MEDIA OWNERSHIP AND CONCENTRATION IN AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS ELI M. NOAM COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: IS THE AMERICAN INFORMATION SECTOR BECOMING MORE CONCENTRATED? 1. A LOST GOLDEN AGE? 2. TODAY S DEBATE 3. MEDIA REFORM AS SOCIAL REFORM 4. OVERVIEW OF PAST RESEARCH 5. INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS CHAPTER 2: THE DYNAMICS OF MEDIA II. CONCENTRATION 1. THE MODEL 2. IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER 3: SEEKING THE ANSWERS 1. THE INDUSTRIES INVESTIGATED, THE MARKETS DEFINED 2. ANTITRUST FOR MEDIA? 3. DEFINING MARKETS 4. MEASURES OF CONCENTRATION MASS MEDIA CHAPTER 4: ELECTRONIC MASS MEDIA LOCAL DISTRIBUTION 1. RADIO A. RADIO STATION OWNERSHIP B. LOCAL RADIO MARKETS
C. ALTERNATIVE AUDIO MEDIA 2. BROADCAST TELEVISION A. TV STATION GROUPS B. LOCAL TELEVISION (1). LOW POWER TELEVISION C. CONCLUSION 3. CABLE TV DISTRIBUTION A.... LOCAL CONCENTRATION B.... CABLE PRICING C.... NATIONAL CABLE CONCENTRATION 4. DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITES 5. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 5: PROGRAM NETWORKS 1. RADIO NETWORKS A... COMMERCIAL RADIO PROGRAMMING SOURCES 2. TV PROGRAM PROVISION A. BROADCAST TV NETWORKS B... TELEVISION PROGRAM SYNDICATORS 3. CABLE TV PROGRAM NETWORKS 4. SUMMARY CHAPTER 6: FILM 1. FILM PRODUCTION A. THEATRICAL FILM CONCENTRATION TRENDS B. FILM PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION C. TV PROGRAMS AND TELEFILMS 2. MOVIE THEATERS 3. HOME VIDEO A. WHOLESALE CONTENT DISTRIBUTION B. HOME VIDEO RETAILING 4. SUMMARY CHAPTER 7: MUSIC 1. THE MUSIC INDUSTRY 2. LICENSING RIGHTS A. MUSIC PUBLISHERS B. LICENSING ORGANIZATIONS 3. MUSIC PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION 4. MUSIC RETAILING A. MUSIC DISTRIBUTION THROUGH CABLE 5. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 8: PRINT AND PUBLISHING 1. NEWSPAPERS
A. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE B. NATIONAL MARKET CONCENTRATION C. LOCAL MARKET CONCENTRATION D. CONCLUSION 2. BOOKS A. HISTORY B. BOOK INDUSTRY STRUCTURE D. BOOK DISTRIBUTION E... ONLINE BOOK RETAILING F. CONCLUSION 3. MAGAZINES A... HISTORY B... MAGAZINE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE C... CONCENTRATION TRENDS (1). INDIVIDUAL MAGAZINES D. ACADEMIC JOURNALS E. LOCAL MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS F. CONCLUSION III. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 9: CONSUMER ELECTRONICS MEDIA DEVICES 1. HISTORY A.... THE JAPANESE SUCCESS 2. OVERALL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS 3. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS MARKETS A. TELEVISION SETS B. HOME VIDEO EQUIPMENT C. CAMCORDERS D. CABLE TV CONSUMER EQUIPMENT E. SATELLITE RECEIVERS F. CD AND MP3 PLAYERS G. AUDIO SYSTEMS H. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS (PDAS) I. CELL PHONE HANDSETS 4. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 10: THE COMPUTER SECTOR 1. INTRODUCTION 2. COMPUTER HARDWARE A. COMPUTERS (1) COMPUTER INDUSTRY EVOLUTION: THE FALL OF IBM (2). SUPERCOMPUTERS (3). MAINFRAME COMPUTERS (4). MIDRANGE COMPUTERS
(5). WORKSTATIONS (6). MICROCOMPUTERS (7). VIDEO GAME HARDWARE B... COMPUTER PERIPHERAL AND STORAGE DEVICES (1). DISK DRIVES (2). PRINTERS AND COPIERS (3). MODEMS C.... SEMICONDUCTORS (1). MEMORY CHIPS (2). MICROCOMPONENTS (I). MICROPROCESSORS (MPUS) 3. COMPUTER SOFTWARE A. SYSTEMS SOFTWARE (1). COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS (2). NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS B. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE C. SOFTWARE SERVICES D. VIDEO GAME SOFTWARE 4. CONCLUSION: THE COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE MARKETS IV. TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHAPTER 11: TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT A. