Page 1 of 77 1 st Chapter contains the following lessons. Lesson No. Contents Page No 1 The meaning of Grammar 2 2 English Letters Classification 2 3 Some Words often used in our daily life 3 4 Sentence and Kinds of Sentence 46 5 Parts of Sentence 60 6 Parts of Speech 67 7 First Person, Second Person and Third Person 77
Page 2 of 77 GRAMMAR What is Grammar? Grammar is nothing but the rules and regulations framed for speaking and writing in any language without a mistake.! "# $ " % LETTERS # There are twenty six letters in English. Out of these 26 letters, five letters namely A,E,I,O,U are called Vowels. The remaining 21 letters are called Consonants. &! 26 # ## %'()#5 # ' A,E,I,O,U * # '"+ %,-## 21 # # '"+ %
Page 3 of 77 SOME IMPORTANT WORDS - *" # We have to know some important words used often in the Sentence. Knowing meaning and usage of the word in the sentence will help us to use these words in sentences in future. '.. /. - *""# '##.%## ' *" + '* " #! *""# + 0 0 %
Page 4 of 77 1. To ---0 0 : To me To School To my father To go to school 0 ##/0 ' 0 # # 0 0 To go to school with your son 1 # # 0 0 To drive a car To see a picture To meet my friend in Madras To take a book To go to shop to buy a book To speak with him " $2 +0 " 0 " " 0 3"+0 3"!"00 & 1 0 Note: Please note that always After To, if any verb comes, only present verb will come. There are some exceptions which will be studied in later stage. ##++# To *"0'+ " " +% 0 "#! # %
Page 5 of 77 2. In - : In Dubai In Madras In New york In my school In me In him In my father In my family In writing In speaking truth In writing a letter to my friend In seeing a picture In buying good things In having written a letter In having seen a picture In having taken a book In having discussed the matter " 4* # # / ' ' 0 + " 1 0. * "#! 0. * 3+ 5"
Page 6 of 77 Note: Please note that if any verb comes after In, it should be a present participle. In the above examples, please note that after In having, the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after In having if any verb comes, it should be a past participle. In *"0'+" " +% 6## 789 # In having *"0 '+ "!# ## # % In *" 0 ' + " -: In having *"0 '+ " -$ + "6 ##% 3.For - & : For me For you For him For her For it For them For seeing ' 1 ' ; ' ' *; *
Page 7 of 77 For writing a letter For meeting my friend For sending money to my father For having written a letter For having told truth For having beaten him For having killed a snake For having sold this house. 1 " " 1 " ' 0 ' 1 3. " '" '. " '1"," Note: Please note that if any verb comes after For, it should be a present participle. In the above examples, please note that after For having, the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after For having if any verb comes, it should be a past participle. For *"0 '+ " " +% 7%9# For # having *"0 '+ " ##" % For *"0 '+ " - For having *"0 '+ " - $ + ",!# # # +
Page 8 of 77 4. From - : From me From my father From our country From their money From the forest From writing a story From seeing a picture From learning good books From understanding this point From having known this From having seen a good man From having studied your lessons From having cut this relationship From having gone to school From having taught this lesson 1" ' -". ' *; ". " * 3! "#. 5" 3 # "' " *! "#. " - ##0 "
Page 9 of 77 Note: Please note that if any verb comes after From, it should be a present participle. In the above examples, please note that after From having, the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after From having if any verb comes, it should be a past participle. "From" *"0 '+ " " +% # # 8# #"From having" *"0 '+ " ##" #" % From having *"0 '+ " $ +% 5. With - &8 82+ : With your help With me With you, 6, +, 1 7&2+9 +7& 9 With my father ' 7& 2 +9 With money 3 7 2 +9 With her friend With pen ' ; " +
Page 10 of 77 6. Without - Without money Without hard work With no work Without seeing Without writing a letter Without earning money Without studying books Without having written a story Without having understood you Without having met my friend Without having done any work. " " *..$ 3!#. " " 3$ < 1" " "6 Note: Please note that if any verb comes after Without, it should be a present participle. In the above examples, please note that after Without having, the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after Without having if any verb comes, it should be a past participle.
