School of Chemistry Pietermaritzburg November 2010 CTEC343 EXAMINATION 100 MARKS; 3 HOURS INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY External Examiner: Dr. Ian Love Dept. of Chemistry & Chemical Technology National University of Lesotho Internal Examiners: Dr. Desigan Reddy & Dr. Colin Southway School of Chemistry University of KwaZulu Natal INSTRUCTIONS: Answer any FIVE questions Non programmable calculators are permitted for calculations. To ensure accurate marking, students are required to write neatly and clearly. This paper consists of 19 pages, including: this cover sheet, 5 question pages, 2 Figure pages, 1 Periodic Table and 10 data sheets. Please ensure that you have ALL pages. Your answer sheets MUST be handed in with your answer books. Please ensure that you have written your student number on all submitted material. CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 1 of 19
QUESTION ONE A flow diagram for a sulfur burning contact process sulfuric acid plant is included as Figure 1. The reactions that occur in the plant are: S(l) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g) H c = -296.9 kj SO 2 (g) + ½O 2 (g) SO 3 (g) H c = -98.3 kj SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 4 (l) H abs = -130.3 kj a) The formation of sulfur dioxide in the sulfur furnace goes to completion. If the flow rate of elemental sulfur to the furnace is 3.2 kg s 1, and the flow rate (at 25 C and 1.00 atm) of dry air is 22 m 3 s 1, what will be the composition of the gas mixture leaving the furnace? Show your working. (The composition of dry air is 21% by volume.) (7) b) Before the gas mixture enters the converter, will it be necessary to add any more air? Explain briefly. c) The converter shown in the flowsheet is a 3 + 1 double absorption converter. The chart below shows how the conversion efficiency in the converter depends on the temperature. (2) Typical conversion efficency curve for production of SO 3 % conversion to SO 3 100 90 80 70 60 350 450 550 650 Temperature ( C) (i) Explain clearly and briefly the shape of the graph. (1) (ii) Explain clearly why four beds of catalyst are used in the converter and what happens to the gas mixture as it passes through the converter. Use a simplified diagram, showing the flows into and out of the converter, to illustrate your answer. Describe what happens to the flows while they are outside the converter. (7) d) Typically, dual absorption plants for the production of sulfuric have an overall conversion efficiency of 99.7%. The unreacted sulfur dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere. For a plant with a sulfur feed rate of 3.2 kg s 1 : (i) What is the rate of production (in kg s 1 ) of 100% H 2 SO 4? (2) (ii) What is the rate of emission (in g s 1 ) of SO 2? (1) [20] CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 2 of 19
