Slide 1 APA Format 6 th Edition Southeastern University Steelman Library Slide 2 What is APA Style? Created and maintained by the American Psychological Association A format for writing and documenting academic papers in the social sciences. Sixth edition released July 1, 2009 Slide 3 Why Use APA Format? Allow those who read your paper to access the information Give credit to the original writers for their ideas Provide uniform guidelines for academic papers Protect yourself from plagiarism
Slide 4 Where Do I Find APA Format? www.apastyle. org Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. OWL website: owl.english.pu rdue.edu ACE Writing Lab: 667-5137 Key Concepts: There are many rules for following APA format, and the facilitator should stress that it is nearly impossible to memorize them all. Students best course of action is to utilize the official APA handbook or the APA section in an updated composition textbook as guides for properly using the documentation format. Slide 5 Four Page Types Title Page Abstract Page Text Page(s) References Page(s) Slide 6 Title Page The running head will be used as the header for the whole paper. Include the paper s title & the author s name and affiliation. Section 8.03 (p229) Title Page Title page includes 5 elements: title, running head, author byline, institutional affiliation, and author note. Running Head is an abbreviated title that is printed at the tope of the pages of the manuscript. Should be a maximum of 50 characters. Should appear flush left in all uppercase letters at the top of the title page and all subsequent pages.
Slide 7 Abstract Page You instructor determines if you need an abstract page. Brief summary of your paper Length: 150 250 words Section 2.04 (p25-27) Slide 8 Text Page Running Head Page Number 1 Margins Double spaced Two spaces after a punctuation marks at the end of a sentence. Format of paper 8.03 p228-229 Punctuation Section 4.01 & 4.02 p87-88 Text Page Section 2.04 (Pg 26-27) Slide 9 Reference Pages Should be a separate piece of paper after the last text page. List sources alphabetically by author s last name Indent all entry lines except the first line (known as hanging indent ) Order of References Section 6.25 (p181) Example p 49-51 General Section 2.11
Slide 10 Two Types of Citations In-Text (Parenthetical) Citations Rationale: This slide establishes the two areas of APA documentation, the reference page and parenthetical citations. Reference Page (Bibliography) Slide 11 Reference Page (Bibliography) List every source that you make reference to in your paper. Provide the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your paper. Each retrievable source cited in the bibliography must appear on the reference page, and vice versa. General Reference Page Info Section 6.22 (p180) No personal communications in References 6.20 (p179) Unlike MLA, APA is only interested in what they call recoverable data that is, data which other people can find. For example, personal communications such as letters, memos, emails, interviews, and telephone conversations should not be included in the reference list since they are not recoverable by other researchers. Slide 12 Reference Page Basic citation information: Author s name Publication Date Title of work Publication information basic information needed for entries on the reference page: General Reference Page Info Section 6.22 (p180) Authors 6.25 Publication Date 6.28 Title 6.29 Publication Information 6.30
Slide 13 A Sample Reference Page Example p. 49 & 50 References should be centered two lines below the abbreviated title. All sources are double spaced and alphabetized according to author. In the past, APA has required that the first line of each entry be indented (like a normal paragraph). But the 5 th edition requries a hanging indent in which only the first line of an entry is all the way to the left while subsequent lines are indented. Notice that titles of books and journals are italicized while titles of articles are neither italicized nor put in quotes. And only the first word of a title and the first word of a subtitle are capitalized. Slide 14 Reference Page Book, Print Version Books 7.02 (p203) This example Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. London, England: Taylor & Francis. Author 6.27 (p184) Pub. Date 6.28(p185) Capitalization 6.29 Title 6.29 Publisher name 6.30
Slide 15 BIBLE References to classical works such as the Bible and the Qur an are cited only in the text of the paper 6.18 (p178) 1 Cor. 13:1 [Revised Standard Version] Slide 16 Book with Editor VanderBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Point out capitalization 4.12 (p. 228) 4.16 B 25 (p249) Slide 17 Journal Article: No DOI available Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., de Bono, J., & Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behavioral Research Therapy, 35, 297 303. Date no month needed if there is an issue number or continuous pagination 4.11 (p. 227) Issue No. - If the source has continuous pagination, you do not need to put the issue number. 4.11 (p. 227) p. 240 Capitalization for Article Title: 4.10 (p226) Capitalization for Journal Title: 4.11 (p227) Page numbers use pp. for newspapers only (p. 227 last point) Magazines (p. 227, 241)
Slide 18 Journal Article: with DOI Carretie, L. Hinojosa, J. A., Martin-Loeches,M., Mecado, F., & Tapia,M. (2004). Automatic attention to emotional stimuli: Neural correlates. Human Brain Mapping, 22, 290 299. doi:10.1002/hbm.20037 DOI p 278 p. 231 p279 Slide 19 Article from Library Databases Trice, P. D., & Bjorck, J. P. (2006). Pentecostal perspectives on causes and cures of depression. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37, 283-294. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.3.283 6.31 Electronic sources and locator information No database reference needed if DOI is available. Slide 20 Library Database no DOI. Kim, E., Newton, F., Downey, R., & Benton, S. (2010). Personal factors impacting college student success: Constructing college learning effectiveness inventory (CLEI). College Student Journal, 44(1), 112-125. Retrieved from http://www.projectinnovation.biz/index.html No retrieval date needed No database reference just the journal website URL Note: this was from EBSCO Academic Premier