Page 11 of 77 "Without" *"0 '+ " " +% # # 8 Without having *"0 '+ " ##" % "Without having" *" 0 ' + " " +% 7.On - ' $ On this table On the wall " ' On me On this instruction " On seeing this film "* On writing this letter." On having studied this matter 5".
Page 12 of 77 On having met him in time $' " On having obeyed to his words ' 1" *" ; 0,. On having visited many places On having gone to America On having understood this point On having sold this house!"# * '0 5" 3.," Note: Please note that if any verb comes after On, it should be a present participle. In the above examples, please note that after On having, the Past participle of a verb has come. So always after On having if any verb comes, it should be a past participle. "On" *"0 '+ " " +% ## 8 On having *"0 '+ " ##" % "On having" *" 0 ' + " " +%
Page 13 of 77 8. On account of Because of Due to By virtue of By dint of Thanks to Owing to By Virtue of In consequence of In the light of $ : a.he has passed the examination because of his hard work ' 1". " $ ' * % b.he did not go to school due to his illness. '1" $ ' ##0 "% c.by virtue of his hard efforts, he has achieved a good position in his life. '1". - ' '1""" '". d.on account of his having passed in First Class, he has got a good job. ' - 0 ' " " %
Page 14 of 77 e.thanks to the development of science, we have got so many things in our daily life. ' #* $ ' 75! "# 9"# # # % f.owing to his illness, he did not go to school. ' $ ' ##0". g.in consequence of his failures in life, he learnt a lot of experiences. ' # "# 7$ 9 <$# '1!"#'.. h.by virtue of his powers, the President ruled the country under control. ' '$!# $ ' = " +.& *%7& *9. 9.According to:- '! ; According to the instructions given by the Employer, the workers are doing their work. - # +" ;! ' # # '*#"" +*#.
Page 15 of 77 10.As per:-.7'.7'.9 : As per the list attached herewith, the supplier will send the goods ".. ' " #* ' "#'13*% 11.With immediate effect:-. ; The fraudulent employee has been removed from service with immediate effect. ' 7 9 "#.,+*% 12.In force: '- : The rules and regulations are in force since 1947. >?@A!#'-.
Page 16 of 77 13. - Though Although Even though -------------- / : Though he was lazy, he was very brilliant. ' ' " 6# # % Even though he is very rich, he is a very hard worker. ' $ / '. "#. 14. In the Place of In lieu of In stead of a. Please take this book instead of that box. '.0 3" + 7+ # 9%
Page 17 of 77 b.mr.kumar has been appointed as manager in the place of Mr.Ram. $- 0 # $0 *+*% 15 15. In the event of In case of : a.in the event of your passing the examination, you will get the job., 7 1" 9 * B, ' " " %% b.in case of his going to school, he will study well. ' 7'1"9##0 '. % 16.As far as I am concerned " "$ $ : a.as far as I am concerned, I have done my work perfectly. " "$ 1" "" -" % b.as far as he is concerned, he is very good in all the ways. '" "$!# ' %%
Page 18 of 77 c.as far as you are concerned, you can get the prize. " " $,' $" -.6% 17. So far: "$ : I have not completed my work so far. "$ ""-."%% 18.Till now:- " $ Till now, he has not finished his work. "$' ' ""-."% 19.When 8 a.when did you come to my house?, 1",+0 b.when you came to my house, I was doing my home work., 1",+0,+"". %
Page 19 of 77 20.After 0 s: a.i am not after money. 0 " 7" 9% b.i came here after you had left the office.,'"+0!. c.after seeing my brother, I returned home by bus. $" *0,+0 % 21.Before: - You should reach office before 10 A.M ">C 0-,'"'" +% You had completed your office work before you went (left for) home.,,+0 0 7 9-, 1" ' ""-.. Before seeing you, I had met him on my way to house. " *0-,+00 '".