QUESTION TWO a) Saturated steam is to be used to heat a stream of water from 25 C to 90 C (at 1 bar). The saturated steam is fed into the heat exchanger at a gauge pressure of 300 kpa and the saturated condensate leaves through a steam trap at the same temperature and pressure. (i) What is the temperature of the saturated steam and the saturated condensate? (1) (ii) What mass of steam would be required to heat 1 kg of water? Show your working. (3) b) The gases leaving the furnace of a sulfur burning plant (see Figure 1 for the flow sheet) at a temperature of 900 C are cooled to 420 C in Boiler 1 where superheated steam at a pressure of 40 atm and a temperature of 400 C is produced from water at an inlet temperature of 90 C and a pressure of 1 atm. If the molar flow rate of the gas mixture entering the boiler is 900 mol s 1 and if the average molar heat capacity of the gas is 33.1 J mol 1 K 1, what is the rate of steam production in g s 1? Show your working clearly. (10) c) What is the value for H c for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide at a temperature of 500 C? Show your working. At 25 C: SO 2 (g) + ½O 2 (g) SO 3 (g) H c = -98.3 kj (6) [20] QUESTION THREE a) The diagram below show a distillation column. You have been asked to do a mass balance analysis on this column to determine the composition of the bottoms and the rate of production of the distillate. (Vapour) Heat Exchanger Cooling 1000 kg/h Feed 10% EtOH Distillation Column (Reflux) Distillate (Product) P kg/h 60% EtOH 40% H 2 O Heat Bottoms (Waste) B kg/h EtOH H 2 O (i) (ii) Sketch the diagram and include, with a brief reason, a suitable system boundary. Is it possible to complete the mass balance with the information given? Explain briefly. (1) (3) CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 3 of 19
b) An evaporator is used to produce a 55 mass % sugar solution from a 30 mass % sugar solution. The feed rate of the raw sugar solution is 500 kg/h and the plant operates for 24 h/day. How much product sugar solution and how much water does the plant produce per day? (4) c) The salt can be removed from seawater by a process known as reverse osmosis. Essentially pure water can be obtained, along with a concentrated salt solution (brine). The diagram below shows a flow diagram for such a system. Some of the brine is recycled and added to the seawater feed. Brine recycle R kg/h 5.3% salt Sea water 1000 kg/h 3.1% salt 4.0% salt reverse osmosis cell Brine waste B kg/h 5.3% salt Pure water P kg/h 0% salt (i) (ii) Using a suitable system boundary (and showing that boundary in your answer), calculate the rate of waste brine production (B) and the rate of pure water production (P). (4) Using a suitable system boundary (and showing that boundary in your answer) calculate the rate of brine recycle (R). (4) d) Mixtures of acetonitrile and water are commonly used as mobile phases in liquid chromatography. Two different mobile phase mixtures have been prepared; one contains 12.0 % acetonitrile and the other contains 2.0 % acetonitrile. You now need to use these two mixtures to prepare 1.0 L of a mobile phase containing 4.0 % acetonitrile. What volume of each mixture should you take? (Assume that volumes are additive.) Show your working. (4) [20] CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 4 of 19
