Contents Acknowledgments Introduction vi vii Strategies for learning vocabulary 1 Learning vocabulary: general advice 2 Learning vocabulary: specific techniques 3 Organizing a vocabulary notebook 4 The names of English language words 5 Using your dictionary 6 Reviewing vocabulary 7 Guessing and explaining meaning Word formation 8 Suffixes 9 Prefixes 10 Roots 11 Abstract nouns 12 Compound adjectives 13 Compound nouns: noun + noun 14 Compound nouns: verb + preposition 15 Words from other languages 16 Abbreviations and acronyms 17 New words in English Words and pronunciation 18 Words commonly mispronounced 19 Onomatopoeic words 20 Homonyms Connecting and linking words 21 Time 22 Condition 23 Cause, reason, purpose, and result 24 Concession and contrast 25 Addition 26 Text-referring words 27 Discourse markers in speech 28 Discourse markers in writing Countable and uncountable nouns 29 Uncountable nouns 30 Nouns that are usually plural 31 Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings 32 Collective nouns 33 Making uncountable nouns countable 34 Containers and contents iii
Topics 35 Countries, nationalities, and languages 36 The weather 37 Describing people s appearance 38 Describing people s character 39 Relationships 40 At home 41 Everyday problems 42 Global problems 43 Education 44 Work 45 Sports 46 The arts 47 Music 48 Food 49 The environment 50 Towns 51 The natural world 52 Clothes 53 Health and medicine 54 Transportation 55 Vacations 56 Numbers and shapes 57 Science and technology 58 Computers and the Internet 59 The media and the press 60 Politics and public institutions 61 Crime 62 Money and finances Feelings and Actions 63 Belief and opinion 64 Pleasant and unpleasant feelings 65 Likes, dislikes, and desires 66 Speaking 67 The six senses 68 What your body does Basic Concepts 69 Number, quantity, degree, and intensity 70 Duration of time 71 Distances and dimensions 72 Obligation, need, possibility, and probability 73 Sound and light 74 Possession, giving, and lending 75 Movement and speed 76 Texture, brightness, density, and weight 77 Success, failure, and difficulty iv
Idiomatic expressions 78 Idioms and fixed expressions: general 79 Everyday expressions 80 Similes 81 Binomials 82 Idioms describing people 83 Idioms describing feelings and mood 84 Idioms connected with problematic situations 85 Idioms connected with praise and criticism 86 Idioms connected with using language 87 Miscellaneous idioms 88 Proverbs Phrasal verbs and verb-based expressions 89 Expressions with do and make 90 Expressions with bring and take 91 Expressions with get 92 Expressions with set and put 93 Expressions with come and go 94 Miscellaneous expressions Special Topics 95 Headline English 96 The language of signs and notices 97 Words and gender 98 Formal and informal words 99 Varieties of English 100 American English and British English Pronunciation symbols 202 Index 203 Answer key 236 v
Unit 42 Global problems A Disasters / tragedies earthquakes [the earth moves/trembles] hurricanes / tornadoes / typhoons [violent winds/storms] volcanoes [hot liquid rock and gases that pour from a mountain] explosions (e.g., a bomb) war / civil war / unrest major accidents (e.g., a plane crash, a fire) floods [too much rain] drought [no rain] famine [no food] epidemics [diseases affecting large numbers of people] and pandemics [diseases affecting almost everyone in an area] Verbs connected with disaster/tragedy words A volcano has erupted in Indonesia. Hundreds are feared dead. The flu epidemic spread rapidly throughout the country. Millions are starving as a result of the famine. A big earthquake shook the city at noon today. The area is suffering its worst drought in many years. Civil war has broken out in the north of the country. A tornado swept through the islands yesterday, destroying hundreds of homes. note injure is used with people, and damage is used with things, e.g., Many people were injured and dozens of buildings were damaged in the hurricane. B C Words for people involved in disasters / tragedies It was a terrible accident, with only three survivors. [people who live through a disaster] The real victims [people who suffer from a disaster] of the civil war are the children. Thousands of refugees have crossed the border looking for food and shelter. The explosion/typhoon/flood resulted in 300 casualties. [dead and injured people] Headlines about diseases and epidemics Rabies out of control in many parts of Asia New malaria drug tested Cholera and typhoid shots not needed, claims Tourism Minister disease that can be disease caught from diseases caused by caused by a bite from certain mosquitoes, infected food and water a dog, raccoon, etc. causing fever 84