Page 20 of 77 22.In front of :--.- - The coconut tree is in front of my house. ' " $ 1",.0-. 23.Below:, A student should not secure marks below 35 out of 100. >CC0DE0, #+ 7/9. 24.Above: A student should obtain marks above 35 out of 100 to pass in the examination. * 0 >CC 0 DE80 #+ +%. 25.With Reference to: 0 +0 With reference to your letter dated 25 th March 2003, I do hereby bring to your kind attention the following points. * (D (CCD!; ". 0+ 709, "#!#' 3 0 F + %.
Page 21 of 77 26. On the go:- My mother is always on the go in kitchen. "" '#% 27. As regards In regard to With regard to Regarding +0 a.regarding the advertisement in the Hindu news paper for the post of Manager, I apply for the same. #*" # # # # $ '1. 28. As soon as: As soon as the police arrived the spot, the thief escaped from the house.,b ' 0 ' ',. %
Page 22 of 77 29. No sooner than No sooner did the police arrive the spot than the thief escaped from the house.,b ' 0 ' ',. % 30. If : If you work hard, You will pass in the examination.,. ",*. 31. Unless: Unless you work hard, you will not pass in the examination.,. " 7 " 9,* %
Page 23 of 77 32. Despite In spite of Notwithstanding 1 a.despite his having failed in the SSLC examination, he has come up in life. ' (' )B%BB"1' -. b.in spite of his working hard, he could not get good marks in the examination. '1". "3 1 ' * "#-.". c.notwithstanding the warning by the management to remove the workers from service, the workers continued their strike. #*"#,0 0 * " 1 ' #*# ' *# " " **# %
Page 24 of 77 33.Now that:-., Now that he had passed the Higher Secondary Examination with good marks, he applied for the Higher studies in Medicine. ; ' '"G * *.79. 1 % 34.As :- As he had gone to Gulf Countries for a good position, he earned a lot of money. "7"09"#0.0' ' <$# ". 35. As long as:- 0"$ $ As long as he was alive, he lived for poor people and nation. ' $+" $' <" ;..
Page 25 of 77 36.As a general rule / In general :- As a general rule, We should respect the rules and regulations of a country where we live in..! "# +. 37.With the help of / By means of :- F Our thoughts are generally expressed by means of words. *"# 7F9!# #++. 38.By all means:- / / / By all means you will succeed in the examination. 7 9,*% 39. a man of means: rich man - $ Mr.Ramanathan is a man of means. $ $ %
Page 26 of 77 40.Beyond Measure :- Very big -' 8'# -. : Her joy was beyond measure. '# '#-.'#0% 41.Nevertheless: 1 He did not study well nevertheless he hopes he can win first rank. '." 1 ' - $! -.6 1' 3 % 42. By mistake: By mistake, he forgot to take his umbrella during the rainy season. ' *" 0" " +0 *%
Page 27 of 77 43. On behalf of : * He took this problem to the management on behalf of workers. ## **0$ " "' + % 44. In accordance with: '.! In accordance with your instruction, they have done their work without fail.!#"!'*#!#"" *# % 45.In order to: 0 $ 0 He reached the Railway station in order to send off his friend in time. ' " $'1"07'1"0 $ 0 9' $" " '" %
Page 28 of 77 46. In course of : In course of time, he realized his mistakes. ' ' "# * % 47.Agreeably to:! Agreeably to the terms of settlement, we have paid the money in time.,* " ; 0!! # $' " % 48.In favour of: The money has been sent by our company in favour of M/s.Lotus Co.Ltd. B $7 9! # ' 1 " +% 49.Provided that: " We will do the work provided that the employer should pay the salary in advance. -# #"-7-.9 + "! # " " %
Page 29 of 77 50. On the ground that: He was punished by the court on the ground that he was found guilty. 0 # ' +. '." ',. % 51. About to: He was about to leave this company. ' " + % 52. As if As though " a.he talks with others as if he were rich. ' $ " *#
Page 30 of 77 b.the office boy behaves in the manner as though he were a manager of this manager. ' ' " #" $ 53. On the verge of On the brink of # ; The country is on the verge of disaster. +' # ##79. She is now on the brink of shedding tears. '#,*#"# #7"9 ### 7#9. 54. On one s own accord: 5.. He has resigned his post on his own accord due to some personal problems. $ " # $ 7' 5.9' ""$=.