QUESTION FOUR Consider the following information obtained for a magnesium copper system at constant pressure: The melting points of magnesium and copper are 648 C and 1085 C respectively. Two congruently melting compounds, MgCu 2, which melts at 800 C, and Mg 2 Cu, which melts at 580 C, are formed. The three eutectics formed are at 9.4 wt % Mg (680 C), 34 wt% Mg (560 C) and 65 wt% Mg (380 C). (i) Using the graph paper provided, construct a detailed phase diagram for the system described above and clearly specify the identity of all phases present. (13) (ii) Give a detailed description of what occurs when a melt containing 25 wt% Mg is cooled from 900 C to 500 C. (2) (iii) Using the graph paper provided, construct with reasonable accuracy the cooling curves that would result for melts containing 14 wt% Mg, 34 wt% Mg and 90 wt% Mg when cooled from 1000 C to 300 C. (5) [20] QUESTION FIVE The isobaric, isothermal diagram for the system H 2 O / Li 2 SO 4 / (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is given in Figure 2. (i) Label all phase regions. (4) (ii) Describe in detail the sequence of events on evaporation of the solution of composition A. (4) (iii) For 100 g of solution of composition A, what would be the amounts of each species? (HINT* Consider your answer to (ii) above.) (3) (iv) Calculate the maximum number of grams of Li 2 SO 4 that can be added to 100 g of solution A, if ammonium sulfate is still to be the first solid to separates out on evaporation. Clearly explain your reasoning. (6) (v) Determine the composition of this new solution (as prepared in (iv) above) and mark it on the phase diagram. (3) [20] CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 5 of 19
QUESTION SIX (i) For a binary system comprising the volatile components, A and B, Dalton s Law can be expressed as: and where the terms all have their usual meanings. Using this relationship, derive (showing all details of your derivation) an expression that would give the ratio of the masses of the two volatile components, A and B, in the vapour, i.e.,vapour, in terms of their mole,vapour fractions in the liquid, i.e. and, the vapour pressures of the pure components, i.e. and, and their respective molar masses. (HINT* Start with the,vapour,vapour term!) (5) (ii) Relative volatility (α) is often used in the design of large industrial distillation processes and provides a measure of the differences in volatility between two components and hence their boiling points. Through the use of a suitable equation, explain what is meant by relative volatility and state how the numerical value of α can be used to decide whether distillation is a suitable means of separation. Assume the two liquids behave ideally. (3) (iii) Industrial towers often use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. Explain what is meant by the term reflux, the effect it has in the distillation column and how this impacts on the efficiency of separation. (4) (iv) Draw a suitable flow diagram for an industrial distillation operation. Your diagram should include the following labels: feed, bottom stage, top stage, partial reboiler, reflux, distillate, rectifying section, stripping section and total condenser. (5) (v) The McCabe Thiele method is a graphical approach that uses vapour liquid equilibrium data to determine the theoretical number of stages required to affect separation of a binary system. The method assumes constant molar overflow. List three requirements of this condition. (3) [20] CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 6 of 19
Figure 1 Sulfur burning contact process sulfuric acid plant (see Q 1) CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 7 of 19
