) have carried out the statistical analysis to the published papers, column set, author and citation of Tsinghua Journal of Education (2007-2008) through applying the method of scientometrics, and made the appraisal of its publication characteristic and academic influence accordingly.a.i. Bonilla-Calero, (2008) has described a scientometric analysis of a sample of research output in Physics taken from the institutional repository of the University of Strathclyde ( Strathprints ). The documents in this sample were authored over the period 2000-2005 but were deposited in the repository during the period from publication up to 2007. The paper aims to analyse these data bibliometrically.yangge Tian et. al. (2008) evaluated global scientific production of geographic information system (GIS) papers from 1997 to 2006 in any journal of all the subject categories of the Science Citation Index. The published output analysis showed that GIS research steadily increased over the past 10 years and the annual paper production in 2006 was about three times of 1997s paper production. Garg et. al. (2003) analyzed 1317 papers published in the first fifty volumes of the international journal of Scientometrics during 1978 to 2000. They found that the U.S.A share of papers is constantly declining while that of the Netherlands, India, France and Japan is on the rise. The research output is highly scattered as indicated by the average number of papers per institution. Vinkler et.al. (2000) have reviewed that the evaluation of real scientometric systems needs compromises among the parties interested and between the practical applicability and the theoretical requirements of scientometrics. In the Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 3 Sciences, special scientometric indicators have been used for evaluating publication activity of research teams for about 30 years. Modified Garfield impact factors for journals as well as relative citedness of papers are applied as indicators because of differences among subfields in scientometric features of the publications assessed. Objectives To analyze the year wise publication of Astro physics research output in India. To analyze the exponential growth rate for publications. To analyze the word frequency(zipf s Law) To analyze the distribution of publication on Astrophysics research by document type To compare half Period Publication. Methodology The data for the study were retrieved from web of science database which is a scientific and indexing service maintained by Thomson Reuters. The Astro Physics research output of India was analyzed. The bibliographic details such as authors, document types, collaboration etc were analyzed using Histcite which is a software package used for bibliometric analysis and information visualization. Analysis A total of 12750 astro physics records were published in India. The research output was analyzed using various scientometric indicators. 4.1 YEARWISE PUBLICATIONS Table1: Year Wise Distribution of Astrophysics Research Output S.No. PUBLICATION YEAR RECS TLCS TGCS 1 1989 320 572 2361 2 1990 377 758 3434 3 1991 383 702 3616 4 1992 331 554 2804 5 1993 389 963 4904 6 1994 369 985 5997 7 1995 285 878 4245 8 1996 300 977 6688 9 1997 355 884 5200 10 1998 323 904 6647 12 2000 355 1011 6967 13 2001 423 1042 7771 14 2002 422 992 11018 15 2003 400 1113 10796 16 2004 395 1035 9109
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 4 17 2005 418 1080 8766 18 2006 554 1543 12066 19 2007 566 1009 8861 20 2008 625 1034 9813 21 2009 647 1133 10575 22 2010 691 865 9049 23 2011 795 657 9055 24 2012 885 483 6902 25 2013 913 324 4342 26 2014 896 88 3287 Total 12750 22486 179570 Table 1 shows the year wise distribution of Astrophysics research output in India from the year 1989-2014. A total of 12750 records were published during the given period. The highest number of publications is in the year 2013 with 913 records, having a Global Citation score 4342 and Local Citation Score of 324,followed by 896 papers in the year 2014 with Global Citation score of 3287 and a Local Citation Score of 88. The year 2006 has scored the maximum Global Citation Score of 12066 with 554 publications. The lowest number of publications is in the year 1995 with 285 records, having a Global Citation Score of 878.It is also observed from the table that even minimum numbers of records have scored higher Global Citation Scores. 1000 900 800 Yearwise Astrophysics Research Output 795 885 913 896 Records 700 600 500 400 300 320 377 383 331 389 369 285 300 355 323 333 355 423 422 400 395 418 554 566 625 647 691 200 100 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 5 Exponential Growth Rate Table 2: Exponential Growth Rate of publications S.No. YEAR Publications Exponential Growth Rate 1 1989 320 ---- 2 1990 377 0.85 3 1991 383 0.98 4 1992 331 1.16 5 1993 389 0.85 6 1994 369 1.05 7 1995 285 1.29 8 1996 300 0/95 9 1997 355 0.85 10 1998 323 1.10 11 1999 333 0.97 12 2000 355 0.94 13 2001 423 0.84 14 2002 422 1.00 15 2003 400 1.06 16 2004 395 1.01 17 2005 418 0.94 18 2006 554 0.75 19 2007 566 0.98 20 2008 625 0.91 21 2009 647 0.97 22 2010 691 0.94 23 2011 795 0.87 25 2013 913 0.97 26 2014 896 1.02 Total 12750 24.15 Average: 24.15/26=0.93 Table 2 reveals the exponential growth rate of publications for the period of twenty six years. The highest growth rate (1.29%) was found during 1995 with 285 publications. The year of 2006 witnessed the lowest growth (0.75%) with 554 publications. It finds the total exponential growth rate as 24.15 during the sample periods. The average exponential growth rate for period is 0.93.
