A class and homework course 2 THIRD EDITION TEACHER BOOK Rex Sadler Sandra Sadler
Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Images and words 1 Comprehension Film poster 1 Cartoon 3 Spelling and vocabulary Behaviour 4 Language What is a clause? 6 Main clauses 6 Dependent (subordinate) clauses 6 Punctuation How well do you punctuate? 8 The craft of writing The graphic novel 8 2 Factual texts 10 Comprehension Information report 10 Autobiography 12 Spelling and vocabulary Confusing pairs 14 Language Dependent (subordinate) clauses 15 Punctuation Reviewing punctuation 17 The craft of writing Autobiography 18 3 Planet Earth 19 Comprehension Global warming 19 Spelling and vocabulary The Earth 21 Language Nouns 22 Punctuation Starting and finishing sentences 23 The craft of writing Problems of planet Earth 25 4 This sporting life 26 Comprehension The race 26 Spelling and vocabulary Sport 28 Language Proper and common nouns 30 Punctuation Punctuating fables 31 The craft of writing Becoming a better writer 32 vii viii iii
iv Contents 5 Hard times 33 Comprehension Shoes 33 Spelling and vocabulary Money matters 35 Language Collective nouns 36 Abstract nouns 37 Punctuation The full stop, question mark and exclamation mark 38 The craft of writing Poverty 39 6 Inventions 40 Comprehension Credit cards 40 Shopping trolleys 41 Spelling and vocabulary Inventions and discoveries 42 Language Singular and plural nouns 43 Forming plural nouns 44 Punctuation Commas 45 The craft of writing Describing objects 46 7 War and peace 47 Comprehension The hiding place 47 Spelling and vocabulary In the line of fire 49 Language More plural nouns 50 Punctuation Statements and questions 52 The craft of writing War and peace 53 8 All about people 54 Comprehension Robyn 54 Spit Nolan 55 Spelling and vocabulary Up-front and personal 56 Language Using adjectives 58 Punctuation Apostrophes 59 The craft of writing Using details to describe people 60 9 In the wild 61 Comprehension Stingrays 61 Spelling and vocabulary Creatures in the wild 63 Language Adjectives of comparison 64 Punctuation Capital letters 66 The craft of writing The world of animals 67 10 Music, music, music 68 Comprehension The nocturne in the corner phonebox 68 Spelling and vocabulary The sound of music 70 Language Onomatopoeia 72 Punctuation Punctuating dialogue 73 The craft of writing Using sound words 74
Contents v 11 The world of books 75 Comprehension The emu 75 Banana fact file 76 Spelling and vocabulary All about books 77 Language Synonyms 78 Antonyms 79 Homonyms 79 Punctuation Using the apostrophe to abbreviate words 80 The craft of writing What s that you re reading? 81 12 Places 82 Comprehension Beneath the sea 82 Spelling and vocabulary Describing places 84 Language Personal pronouns 85 Punctuation Direct and indirect speech 87 The craft of writing Describing a place 88 13 School days 89 Comprehension Conflict in the classroom 89 Spelling and vocabulary Education 91 Language Verbs 92 Punctuation Using the apostrophe to show ownership 94 The craft of writing School days 95 14 Disaster 96 Comprehension Plane crash in the Andes 96 Spelling and vocabulary Emergency 98 Language Verbs tell time 99 Punctuation Apostrophes avoiding confusion 101 The craft of writing Narratives 102 15 On the farm 103 Comprehension A plague of locusts 103 Spelling and vocabulary On the land 105 Language Present participles 106 Forming present participles 107 Punctuation Using commas 107 The craft of writing Plagues and epidemics 109 16 Health 110 Comprehension What it feels like to be stuck in a tornado 110 Spelling and vocabulary The human body 112 Language Past participles 113 Punctuation Abbreviations 115 The craft of writing Describing feelings 116
vi Contents 17 Abandon ship! 117 Comprehension Torpedoed 117 Spelling and vocabulary On the move 119 Language Adverbs 120 Forming adverbs 121 Punctuation Colons 122 The craft of writing The force of nature 123 18 Let s go to the movies 124 Comprehension A bundle of twists in a dragon s tale: Eragon 124 Spelling and vocabulary At the movies 126 Language Idioms 127 Punctuation Paragraphs 129 The craft of writing Writing a film review 130 19 Read all about it! 131 Comprehension Paraglider pilot survives horror storm ascent 131 Spelling and vocabulary The newspaper 133 Language Prefixes 134 Punctuation Quotation marks for speech 135 The craft of writing A news report 137 20 The great outdoors 138 Comprehension Rapids ahead! 138 Spelling and vocabulary In the wilderness 140 Language Conjunctions 141 Punctuation Question marks and exclamation marks in speech 143 The craft of writing Untamed lands 144 21 Careers 145 Comprehension A day in the life of a naturalist 145 Spelling and vocabulary People at work 147 Language Suffixes 148 Punctuation Revision punctuating sentences 149 The craft of writing What I would like to be 150 22 Numbers, shapes and sizes 151 Comprehension The great pyramids of Egypt 151 Spelling and vocabulary Counting and measuring 153 Language Numbers as adjectives 154 Numbers and prefixes 155 Punctuation Revision punctuating sentences 156 The craft of writing How/why did it happen? 157 Back-of-the-book dictionary 158 Teachers will find extra activities, Fun with words, online.