Exercises Unit 42 42.1 Write the type of disasters from A on page 84 that these situations are about. Then explain what each disaster means. 1. The lava flow destroyed three villages. volcano; lava is hot liquid rock that comes from a volcano. 2. The earth is cracked and vegetation has withered. 3. The tremor struck at 3:35 p.m. local time. 4. People boarded up stores and houses and stayed indoors. 5. Shelling and mortar fire could be heard all over the town. 42.2 Complete this table, using a dictionary if necessary. Where there are dashes, you do not need to write anything. Verb Noun: thing or idea Noun: person/people Adjective destroy ------- erupt ------- ------- explosion ------- injure the injured starve ------- survival ------- 42.3 Read these headlines and say whether the situation is getting worse or better, or whether a disaster has happened or has been avoided. Police Defuse Bomb 1. Poison Gas 3. 5. Cloud Spreads Hurricane Smashes Coast 2. 4. 6. AIDS Time All Survive Bomb Ticking Emergency Away Landing Flood Warnings Not Heeded In Time 42.4 Fill in the blanks with words from page 84. Try to answer from memory. 1. Another fifty people died today, all of the famine. 2. The government has agreed to allow 3,000 trying to escape the civil war to enter the country. 3. It was a tragic highway accident, with twelve. 4. A: Were there any from the ship that sank? B: I m afraid not. No one was rescued. 42.5 Disease quiz. 1. What disease can be caused by a mosquito bite? 2. What disease can you get by drinking infected water? 3. What disease can you get from an animal bite? 85
Unit 55 Vacation A B Different places where you can spend a vacation resort [a hotel (usually large and expensive), with leisure facilities such as tennis courts, a golf course, health spa, swimming pools, beach, etc.] motel [a hotel for motorists, with parking spaces directly outside the rooms] bed & breakfast (B&B) [a small hotel, inn, or private home, providing a room and breakfast the next morning for one price] campground [an outdoor area where you can pitch a tent or park a van or an RV] summer camp [a summer recreation area in the country, usually for children] youth hostel [cheap lodging, mainly for young people, who share facilities (there are also elder hostels for traveling senior citizens)] time-share [a house or an apartment, usually in a resort area, owned by many people and used by each owner for a specified time period (e.g., 1 2 weeks a year for vacations)] Activities that people like to do on vacation sunbathe or swim or do some hike or go hiking go to the beach go swimming sightseeing or go sightseeing cycle or go cycling go to an go shopping camp or go amusement park camping C D Useful language when you are on vacation I d like to book a single/double room with two beds / twin beds / a queen-size bed / a king-size bed. Do you have a nonsmoking room with an ocean view / a river view available? I d like to guarantee my reservation with a credit card. I d like a wake-up call at 7 a.m., please. We d like room service, please. What time is check-in/checkout? Is late checkout available? Common adjectives used for describing vacations breathtaking scenery/views intoxicating views/air exhilarating feeling/ride/moment picturesque streets/village exotic beauty/location unspoiled charm/nature glamorous surroundings/hotel sublime simplicity/beauty 110
Exercises Unit 55 55.1 Which of the vacation places in A on page 110 have you or any of your friends stayed at? Think of at least one advantage and one disadvantage for each place, even if you have no experience staying there. 55.2 Put the eight activities shown in B on page 110 in order, based on your personal preferences. Are there any you would definitely never do? Can you think of others you would prefer to do during your vacation? 55.3 What would you say in a hotel when... 1. you want to reserve a room for a couple? 2. you want to reserve a room for yourself? 3. you don t like cigarette or cigar smoke? 4. you have to wake up at 6 a.m. for an important meeting? 5. you want to find out what time you must leave the room in the morning? 6. you d rather not go to the restaurant for dinner? 55.4 Name a place that you are familiar with that fits each of these descriptions. Make a sentence for each one. 1. picturesque: I love the picturesque villages along the Amalfi Coast in Italy. 2. breathtaking: 3. exhilarating: 4. exotic: 5. intoxicating: 6. glamorous: 7. unspoiled: 8. sublime: 55.5 Find seven typical language mistakes in the paragraph below and fix them. The Smiths stayed at a camping last summer. Every day Mrs. Smith had a sunbath, and Mr. Smith made a sightseeing. The children had a cycle, and they made a travel around the island. One day the family made an excursion to a local castle. The castle had a gift shop, so they could shopping. follow-up To find useful language about vacations, get some brochures or other tourist information in English. You could try the embassies or tourist offices of English-speaking countries, or a travel agency. When you receive the information, note down any useful new words and expressions that you find. 111