Slide 21 Article with 7 or More Authors Rosler, A., Ulrich, C., Billino, J., Sterzer, P., Weidauer, S., Bernhardt, T., Kleinschmidt, A. (2005). Effects of arousing emotional scenes on the distribution of visuospatial attention: Changes with aging and early subcortical vascular dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 229, 109 116. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.11.007 7.01.2 Slide 22 Slide 23 Web page article no date Dvoretsky, D. P. (n.d.). History: Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved January 27, 2007, from http://www.infran.ru/history_eng.htm Statute in a Federal Code Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C 9401 (1988). APA Style Guide to Electronic References (p 46) End with period unless it ends with an internet address. (4.15 p231 last point). According to the manual, At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should profice a document title or description, a date (either of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an address (in Internet terms a URL). Whenever possible, identify the authors of a document as well. If there is no author, begin the entry with the title. Form for statutes Name of Act, Volume Source section number (year). Text Citation: Mental Health Systems Act (1988) Mental Health Systems Act of 1988
Slide 24 Video Weblog Post Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=vja83klqxzs Slide 25 What if... If a reference example you need is not in the manual p. 232 Choose an example most like your source and follow that format. When in doubt, provide more information rather than less. Slide 26 Shift Gears
Slide 27 General In-Text Documentation Requires 3 types of information: Author s last name Year of publication The page numbers (only for a direct quotation) The In-Text Citation allows readers to locate the source information on the Reference page Slide 28 In-Text Examples Direct Quotes Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (p.11). A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p.11). a reader should be able to crossreference back to the reference page and locate all of the publication information needed to find Cathy Caruth s book: Caruth, Cathy (1996). Unclaimed experience: trauma, narrative, and history. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP. Key Concepts: When referring generally to an article or book (rather than to a specific passage) the author should include the last name of the author and the publication year in the parenthetical reference. The facilitator may also note that the parenthetical reference is located before the period.
Slide 29 More Examples Sometimes additional information is necessary... More than one author with the same last name (H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Two or more works in the same parentheses (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997) Work with six or more authors (Smith et al, 1998) Specific part of a source (Jones, 1995, chap. 2) Examples: This slide demonstrates variations on the parenthetical reference. The first example distinguishes a book by Henry James from a work by William James by including the first initial. The second example distinguishes multiple works within a single citation by dividing them with semicolons. If a work has six or more authors, as in the third example, the citation should include the words et al, meaning and others. Finally, if the writer wants to cite a particular section of a work, chap. can be added to indicate chapter, and p. or pp. can be used to indicate page number. Slide 30 Example No Author If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title: Full Title: California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers Citation: ( California, 1999) Key Concepts: This slide provides information about additional variations on the parenthetical reference. This example demonstrates how to handle sources with no author. In this case, the newspaper article title is listed in quotation marks.
Slide 31 More Examples A reference to a personal communication: Source: email message from C. Everett Koop Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998) A general reference to a web site Source: Purdue University web site Citation: (http://www.purdue.edu) Examples: The first example illustrates a citation for a personal communication. Personal communication constitutes letters, memos, telephone interviews, and electronic forms of communication (chat rooms and email). Because these sources cannot be crosschecked by outside readers, such sources are only listed in the body of the paper, not on the reference page. The citation should include the the initials and last name of the sources, personal communication, and the date of contact. The second example depicts a citation for a general reference to a web site. If referring to a web site in a general way (no reference to specific passages or information), just the web address should appear in the parenthetical reference. Again, these sources are only listed in the body of the paper, not on the reference page. Slide 32 Example of a Text Page In the present study, older adults were equally fast to detect positive and negative information, consistent with prior research that indicated that older adults often attend equally to positive and negative stimuli (Rosler et al., 2005). Although the pattern of results for the young adults has differed across studies in the present study and in some past research, young adults have shown facilitated detection of positive information (e.g., Anderson, 2005; Calvo & Lang, 2004; Carretie et al., 2004; Juth et al., 2005; Nummenmaa et al., 2006), whereas...
Slide 33 Where can you go for additional help? ACE Writing Lab 667-5137 A Librarian Amy, Richard, or Glenn OWL web site: http://owl.english.purdue.edu Ask A Librarian Service http://www.askalibrarian.org/ Rationale: As the presentation concludes, the facilitator can remind students that they can come to the Writing Lab for extra help with APA style. Click mouse after the title question. Slide 34 Answer Trice, P. D., & Bjorck, J. P. (2006). Pentecostal perspectives on causes and cures of depression. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37, 283-294. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.3.283 No Issue Number for continuous pagination 6.27 - Author Invert authors names; give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors 6.28 Publication Date 6.29 Title Capitalization