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 1. HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY 2. LOCAL SERVICES A. LOCAL EXCHANGE CARRIERS (LECS) B. COMPETITIVE PROVIDERS C. NATIONAL CONCENTRATION D. LOCAL CONCENTRATION 3. LONG-DISTANCE TELECOM A. DOMESTIC LONG DISTANCE B. INTERNATIONAL LONG DISTANCE 4. MOBILE SERVICES A. CELLULAR TELEPHONY B. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES C. SPECIALIZED MOBILE RADIO (SMR) D. OVERALL MOBILE CONCENTRATION E. PAGING F. SATELLITE-BASED MOBILE TELECOM G. WIRELESS DATA 5. TOTAL TELECOM SERVICES B. TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
1. CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT (CPE) A. TELEPHONE HANDSETS B. FAX MACHINES C. WIRELESS CPE PHONES D. PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGES (PBXS) 2. NETWORK EQUIPMENT A. CENTRAL OFFICE SWITCHES B. MULTIPLEXERS C. WIRELINE EQUIPMENT D. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT E. MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORK EQUIPMENT F. CONCENTRATION OF TELECOM EQUIPMENT --OVERALL C. CONCLUSION: CONCENTRATION IN THE TELECOM SECTOR V. INTERNET MEDIA CHAPTER 12: THE INTERNET: STILL WIDE OPEN AND COMPETITIVE? A. DIGITAL PRESENT B. THE INTERNET 1. BACKBONES 2. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS (ISPS) 3. BROADBAND SERVICE 4. NAVIGATIONAL SOFTWARE 5. WEB DIRECTORIES & SEARCH ENGINES 6. WEB PORTALS 7. INTERNET TELEPHONY 8. MEDIA PLAYER SOFTWARE C. CONCENTRATION OF THE INTERNET SECTOR D. VERTICAL CONCENTRATION TRENDS OF THE INTERN E. IMPLICATIONS VI. NATIONAL CONCENTRATION TRENDS: SUMMARIES CHAPTER 13: NATIONAL HORIZONTAL CONCENTRATION 1. HORIZONTAL CONCENTRATION TRENDS [OK] A. SIGNIFICANCE OF HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION B. THE MASS MEDIA SECTOR
C. TELECOMMUNICATIONS D. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY E. THE INTERNET SECTOR 4. HIGH AND LOW CONCENTRATION INDUSTRIES CHAPTER 14: VERTICAL AND CROSS-INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION 1. THE ECONOMICS OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION 2. EMPIRICAL MEASURES OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION 3. THE PARTICIPATION INDEX 4. THE SECTOR SHARE INDEX 5. THE COMPANY POWER INDEX 6. CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 15: LOCAL MEDIA CONCENTRATION 1. THE QUESTION 2. LOCAL RADIO 3. LOCAL TELEVISION STATIONS 4. MULTICHANNEL TV PROVIDERS 5. LOCAL NEWSPAPERS 6. LOCAL MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS 7. WIRELINE TELECOMMUNICATIONS 8. MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 9. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS 10. OVERALL LOCAL MEDIA CONCENTRATION CHAPTER 16: THE OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE AMERICAN INFORMATION SECTOR 1. INDIVIDUAL AND INSIDER OWNERS 2. INSTITUTIONAL OWNERS A. THE GROWTH OF INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS B. OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION C. INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP D. THE IMPLICATIONS OF INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP 3. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 17: A NEW CONCENTRATION INDEX FOR MEDIA
VII. CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 18: FINDINGS 1. THE OVERALL INFORMATION SECTOR 2. THE FOUR SUB-SECTORS OF THE INFORMATION SECTOR 3. MASS MEDIA 4. THE INTERNET 5. COMPOSITION OF TOP COMPANIES 6. VERTICAL CONCENTRATION AND CONGLOMERATES 7. LOCAL CONCENTRATION 8. OWNERSHIP CHAPTER 19. ANALYSIS 1. REALITY AND THE EXPLANATORY MODEL 2. THE FUTURE OF MEDIA INDUSTRIES A. EXAMPLE: NEWSPAPERS B. EXAMPLE: THE FILM INDUSTRY 3. POLICY OPTIONS INDEX BIBLIOGRAPHY