School of Chemistry Pietermaritzburg November 2010 CTEC343 EXAMINATION 100 MARKS; 3 HOURS INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY Student Number: Figure 2 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 8 of 19
CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 9 of 19 The Periodic Table 1 18 1 H 1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 He 4.003 3 Li 6.941 4 Be 9.012 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18 11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95 19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.88 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.61 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80 37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc 98.91 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3 55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57* La 138.9 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.8 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po (209) 85 At (210) 86 Rn (222) 87 Fr (223) 88 Ra (226) 89** Ac (227) 104 Db (261) 105 Jl (262) 106 Rf (263) 107 Bh (262) 108 Hn (?) 109 Mt (?) * Lanthanide Series 58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm (147) 62 Sm 150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.2 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0 ** Actinide Series 90 Th (232) 91 Pa (231) 92 U (238) 93 Np (237) 94 Pu (239) 95 Am (243) 96 Cm (247) 97 Bk (247) 98 Cf (252) 99 Es (252) 100 Fm (257) 101 Md (256) 102 No (259) 103 Lr (260)
Data Sheet Physical Constants Boltzmann constant k = 1.381 x 10 23 J K 1 Planck constant h = 6.626 x 10 34 J s Elementary charge e = 1.602 x 10 19 C Speed of light in vacuum c = 2.998 x 10 8 m s 1 = 2.998 x 10 10 cm s 1 Avogadro constant L or N A = 6.022 x 10 23 mol 1 Gas constant R = kl = 8.315 J K 1 mol 1 = 8.315 L kpa K 1 mol 1 = 0.08206 L atm K 1 mol 1 Molar volume of an ideal gas = 22.414 L mol 1 (at 1.000 atm and 273.2 K) V m = 24.789 L mol 1 (at 100.0 kpa and 298.2 K) Faraday constant F = el = 9.6485 x 10 4 C mol 1 Atomic mass unit (amu) u = 1.661 x 10 27 kg Rest mass of electron m e = 9.109 x 10 31 kg Rest mass of proton m p = 1.673 x 10 27 kg Rest mass of neutron m n = 1.675 x 10 27 kg Vacuum permittivity ε υ = 8.854 x 10 12 J 1 C 2 m 1 Standard acceleration of free fall g = 9.807 m s 2 Rydberg constant for the H atom R H = 109677 cm 1 Conversion Factors 1micron (µ) = 10 6 m = 1 µm 1 Ångström (Å) = 1 x 10 10 m = 0.1 nm = 100 pm 1 L = 10 3 m 3 = 1 dm 3 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 5 N m 2 = 1.013 x 10 5 Pa = 760 mmhg = 760 Torr 1 bar = 1.000 x 10 5 Pa 1 psi = 6.893 kpa = 0.06893 bar = 0.06805 atm 1 J = 0.2390 cal = 1 Pa m 3 = 1 m 2 kg s 2 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 ev = 1.602 x 10 19 J 1 L atm = 101.3 J 1 Btu = 1055 J 1 W = 1 J s 1 1 ppm = 1 µg g 1 = mg kg 1 = 1 mg L 1 (dilute aqueous solutions only) 1 tonne = 1000 kg 1 lb = 454 g T C = (T F 32)/1.8 Unit Prefixes P T G M k d c m µ n p f peta tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro nano pico femto 10 15 10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 10 of 19