Page 31 of 77 55. Far and near:!!#7" 7" #9 People came from far and near to see this building. #."*0!#*#. 56. In time : $ $ We went to theatre in time to see this film. " *0 $ $0! #. 57. In vain :, He tried in vain to get first rank. -$!"0, - %. 58. In a moment: 0 In a moment, there was an utter silence when he entered the house. ',.0#H"'! -" '" %.
Page 32 of 77 59. Ins and outs: -" $!# He knows the ins and outs of this subject. ' -" $!"#'. 60. In the nick of the time: $ $" $ He disclosed all the facts in the nick of the time. $ 7" 9$' ""#6 # 7#+ 9. 61. Little by little: Little by little he earned a lot of money. ' <$# ". 62. On the whole: On the whole he has done a very good business. ' ".
Page 33 of 77 63.To and Fro: - 1 1 He walked to and fro on the platform. $' - 1 17'!0!09. 64. One by one : Please read these sentences one by one.!"#. 65. All of a sudden: I$ All of a sudden the police came to the house and arrested the two persons. I$,B',.0$ +*"#".. 66.At the most: ' 7/. 9 At the most I can help the poor man by giving Rs.100/= J>CC+ F ' ' <" 1 0 -.6%
Page 34 of 77 67.At any rate or At any cost :,. I can pass the examination with good marks at any cost.. ; * -.6. 68.At once:. You should do the work at once.,'"". +. 69. At a stretch $.$F At a stretch you cannot finish all the pending jobs. " # # " "#,$.79 -.% 70. At last " He confessed his mistakes at last. ' " ' "#.
Page 35 of 77 71.As well as: +79 9 Raman is a doctor as well as a very good business man. $ *+ $. 72. At the top of: $ He is at the top of name and fame. ' 3. 73.By the way of: F I told him this matter by way of joke. '105"" ". 74.Day by day: ; The Prices are increasing higher day after day. " #; *. 75.For a while: K K $ He took some rest for a while after doing a hard work.. " 0' K $K 2 +.
Page 36 of 77 76. From head to foot: "-"$ " $ He looked at the stranger from head to foot. ' ''"$"-"$. 77.For want of: " 7" $ 9 For want of money, he could not continue his studies further. 3 " $ ' '." -.". 78.For the sake of: $ 79 He died fighting for the sake of his country. '. "+7 9. 79.For the purpose of: $ He went to Dubai for purpose of earning a lot of money in a short period. 0" <$# " 0 $ '.
Page 37 of 77 80. In a short span of time: 0"# He cannot finish the work in a short span of time. 0"#' '""-.-.. 81.From far and wide:!!# # People came from far and wide to see the beautiful building. ''"*!##*#. 82.At '# At first 88- At 8 O clock ---+ '# At Mela Kadayanallur 88" Note: We have to use the Word At to denote for Time and Small Places. $" 8! "# 0 0 " At" # *" " + +.
Page 38 of 77 83. Of: " Leg of the chair -- ' 7 " 9 Capital of Tamil Nadu --. 7 "9"* Of his life --' "" At the end of the Meeting --/ 7 "9 Novels of Shakespeare ---5B # 84.But for: But for her help, he could not have studied well. ' ; " '. -.. 85. Once upon a time Once upon a time in a forest, there lived a beautiful lady named Latha. # # '. 7'! 9# %
Page 39 of 77 86.By force of circumstance: L" $ By force of circumstance, I could not go to England, leaving my family members. 0 +*"# ++ L " $!0 -.". 87.At large 8Free 88 88# 88 88$ $ The escaped prisoner is still at large. '. "" 1#$. 88.By and large -- By and large I like her conduct and characters. ' "60!"#63. 89.As a last resort / in the last resort: - " 3 As a last resort, he decided to sell his house to settle his debts. ' "#,*0',"" 7" 39',*.