Images and words Comprehension Film poster Look at the film poster and answer the questions that follow. 1 1
2 Complete English Basics 2 Reading for understanding 1 What is the advertiser s purpose in creating this poster? The advertiser s purpose is to persuade the reader to go and see the film. 2 In this poster, what immediately draws the audience s attention? Why? The audience s attention is drawn to the scissor hands because they are so unusual. 3 How are the scissor hands positioned in relation to the two characters? The scissor hands are in the foreground and given prominence. 4 How does the poster s image show that the film is a love story? The woman has her arms around Edward s neck which suggests her tenderness and love for him. 5 Which words in the poster indicate that the young woman is attracted to Edward? Beauty is what she sees. 6 Which words tell the audience about the character of Edward? The story of an uncommonly gentle man. Innocence is what he knows. 7 an uncommonly gentle man. Why do we wonder whether Edward can be gentle? His scissor hands make it seem impossible for Edward to be gentle. 8 How does the film image suggest that Edward is the main character? Edward s face is directed towards the audience and he stands taller than Kim. 9 Why do you think the advertiser mentions two of the director s previous films, Batman and Beetlejuice? This suggests that the director is experienced: he has made two previous, well-known films. 10 Why do you think the title has edward in lower case and SCISSORHANDS in capital letters? The advertiser wants to draw the audience s attention to Edward s unusual hands. 11 What emotions are presented in the image? The feelings of love and sadness are presented in the image. 12 What else in the image, other than his hands, suggests that Edward is an unusual character? Edward s hair, clothes and make-up suggest that he is an unusual character. 12 marks
1 Images and words 3 Cartoon Reading for understanding 1 What is the cartoonist s purpose? The cartoonist sets out to condemn the civilised world for the pollution of the ocean. 2 How do the survivors know that they have reached civilisation? They know they have reached civilisation by the huge amount of rubbish floating towards them. 3 How does the cartoonist show that the survivors have endured much hardship? The survivors are thin and weak from a lack of food and their clothes are all tattered. 4 What emotions do the survivors experience when they see the garbage floating on the water? They are overjoyed and relieved to reach civilisation. 5 What has the cartoonist identified about our society s values? The cartoonist has identified our society s lack of concern about the pollution of the natural world. 5 marks
4 Complete English Basics 2 Spelling and vocabulary Behaviour guess defiance gratitude similarity truly perfection juvenile confiscate observant anonymous praise resistance impostor prohibit amiable stupidity minority completely prevention degradation unanimous rejection noisily patriotism compulsory respectable impulsive permit difficulties hurriedly Finding list words Use list words to complete these sentences. 1 minority is the opposite of majority. 2 hurriedly is the adverb formed from hurry. 3 difficulties is the plural of difficulty. 4 noisily is the opposite of quietly. 5 impulsive is the adjective formed from impulse. 6 anonymous means having no name or authorship. 7 truly is the adverb formed from true. 8 juvenile means of, or for, young people. 9 patriotism means love of one s country. 10 defiance is the noun formed from defy. 11 observant is the adjective formed from observe. 12 unanimous means everyone is in complete agreement. 13 completely is the adverb formed from complete. 14 confiscate means to seize or take away. 15 similarity is the state of being similar. 16 praise means to express approval or admiration of. 17 compulsory is the adjective formed from compel. 18 amiable means friendly and good-natured. 19 prohibit is a verb meaning to forbid or prevent. 20 respectable means good, or worthy of respect. 20 marks
1 Images and words 5 Word skills 1 Form nouns ending in -ion for each of the following list words. a permit permission d confiscate confiscation b prohibit prohibition e compulsory compulsion c observant observation f completely completion 2 Write a list word similar in meaning to each of the following words. a allow permit c totally completely b sincerely truly d foolishness stupidity 3 Write a list word opposite in meaning to each of the following words. a voluntary compulsory c slowly hurriedly b quietly noisily d ingratitude gratitude Adding list words 14 marks Complete the following by using appropriate words from your list. The first letter of each word is given to help you. Use each list word once only. The quest for freedom The r resistance group had made a u unanimous decision to depose the i impostor who was trying to p prohibit them from gaining a democracy. An a anonymous letter had been h hurriedly circulated and the people showed their d defiance by an i impulsive attack on the parliament building. A r respectable member of the community pleaded that the dictator should recognise the d difficulties faced by the people and demanded that he no longer should have the power to c confiscate their properties. Back-of-the-book dictionary The list word permit is made up of two Latin words: per meaning through and mitto, meaning I send. To permit is to send somebody through or to let someone pass through. There are many words in English that begin with the Latin prefix per-. Here are a few of them. Using the back-of-the-book dictionary, write their meanings. percolate: perennial: perforate: to drip through; to filter through the years; year after year to bore through; to make a hole in persist: to continue doing something, often in spite of difficulty permeable: able to be passed through 11 marks 5 marks