Superheated Steam Tables - Imperial Units (http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_supersteam.htm) The table shows the total heat (enthalpy) of superheated steam, in Btu per pound Pressure Saturated psi Temp Total Temperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t ) Abs. Gauge t P ' P 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1300 1500 15.0 0.3 213.0 1216 1240 1287 1335 1384 1433 1483 1535 1587 1693 1803 20.0 5.3 228.0 1215 1239 1287 1335 1384 1433 1483 1534 1586 1693 1803 30.0 15.3 250.3 1214 1238 1286 1334 1383 1433 1483 1534 1586 1693 1803 40.0 25.3 267.3 1212 1236 1285 1334 1383 1432 1483 1534 1586 1693 1803 50.0 35.3 281.0 1210 1235 1284 1333 1382 1432 1482 1533 1586 1693 1803 60.0 45.3 292.7 1208 1234 1283 1332 1382 1431 1482 1533 1585 1692 1803 70.0 55.3 302.9 1206 1232 1282 1332 1381 1431 1482 1533 1585 1692 1803 80.0 65.3 312.0 1204 1231 1281 1331 1381 1431 1481 1533 1585 1692 1803 90.0 75.3 320.3 1202 1229 1280 1330 1380 1430 1481 1532 1585 1692 1802 100.0 85.3 327.8 1200 1227 1279 1330 1380 1430 1480 1532 1584 1692 1802 120.0 105.3 341.3 1196 1224 1277 1328 1378 1429 1480 1531 1584 1691 1802 140.0 125.3 353.0 1221 1275 1327 1377 1428 1479 1531 1583 1691 1802 160.0 145.3 363.6 1217 1273 1325 1376 1427 1478 1530 1583 1691 1801 180.0 165.3 373.1 1214 1271 1324 1375 1426 1478 1530 1582 1690 1801 200.0 185.3 381.8 1210 1269 1323 1374 1426 1477 1529 1582 1690 1801 220.0 205.3 389.9 1206 1267 1321 1373 1425 1476 1529 1581 1689 1801 240.0 225.3 397.4 1202 1265 1320 1372 1424 1476 1528 1581 1689 1800 260.0 245.3 404.4 1262 1318 1371 1423 1475 1527 1580 1689 1800 280.0 265.3 411.1 1260 1317 1370 1422 1474 1527 1580 1688 1800 300.0 285.3 417.4 1258 1315 1369 1421 1474 1526 1579 1688 1800 320.0 305.3 423.3 1255 1314 1368 1421 1473 1526 1579 1688 1799 340.0 325.3 429.0 1253 1312 1367 1420 1472 1525 1578 1687 1799 360.0 345.3 434.4 1250 1311 1366 1419 1472 1524 1578 1687 1799 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 11 of 19
Superheated Steam Tables - Imperial Units (http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_supersteam.htm) The table shows the total heat (enthalpy) of superheated steam, in Btu per pound Pressure Saturated psi Temp Total Temperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t ) Abs. Gauge t P ' P 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 380.0 365.3 439.6 1248 1309 1365 1418 1471 1524 1577 1632 1687 1742 1799 400.0 385.3 444.6 1245 1307 1363 1417 1470 1523 1577 1631 1686 1742 1798 420.0 405.3 449.4 1242 1306 1362 1416 1469 1523 1576 1631 1686 1742 1798 440.0 425.3 454.0 1240 1304 1361 1415 1469 1522 1576 1630 1686 1741 1798 460.0 445.3 458.5 1237 1303 1360 1414 1468 1522 1575 1630 1685 1741 1797 480.0 465.3 462.8 1234 1301 1359 1414 1467 1521 1575 1630 1685 1741 1797 500.0 485.3 467.0 1231 1299 1358 1413 1467 1520 1574 1629 1684 1740 1797 520.0 505.3 471.1 1228 1297 1357 1412 1466 1520 1574 1629 1684 1740 1797 540.0 525.3 475.0 1225 1296 1355 1411 1465 1519 1573 1628 1684 1740 1796 560.0 545.3 478.8 1222 1294 1354 1410 1464 1519 1573 1628 1683 1739 1796 580.0 565.3 482.6 1219 1292 1353 1409 1464 1518 1572 1627 1683 1739 1796 600.0 585.3 486.2 1216 1290 1352 1408 1463 1517 1572 1627 1683 1739 1796 650.0 635.3 494.9 1208 1286 1349 1406 1461 1516 1571 1626 1682 1738 1795 700.0 685.3 503.1 1281 1346 1404 1459 1514 1569 1625 1681 1737 1794 750.0 735.3 510.8 1276 1343 1402 1458 1513 1568 1624 