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 6 Document Types Table 3: Distribution of Publication on Astrophysics research by document type S.No. Document Type Recs TLCS TGCS 1 Article 11389 20340 155123 2 Article; Proceedings Paper 760 539 3458 3 Letter 193 462 2318 4 Review 177 930 17196 5 Note 134 198 1262 6 Editorial Material 46 2 99 7 Correction 38 5 69 8 Reprint 8 10 36 9 Biographical-Item 2 0 0 10 Item About an Individual 1 0 1 11 Meeting Abstract 1 0 0 12 Review; Book Chapter 1 0 8 Distribution of Publication on Astrophysics research by document type 134 46 38 8 177 2 1 1 1 193 Article 760 Article; Proceedings Paper Letter Review Note Editorial Material Correction Reprint Biographical-Item Item About an Individual 11389 Meeting Abstract Review; Book Chapter The above table provides the distribution of publication on Astrophysics research by document types. It is clearly noticed from the table that the major source of publication in Astrophysics
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 7 research comes in the form of articles with 11389 records, followed by proceedings paper and letter 760 and 193 publications respectively. Analysis Of Word Frequency (ZIPF S Law) Table 4: Frequency of Keywords used in Astrophysics research # Word Recs TLCS TGCS 1 SOLAR 879 1976 11752 2 OBSERVATIONS 625 1263 8056 3 MODEL 620 1188 7562 4 RADIO 596 1492 7076 5 RAY 592 995 6945 6 FIELD 542 903 7796 7 LOW 479 851 4551 8 USING 472 694 5678 9 MAGNETIC 465 938 5728 10 BLACK 443 999 6486 11 ENERGY 440 1036 11635 12 MODELS 440 1033 5294 13 GRAVITATIONAL 435 957 10155 14 COSMOLOGICAL 434 1482 8127 15 MASS 433 690 6518 16 THEORY 406 799 6657 17 STAR 394 981 5316 18 HIGH 391 936 5874 19 TYPE 389 973 4330 20 STARS 375 712 4948 21 WAVES 365 645 5850 22 REGION 346 593 2981 23 GALAXIES 340 697 4655 24 SEARCH 333 327 4909 25 COSMIC 329 601 5362 26 EMISSION 324 696 4040 27 PLASMA 305 351 2163 28 GRAVITY 302 321 4062 29 TIME 294 381 2790 30 WAVE 294 332 4413 31 GALAXY 284 583 4093 32 ANALYSIS 277 452 3613 33 DATA 274 570 8439 34 HOLE 272 543 3902 35 EVOLUTION 268 620 4063
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 8 36 EQUATORIAL 265 508 2234 37 GAMMA 264 165 3484 38 DARK 263 684 9177 39 GALACTIC 261 631 4272 40 NEW 259 457 3599 41 EFFECT 256 384 2048 42 MEASUREMENT 250 167 4554 43 LINE 245 413 2380 44 DECAYS 242 103 3501 45 EFFECTS 242 385 2391 46 UNIVERSE 240 510 3777 47 FLUID 232 405 1411 48 SCALAR 226 348 2303 49 ELECTRON 224 395 2402 50 OPTICAL 220 567 2836 The above table presents the top fifty keywords used by the researchers in their publications,it is clearly seen from the table that the word Solar has been used in 879 records by the researchers with a Global citation score of 11752 and a Local citation score of 1976, followed by the word observations in 625 records with a global citation score of 8056 and a Local citation score of 1263. Half Period Comparison Table 5: Half Period Comparison PERIOD AVERAGE RECS AVERAGE TLCS AVERAGE RGCS IHALF 350 856 5072 (1989-2001) II HALF (2002-2014) 631 874 8741 The above table shows that in the second half period more number of articles are published compare to first half period. It shows growth rate of astrophysics research output in India.