Page 40 of 77 90. Out of Question: impossible 88 88-. -. His efforts to go to Dubai are now out of question. 0 ' - #"0-.. 91.On the way to : 0 I met my friend on the way to Calcutta. 0 ". 92.In the middle of: +79 +79 The employees were standing in the middle of the road and demanding their rights. & # # $. +' *# ""# "6 + +*#% 93.Off and on:' 7++9 It rained off and on. -"'.
Page 41 of 77 94.At the eleventh hour: " $ He was studying his lessons at the eleventh hour. ' " $'!"#... 95. Past time 0 0 Reading novels is his past time. #.' % 96.On the other hand: He had not helped me even though I was in need of money in my rainy time but on the other hand I am helping him at his rainy days. 5 " 6# # / ' 0 "%& ' 5# + %
Page 42 of 77 97.Once in a blue moon: '34* '34* He comes to house to visit my parents once in a blue moon. '34*' *"#*",.0 % 98.In Cold blood: $88 88" 88 88M$ M$ Sometimes one of friends behaves with others in cold blood. $! # *# *# M$ " 7# 9. 99.In the event that: In the event that you do not pay the money in right time, your credit facility will be stopped without any notice. $ ' ". 7 9!# #'0"$6+.
Page 43 of 77 100.Off: Cancelled/ delayed ---- $ + The proposed meeting is off. ',* /$.. 101. Pros and cons.!# 88 88 ","# You have to consider the pros and cons before taking any decision in any problems. $ " -.+0-,!#'!"# 0+.7 +9. 102.As usual: He is late to office as usual. ' &,0. 103. Through and through: -" He is an honest person through and through. ' -"*".
Page 44 of 77 104. Through: I saw the person walking in the street through the window. =.'"$*. 105. Whereas: 7' 9 Some people like fatty meat whereas others hate it. #3##" "3 *' *#'"*#. 106. To the extent of: - '' ''#0 #0 He has come to the extent of criticizing me in the presence of others. *# - " " * 6#0' % 107. At the outset -&$ - $ At the outset, he thanked you very much for your help. -' 1" / % 108. As of : from -- As of today, you have been appointed as a Manager of this company. ",! # # $+,*# %
Page 45 of 77 109. In the presence of: - " I want to say some thing about my history in the presence of you.!#- " $" " 3 % 110. As a consequence of: "# "# As a consequence of the recent budget, the prices have gone up at all levels. " =. "# " # " # * %
Page 46 of 77 SENTENCE What is a sentence? A sentence is a group of words which gives a complete sense. -" '*" + *"# 0 0% : 1.Raman went to school. $ ##0 %. 2.Raman did not eat a mango. $ " ". 3.Do they read news papers?. '*# #"# *# 4.Where did they buy a book? '*#!3"! *# 5.Go to school and study. ##0..
Page 47 of 77 6.Do not talk in the class room. 0". 7.Please help me to lift the box.." *79 0. 8.What a picture! N 9.What a cruel king he is! M$ '$ ' N 10.How beautifully she danced! #''#&. #N The above each and every sentence has a group of words. At the same time, each sentence gives a complete sense. ## - *"# 0" ## % ' - -" '*" +%
Page 48 of 77 Kinds of Sentence " # There are four kinds of sentence. These are as follows. 0 " +%'" # O 1.Assertive Sentence ----- 2.Interrogative Sentence ---# 3.Imperative Sentence --- "# 4.Exclamatory Sentence. & 739 1.Assertive Sentence: A Sentence which gives an affirmative or a negative sense is called an Assertive Sentence. ' *" " + '"+%. 1.Raman eats an apple. $ &"# + %
Page 49 of 77 2.Kamala has gone to Madras. " 0 #. 3.Rahim had seen a picture. $G," * % 4.The teacher teaches grammar. '& * "*. 5.Gopal does not write a letter.."". 6.Rahul will not fight with his brother. $0'1" $1 " % 7.Rahim has not gone to Singapore. $G,!34*". 8.I do not want to harm others. *"# 30 3". Please note that the above sentences are giving affirmative and negative senses. ##!# *" '*!"# +. ".