1680 1736 1794 800.0 785.3 518.2 1271 1339 1399 1456 1511 1567 1623 1679 1736 1793 850.0 835.3 525.2 1266 1336 1397 1454 1510 1566 1622 1678 1735 1792 900.0 885.3 532.0 1261 1333 1394 1452 1509 1564 1621 1677 1734 1792 950.0 935.3 538.4 1255 1329 1392 1450 1507 1563 1620 1676 1733 1791 1000.0 985.3 544.6 1249 1326 1390 1449 1505 1562 1618 1675 1733 1790 1050.0 1035.3 550.5 1243 1322 1387 1447 1504 1561 1617 1674 1732 1790 1100.0 1085.3 556.3 1237 1319 1385 1445 1502 1559 1616 1674 1731 1789 1150.0 1135.3 561.8 1231 1315 1382 1443 1501 1558 1615 1673 1730 1788 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 12 of 19
Superheated Steam Tables - Imperial Units (http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_supersteam.htm) The table shows the total heat (enthalpy) of superheated steam, in Btu per pound Pressure Saturated psi Temp Total Temperature--Degrees Fahrenheit ( t ) Abs. Gauge t P ' P 650 700 750 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1200.0 1185.3 567.2 1272 1312 1347 1380 1441 1499 1557 1614 1672 1729 1788 1300.0 1285.3 577.4 1262 1304 1341 1375 1437 1496 1554 1612 1670 1728 1786 1400.0 1385.3 587.1 1251 1296 1335 1369 1433 1493 1552 1610 1668 1726 1785 1500.0 1485.3 596.2 1240 1288 1328 1364 1429 1490 1549 1608 1666 1725 1784 1600.0 1585.3 604.9 1228 1279 1321 1359 1425 1487 1547 1606 1664 1723 1782 1700.0 1685.3 613.1 1215 1271 1315 1353 1421 1484 1544 1603 1663 1722 1781 1800.0 1785.3 621.0 1201 1261 1307 1347 1417 1481 1541 1601 1661 1720 1780 1900.0 1885.3 628.6 1186 1251 1300 1341 1413 1477 1539 1599 1659 1719 1778 2000.0 1985.3 635.8 1168 1241 1293 1335 1409 1474 1536 1597 1657 1717 1777 2100.0 2085.3 642.8 1149 1230 1285 1329 1404 1471 1534 1595 1655 1715 1776 2200.0 2185.3 649.5 1124 1218 1277 1323 1400 1468 1531 1593 1653 1714 1774 2300.0 2285.3 655.9 1205 1268 1317 1396 1464 1528 1590 1652 1712 1773 2400.0 2385.3 662.1 1192 1260 1310 1391 1461 1526 1588 1650 1711 1772 2500.0 2485.3 668.1 1177 1251 1303 1387 1458 1523 1586 1648 1709 1770 2600.0 2585.3 673.9 1160 1241 1297 1382 1454 1520 1584 1646 1708 1769 2700.0 2685.3 679.5 1142 1231 1290 1378 1451 1518 1582 1644 1706 1768 2800.0 2785.3 685.0 1121 1221 1282 1373 1447 1515 1579 1642 1705 1767 2900.0 2885.3 690.2 1095 1210 1275 1368 1444 1512 1577 1640 1703 1765 3000.0 2985.3 695.3 1061 1198 1267 1363 1440 1509 1575 1639 1701 1764 3100.0 3085.3 700.3 1185 1259 1358 1437 1507 1573 1637 1700 1763 3200.0 3185.3 705.1 1172 1251 1353 1433 1504 1570 1635 1698 1761 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 13 of 19
Enthalpy (kj/kg) of compressed water at different temperatures and pressures Pressure (bar) T ( C) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 10 42.0 42.1 42.1 42.2 42.2 42.3 42.3 42.4 42.4 42.5 42.5 15 63.0 63.0 63.1 63.1 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.3 63.3 63.4 63.4 20 83.9 83.9 84.0 84.0 84.1 84.1 84.2 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.4 25 104.8 104.8 104.9 104.9 105.0 105.0 105.1 105.1 105.2 105.2 105.2 30 125.7 125.8 125.8 125.8 125.9 125.9 126.0 126.0 126.1 126.1 126.2 40 167.5 167.6 167.6 167.7 167.7 167.8 167.8 167.8 167.9 167.9 168.0 50 209.4 209.4 209.4 209.5 209.5 209.6 209.6 209.7 209.7 209.8 209.8 60 251.2 251.2 251.3 251.3 251.3 251.4 251.4 251.5 251.5 251.6 251.6 70 293.0 293.1 293.1 293.1 293.2 293.2 293.3 293.3 293.3 293.4 293.4 80 335.0 335.0 335.0 335.1 335.1 335.2 335.2 335.2 335.3 335.3 90 377.0 377.0 377.0 377.1 377.1 377.2 377.2 377.2 377.3 377.3 100 419.1 419.1 419.1 419.2 419.2 419.2 419.3 419.3 419.4 419.4 125 525.1 525.1 525.2 525.2 525.2 525.3 525.3 150 632.3 632.3 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 14 of 19