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 9 Comparison of I &II Half period publications Records 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 631 350 856 874 5072 8741 AVGRECORDS AVGTLCS AVGTGCS Conclusion The Astrophysics research output in India as evidenced from the study has the highest publication of 913 papers in 2013 with 4342 Global Citation Scores followed by 896 papers in 2014 with 3287 Global Citation Score and 885 papers in 2012 with 6902 Global Citation Scores. An exponential growth in number of publication was observed overall between 1989-2014. The highest growth rate (1.29) was found during 1995 with 285 publications. In unfolds the average exponential growth rate as 0.93 during the study periods. The share of journal articles exhibits the most prominent bibliographic form of publication and it occupies 89.32 % (11389) of total publications, followed by proceedings paper with 760 (5.96%) contributions, letter with 193 (1.51%) contributions, Review with 177 (1.39%) and followed by remaining bibliographic forms. If a word occurs more frequently than expected of it to occur, then it reflects the emphasis given by the authors about the research field of their interest. The important words called Key Word are one of the best indicators to understand and grasp instantaneously the thought content of the papers, methodologies used and areas of research addressed to the high frequency keywords SOLAR scores first with 879 publications with the Global Citation Score of 11752, next OBSERVATIONS has scored the Global Citation Score of 8056with 625 publications..it reveals that second half period (55%) increase in average number of publications compare to the first half period.
Special Issue on Bibliometric and Scientometric 10 References Birnholtz, J, Guha, S, Yuan, Y. C, Gay, G, & Heller, C (2013) 'Cross campus collaboration: A scientometric and network case study of publication activity across two campuses of a single institution', Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(1), pp. 162-172. Bonilla-Calero, A. I. (2008) Scientometric analysis of a sample of physics-related research output held in the institutional repository Strathprints (2000-2005), Library Review, 57(9), pp. 700-721. Builova, N. M, & Osipov, A. I (2011) The scientometric analysis of publications based on the materials of the peer-reviewed journal The Physics of Nanoobjects and Nanotechnologies of the All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VINITI RAS): Graphene, Scientific and Technical Information Processing, 38(4), pp. 285-289. Garg, K.C (2003) An overview is given of the studies published in the international journal Scientometrics during 1978-2000 on cross-national, national and institutional scientometric assessment, Scientometrics, 56(2). pp. 169-199. Nishy, P, Parvatharajan, P, & Prathap, G (2012), Visibility and impact of the Indian Journal of Chemistry, Section B during 2005 2009 using scientometric techniques, Indian Journal of chemistry. (51), pp. 269-284. Raja, S. and Balasubramani, R. (2011) Plasmodium falciparum research publication in india: A scientometric analysis, European Journal of Scientific Research, 56(3), pp. 294-300. Si, Linbo (2010) The application of scientometrics in the appraisal of periodical academic influence, Wuhan Daxue Xuebao (Xinxi Kexue Ban)/Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 35(1), pp. 200-204. Tian, Y, Wen, C, & Hong, S. (2008) Global scientific production on GIS research by bibliometric analysis from 1997 to 2006, Journal of Informetrics, 2(1), pp. 65-74. Vinkler, P (2000), Evaluation of the publication activity of research teams by means of scientometric indicators, Current Science, 79(5), pp. 602-612. Vitzthum, K, Scutaru, C, Musial-Bright, L, Quarcoo, D, Welte, T, Spallek, M, & Groneberg-Kloft, B (2010) Scientometric analysis and combined density-equalizing mapping of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) research, PloS one, 5(6), pp. e11254. Follow us on: IRJLIS, Facebook, Twitter