Page 50 of 77 An assertive sentence is divided into two types namely 1. Affirmative Sentence and 2. Negative Sentence. $ +%' >% +(%*" 1.Affirmative Sentence: + A Sentence which gives an affirmative sense is called an Affirmative Sentence. '*"+ + '" +%. 1.Raman eats an apple. $ &"# + % 2.Kamala has gone to Madras. 0 " 0#. 3.Rahim had seen a picture. $G," * % 4.The teacher teaches grammar. ' & * *%
Page 51 of 77 2.Negative Sentence - *" A sentence which gives a negative sense is called a negative sentence *" " + *" "+. 1.Gopal does not write a letter.."". 2.Rahul will not fight with his brother. $0'1" $1 " % 3.Rahim has not gone to Singapore. $G,!340 ". 4.I do not want to harm others. *"# 3 3".
Page 52 of 77 2.Interrogative Sentence # A sentence which gives a sense of asking or questioning is called an Interrogative sentence. #+ '*" # '" +% 1.What do you want?, 3 2.Where did you go yesterday?,! 3.How are You?,. 4. How old are you?," 0" 5.Who are you?,$7,*9.
Page 53 of 77 6. What is your father? 1"' * ' * 7. Have you finished your work?, ""-. 8.Will you meet me in Madras? ", " 9. Are you happy in doing this work?. "", 5 10. Will you help me?, 0 11. Did you study these subjects?!"#,. 12. May I come in? ##$
Page 54 of 77 An Interrogative sentence is divided into two types namely 1.Specific Type and Yes or No Type # $ +%' >%- " " # (%&'" "#.. 1. Interrogative Sentence under Specific Type - " " # An interrogative sentence which gives a specific or full answer type is called An Interrogative sentence under Specific Type - " " # -, ### '"+. s 1. What do you want?, 3 2.Where did you go yesterday?,!0 3.How are You?,
Page 55 of 77 4. How old are you? 0" 7," ## 9 5.Who are you?,*7,$9 6. What is your father? ' * 2. Interrogative Sentence under Yes or No Type & ' " " # An interrogative sentence which gives a Yes or No answer type is called An Interrogative sentence under Yes or No Type &'" " # & ' ", ## # '" +% s: 1. Have you finished your work?, 1"""-. 2.Will you meet me in Madras?, " "
Page 56 of 77 3. Are you happy in doing this work?. "", '" 4. Will you help me?, 0 5. Did you study these subjects?!"#. 6. May I come in? ##$ 3. Imperative Sentence "# A sentence which expresses a command or an entreaty is called an imperative sentence. "# ' +"# #+ "# '"+%. s 1.Do what I say. ".
Page 57 of 77 2.Do not go to Madras. " 0. 3.Obey my instructions. 1"" ; 0++. 4.Go to shop and buy a book. "03!0. 5.Go to shop to buy a book. 3! 0 0 " 0 % 6.Please follow my ways. 1""#. 7.Please advise him so that he can correct himself. ' " ## -.6 '10'"$ %. 8.Please treat him in a good manner. '" -" % 9.Please hear my advice and then do your work. 1" '"$"# + 0 1" "".
Page 58 of 77 10. Please try to understand our situation. -"""3##-. 4. Exclamatory Sentence & $7 39 A sentence which expresses the feeling of mind such as joys and sorrows is called an exclamatory sentence. ' * " #+ 3 '"+%. 1.What a picture it is! N 2.What a sad news! N 3. Hurrah! we have won the match. G P$$N'.=.