6 Complete English Basics 2 Language What is a clause? A clause is a group of words expressing a complete thought. A clause contains a subject and a verb. Clauses are often joined together to form sentences. The following sentence is made up of a main clause and two dependent clauses. Owls are able to catch small animals because they have strong night vision, which enables them to see in the dark. Dependent clause (The first dependent clause begins with the conjunction because and the second with the relative pronoun which.) Main clauses A main clause (also called a principal clause or independent clause) contains a verb and a subject. It usually makes sense on its own and may also form a complete sentence in itself. A burst of lightning lit up the sea. It very often combines with other main and dependent clauses to form sentences. Main clause Falcons are not huge birds, but they can fly very fast. Please note: in the above sentence the two main clauses are joined by the coordinating conjunction but. Dependent (subordinate) clauses A dependent clause (also known as a subordinate clause) is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. It is not able to function by itself. It usually begins with a conjunction or a relative pronoun, as seen in the dependent clauses in bold below. Dark clouds scudded across the horizon as the storm approached. The old man, who was smiling happily, hugged his grandchild. Identifying clauses Main clause Conjunction Main clause Dependent clause Identify the clauses as set out in each example. 1 When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow. from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Dependent clause: When he was nearly thirteen Main clause: my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow
1 Images and words 7 2 Once there were four children whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by CS Lewis Main clause: Once there were four children Dependent clause: whose names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy 3 He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. Main clause 1: Dependent clause: Main clause 2: He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream from The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish 4 Once upon a time there were four little rabbits, and their names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cotton-tail and Peter. Main clause 1: Main clause 2: Once upon a time there were four little rabbits their names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cotton-tail and Peter from The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter 5 When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with a party of special magnificence, there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton. Dependent clause 1: Dependent clause 2: a party of special magnificence Main clause: When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced from The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien that he would shortly be celebrating his eleventy-first birthday with there was much talk and excitement in Hobbiton 6 All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. Main clause 1: Main clause 2: All animals are equal some are more equal than others from Animal Farm by George Orwell 7 The drought had lasted now for ten million years, and the reign of the terrible lizards had long since ended. Main clause 1: Main clause 2: The drought had lasted now for ten million years the reign of the terrible lizards had long since ended from 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C Clarke 8 A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. from A Room of One's Own by Virginia Woolf Main clause: A woman must have money and a room of her own Dependent clause: if she is to write fiction 18 marks
8 Complete English Basics 2 Punctuation How well do you punctuate? Imagine where we d be without punctuation. We d have no sentences or paragraphs. There would be no capital letters to tell us where to begin a sentence, no full stops to tell us where to end one, and no commas to tell us where to pause. There would just be a never-ending block of print or writing. Reading a book, newspaper or magazine would be intolerable. To give you an idea of what it would be like, here is a dramatic paragraph taken from the classic novel Swiss Family Robinson by Johann Rudolf Wyss. Your task is to rewrite the paragraph adding capital letters, full stops and commas. The number of sentences that you need to use is indicated in the brackets at the end. Encounter with a boa constrictor after the donkey ran from the beach it arrived at the lair of the snake and stopped although the donkey realised its danger it could not move the poor animal should have fled but it stood fascinated and uttered a low groan the boa its hungry jaws wide open approached steadily until it was within striking distance the donkey could not move because it was paralysed with fear it gazed at the monster that quickly wound its long scaly body around him and then suffocated him in the horrible embrace we shuddered as we looked at the fearful sight (seven sentences) from Swiss Family Robinson by Johann Rudolf Wyss After the donkey ran from the beach, it arrived at the lair of the snake and stopped. Although the donkey realised its danger, it could not move. The poor animal should have fled, but it stood fascinated and uttered a low groan. The boa, its hungry jaws wide open, approached steadily until it was within striking distance. The donkey could not move because it was paralysed with fear. It gazed at the monster that quickly wound its long scaly body around him and then suffocated him in the horrible embrace. We shuddered as we looked at the fearful sight. The craft of writing The graphic novel A graphic novel is a novel in a comic-strip format. It is a long story told in pictures and words. It features: panels comprising words and pictures that show action and movement to develop the story gutters, which are the spaces between the panels speech balloons that enclose the dialogue caption boxes containing information about a scene or character visual sound effects using special lettering and onomatopoeia (e.g. kapow! ). 7 marks
1 Images and words 9 Creating graphic novel panels Many famous novels have been changed into graphic novels. Here are two panels from a graphic novel derived from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. Notice how the combination of words and images brings the story to life. Now try your hand at converting an incident or scene from a novel, poem or story you have been reading. Four panels are provided for you to use.