Pressure Saturated Steam Tables - Metric Units http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_supersteam.htm Temp Saturated Water Specific enthalpy Evaporation Saturated Steam bar kpa C kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg absolute 0.3 30 69.1 289.2 2336.1 2625.3 0.5 50 81.3 340.5 2305.4 2645.9 0.75 75 91.8 384.4 2278.6 2663.0 0.95 95 98.2 411.4 2261.8 2673.2 1 100 99.6 417.5 2257.9 2675.4 1.013 101.3 100.0 419.1 2257.0 2676.0 gauge 0 0 100.0 419.1 2257.0 2676.0 0.1 10 102.7 430.2 2250.2 2680.2 0.2 20 105.1 440.8 2243.4 2684.2 0.3 30 107.4 450.4 2237.2 2687.6 0.4 40 109.6 459.7 2231.3 2691.0 0.5 50 111.6 468.3 2225.6 2693.9 0.6 60 113.6 476.4 2220.4 2696.8 0.7 70 115.4 484.1 2215.4 2699.5 0.8 80 117.1 491.6 2210.5 2702.1 0.9 90 118.8 498.9 2205.6 2704.5 1.0 100 120.4 505.6 2201.1 2706.7 1.1 110 122.0 512.2 2197.0 2709.2 1.2 120 123.5 518.7 2192.8 2711.5 1.3 130 124.9 524.6 2188.7 2713.3 1.4 140 126.3 530.5 2184.8 2715.3 1.5 150 127.6 536.1 2181.0 2717.1 1.6 160 128.9 541.6 2177.3 2718.9 1.7 170 130.1 547.1 2173.7 2720.8 1.8 180 131.4 552.3 2170.1 2722.4 1.9 190 132.5 557.3 2166.7 2724.0 2.0 200 133.7 562.2 2163.3 2725.5 2.2 220 135.9 571.7 2156.9 2728.6 2.4 240 138.0 580.7 2150.7 2731.4 2.6 260 140.0 589.2 2144.7 2733.9 2.8 280 141.9 597.4 2139.0 2736.4 3.0 300 143.8 605.3 2133.4 2738.7 3.2 320 145.5 612.9 2128.1 2741.0 3.4 340 147.2 620.0 2122.9 2742.9 3.6 360 148.8 627.1 2117.8 2744.9 3.8 380 150.4 634.0 2112.9 2746.9 4.0 400 152.0 640.7 2108.1 2748.8 4.5 450 155.6 656.3 2096.7 2753.0 5.0 500 158.9 670.9 2086.0 2756.9 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 15 of 19
Pressure Temp Saturated Water Specific enthalpy Evaporation Saturated Steam bar kpa C kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg gauge 5.5 550 162.1 684.6 2075.7 2760.3 6.0 600 165.0 697.5 2066.0 2763.5 6.5 650 167.8 709.7 2056.8 2766.5 7.0 700 170.5 721.4 2047.7 2769.1 7.5 750 173.0 732.5 2039.2 2771.7 8.0 800 175.4 743.1 2030.9 2774.0 8.5 850 177.8 753.3 2022.9 2776.2 9.0 900 180.0 763.0 2015.1 2778.1 9.5 950 182.1 772.5 2007.5 2780.0 10.0 1000 184.1 781.6 2000.1 2781.7 10.5 1050 186.1 790.1 1993.0 2783.3 11.0 1100 188.0 798.8 1986.0 2784.8 11.5 1150 189.8 807.1 1979.1 2786.3 12.0 1200 191.7 815.1 1972.5 2787.6 12.5 1250 193.4 822.9 1965.4 2788.8 13.0 1300 195.1 830.4 1959.6 2790.0 13.5 1350 196.6 837.9 1953.2 2791.1 14.0 1400 198.4 845.1 1947.1 2792.2 14.5 1450 199.9 852.1 1941.0 2793.1 15.0 1500 201.5 859.0 1935.0 2794.0 15.5 1550 202.9 865.7 1928.8 2794.9 16.0 1600 204.4 872.3 1923.4 2795.7 17.0 1700 207.2 885.0 1912.1 2797.1 18.0 1800 209.9 897.2 1901.3 2798.5 19.0 1900 212.5 909.0 1890.5 2799.5 20.0 2000 215.0 920.3 1880.2 2800.5 21.0 2100 217.4 931.3 1870.1 2801.4 22.0 2200 219.7 941.9 1860.1 2802.0 23.0 2300 221.9 952.2 1850.4 2802.6 24.0 2400 224.0 962.2 1840.9 2803.1 25.0 2500 226.1 972.1 1831.4 2803.5 26.0 2600 228.2 981.6 1822.2 2803.8 27.0 2700 230.1 990.7 1818.3 2804.0 28.0 2800 232.1 999.7 1804.4 2804.1 29.0 2900 233.9 1008.6 1795.6 2804.2 30.0 3000 235.8 1017.0 1787.0 2804.1 31.0 3100 237.6 1025.6 1778.5 2804.1 32.0 3200 239.3 1033.9 1770.0 2803.9 33.0 3300 241.0 1041.9 1761.8 2803.7 34.0 3400 242.6 1049.7 1753.8 2803.5 35.0 3500 244.3 1057.7 1745.5 2803.2 36.0 3600 245.9 1065.7 1737.2 2802.9 37.0 3700 247.4 1072.9 1729.5 2802.4 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 16 of 19