Page 59 of 77 4.Alas! the leader was dead. #N'"**. 5.How beautifully she dances! ''#.+#N Note : We can learn more about sentence when we are going to study Direct and Indirect Speech.!"# 1'*/'/.0$##-.6.
Page 60 of 77 PARTS OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE $ 0 # SUBJECT AND PREDICATE " A simple sentence has two parts namely 1.Subject and 2.Predicate $ 0"# %'">% (% " What is a subject in a sentence? A Subject in a sentence is the part which indicates the person or thing we are speaking about. #'"$0 0 +% What is a predicate in a sentence? " A predicate in a sentence is the part which tells something about the subject. 0" ' " +%
Page 61 of 77 The following table will explain the subject and the Predicate in a sentence.,'" " # 0 % Sl.No Subject Predicate 1 He Eats an apple. 2 She Goes to school. 3 They Have seen a picture. 4 Kumar Has written a letter. 5 The bus Comes here. 1. He eats an apple. ' & # + % 2. She goes to school. ' # # # / 0 # % 3. They have seen a picture. '*#"**#% 4. Kumar has written a letter. 0*. % 5. The bus comes here. '!%
Page 62 of 77 Note: 1. A subject of sentence always comes first in a sentence. We can understand this from the above examples. - %" 8 # F 3 # # -.6% 2. Some times in poetry and some other sentences, a subject in a sentence comes last in the sentence. +#!# $!# " $%' 8#,O s: 1. On the top of the hill lives the hermit. ' ' " *% Here the subject - the hermit (The hermit lives on the top of the hill) 2. After the storm comes the calm. 30 '"% Here the subject the calm. (The calm comes after the storm)
Page 63 of 77 3. Here comes the bus.! % Here the subject the bus. (The bus comes here) 4. Once upon a time ruled over this country a king. - ' $ " & % Here the subject A king. (Once upon a time a king ruled over this country) 5. Under the table are some boxes..# " =, % Here the subject Some boxes. (Some boxes are under the table) 3. A subject of a sentence will not come in an Imperative sentence but it is understood. "#!#$& '3$##+% s. 1.Go to school. # # %
Royal Easy English Grammar Through Tamil Page 64 of 77 2.please bring the book. ' 3" +% 3.Do not go there. '!% 4.Be happy. 5% 5.Do not waste your time. 1"$", % In the above sentence, the subject You is understood. ##!#Q,Q 0#!0% Object in the Predicate " +# We can find out an object in the Predicate of a sentence. " +"# +## -.6%
Page 65 of 77 What is an Object? +# If a question of what, which, whom. To what, to which, and to whom is raised with the verb in a sentence, the answer for the question is called an Object. ##" ""$00 # + ' # + # '" +% s. Sentence Objects for the Verb in the sentence 1.I killed a snake. A snake " % 2 3 2.They gave me a book. ' *# 0 3+*# % Me, A book < 0 3 3.Kumar has drunk water. 0*,*0. % Water,* 4.Sita sings a song.,++# % A song 2 + 5.Tamil films attract many foreigners. Many foreigners! # # *"# * % # *#
Page 66 of 77 6.They have distributed the students sweets. '*# 3"# ' *; 0! *# % The students, Sweets - *#8 3# 7.I bought my brother a car. My brother, A car $1 0 " $! % $ 8* 8.They have seen a picture. ' *# " **# % A picture 2 9.He will give me a gold watch. ' 0!.$ % 10.They have given me a pen ' *# 0 +*# % Me, A gold watch < 0 8!.$ Me, A pen < 0
PARTS OF SPEECH # "# Page 67 of 77 Words are divided into eight parts according to their usage or work they do in a sentence. These are called parts of speech. # " '.! *"# + "# + %'" # "# '"+. Eight Parts of Speech 1. Noun * 2. Adjective * 3. Pronoun 3$* 4.Verb " 5.Adverb " 6. Preposition " 7.Conjunction " 3 8.Interjection 3
Page 68 of 77 1.NOUN A word which is used to express the name of a person, a place, an animal, a bird, a thing or a quality is called a noun. "# " "$ #+ + * '" +% : 1. Akbar was a king. ' *' $ *% 2.The Sun rises in the East. L % 3.Tamil Nadu is one of states in India. +##!# % 4.The Dove flies in the Sky. '3&% 5. The pen writes well. & % 6.Her knowledge made her get good position in the office '; "''""'" %
Page 69 of 77 2.ADJECTIVE * A Word which qualifies or describes a noun is called an Adjective. * " ' * "+% 1. Sita is a beautiful girl,' #. 2. Kumar is a clever boy. 0*3 ". 3.This is a red pen. 3. 4. Chennai is a busy city. " $. 5. Rahman is a generous man. $0 $#0 -## %
Page 70 of 77 3.PRONOUN $* A word which is used instead of a noun is called a Pronoun. * 0 + $ * '"+% : Rama went to forest. He saw a tiger $ +0 %' 3" * % In this above sentence, the word "he" has come instead of Rama. So He is noted as pronoun. ## ' *" $10 ++# # % ' *" $ * + Please note that all First person, second person and third person are called Pronouns. < "- "*"*"#$* '"+ " %
Page 71 of 77 4.VERB " A word which expresses an action or a state is called a verb. " " " # + " '"+% :- Rahim went to school. $G,##0 % Kamala dances very well. +# % Ram is a teacher. $& $*% Mohan will come to my house 1",+0 % He has sung a song. ' +. %
Royal Easy English Grammar Through Tamil Page 72 of 77 5.ADVERB " A word which is used to add some thing to the meaning of a verb or an adjective or an another adverb is called an adverb. " ' * ' " ; 0 7'*0 9< " * +*"" '"+% : Sita writes an essay beautifully.,+" $" ' # % Kumar is a very good boy. 0 *" % She has danced very beautifully. ' # '.# % He did the sum quickly ' ' " % The pen is very beautiful. ' ' % The boy used the word quite correctly. '" ' *" " + %
Page 73 of 77 6.PREPOSITION " A word which is used to show the relationship between two words is called a preposition. $ +*" ; 0 " # # *" + + *" " '"+% : 1.Ravi sat on the wall. $ * % 2.Sheela went to school. 5,# # 0 # % 3.Kamala killed a snake with a stick " # % 4.He worked for this nation. '. " % 5.He has come from America. ' '
Page 74 of 77 7.CONJUNCTION " 3 A word which is used to join two words or sentences is called a Conjunction. $ + *"# '!# " " ++ *" " 3 "+% s: 1. Ram and Hari went to school. $-G 6##0 *#% 2. He passed in the examination because he had studied very well. ' " '. % 3. A sentence cannot finish with because because because is a conjunction. -< *"-.< < " 3 %
Page 75 of 77 8. INTERJECTION: 3 A word which is used to express some sudden feelings of joys and sorrows arising out of mind is called an Interjection. I$ 5 *"# # + + 3 '"+% : 1.Alas! she was dead. ' N' # # % 2.Hurrah! We have won the match. G NH.= % 3.What a picture! N 4.What a sad news! / N
Page 76 of 77 FIRST PERSON, SECOND PERSON AND THIRD PERSON I My- Me Mine- 1" 08 " 1" 1 ST PERSON We!# Our -" Us 0 "8!"# Ours -"!; "!; 0!; " You Your You Yours 2 nd PERSON H, You,!# 1" Your!; " 08 " You!; 0!"# 1" Yours!; " He ' His Him '" His &* '1" '10 &1" '" '0 &" '"$ She Her Her Hers &# '; " '; 0 &; " 3 rd PERSON It ' Its '1" '"# It '0 Its &1" '" They Their Them Theirs &*# '*; " '*"# &*; " &"# '"; " '*; 0 &"; " '""# '"; 0
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