Specific enthalpy Pressure Pressure Saturated Water Evaporation Saturated Steam bar bar C kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg gauge 38.0 3800 249.0 1080.3 1721.6 2801.9 39.0 3900 250.4 1087.4 1714.1 2801.5 40.0 4000 251.9 1094.6 1706.3 2800.9 41.0 4100 253.3 1101.6 1698.3 2799.9 42.0 4200 254.7 1108.6 1691.2 2799.8 43.0 4300 256.1 1115.4 1683.7 2799.1 44.0 4400 257.5 1122.1 1676.2 2798.3 45.0 4500 258.8 1128.7 1668.9 2797.6 46.0 4600 260.1 1135.3 1666.6 2796.9 47.0 4700 261.4 1142.2 1654.5 2796.6 48.0 4800 262.7 1148.1 1647.1 2795.2 49.0 4900 264.0 1154.5 1639.9 2794.4 50.0 5000 265.3 1160.8 1632.8 2793.6 51.0 5100 266.5 1166.6 1626.9 2792.6 52.0 5200 267.7 1172.6 1619.0 2791.6 53.0 5300 268.8 1178.7 1612.0 2790.7 54.0 5400 270.0 1184.6 1605.1 2789.7 55.0 5500 271.2 1190.5 1598.2 2788.7 56.0 5600 272.3 1196.3 1591.3 2787.6 57.0 5700 273.5 1202.1 1584.5 2786.6 58.0 5800 274.6 1207.8 1577.7 2785.5 59.0 5900 275.7 1213.4 1571.0 2784.4 60.0 6000 276.7 1218.9 1564.4 2783.3 61.0 6100 277.8 1224.5 1557.6 2782.1 62.0 6200 278.9 1230.0 1550.9 2780.9 63.0 6300 279.9 1235.4 1544.3 2779.7 64.0 6400 280.9 1240.8 1537.3 2778.5 65.0 6500 282.0 1246.1 1531.2 2777.3 66.0 6600 283.0 1251.4 1524.7 2776.1 67.0 6700 284.0 1256.7 1518.1 2774.8 68.0 6800 284.9 1261.9 1511.6 2773.5 69.0 6900 285.9 1267.0 1501.1 2772.1 70.0 7000 286.9 1272.1 1498.7 2770.8 71.0 7100 287.8 1277.3 1492.2 2769.5 72.0 7200 288.8 1282.3 1485.8 2768.1 73.0 7300 289.7 1287.3 1479.4 2766.7 74.0 7400 290.6 1292.3 1473.0 2765.3 75.0 7500 291.5 1297.2 1466.6 2763.8 76.0 7600 292.4 1302.3 1460.2 2762.5 77.0 7700 293.9 1307.0 1453.9 2760.9 78.0 7800 294.2 1311.9 1447.6 2759.9 79.0 7900 295.1 1316.7 1441.3 2758.0 80.0 8000 296.0 1312.5 1435.0 2756.5 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 17 of 19
Specific enthalpy Pressure Pressure Saturated Water Evaporation Saturated Steam bar bar C kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg gauge 81.0 8100 296.8 1326.2 1428.7 2754.9 82.0 8200 297.7 1330.9 1422.5 2753.4 83.0 8300 298.5 1335.7 1416.2 2751.9 84.0 8400 299.4 1340.3 1410.0 2750.3 85.0 8500 300.2 1345.0 1403.8 2748.8 86.0 8600 301.0 1349.6 1397.6 2747.2 87.0 8700 301.8 1354.2 1391.3 2745.5 88.0 8800 302.6 1358.8 1385.2 2744.0 89.0 8900 303.4 1363.3 1379.0 2742.3 90.0 9000 304.2 1367.8 1372.7 2740.5 92.0 9200 305.8 1376.8 1360.3 2737.1 94.0 9400 307.2 1385.7 1348.0 2733.7 96.0 9600 308.8 1394.5 1335.7 2730.2 98.0 9800 310.3 1403.2 1323.3 2726.5 100.0 10000 311.8 1411.9 1310.9 2722.8 102.0 10200 313.2 1420.5 1298.7 2719.2 104.0 10400 314.7 1429.0 1286.3 2715.3 106.0 10600 316.1 1437.5 1274.0 2711.5 108.0 10800 317.5 1445.9 1261.7 2707.6 110.0 11000 318.8 1454.3 1249.3 2703.6 112.0 11200 320.2 1462.6 1237.0 2699.6 114.0 11400 321.5 1470.8 1224.6 2695.4 116.0 11600 322.8 1479.0 1212.2 2691.2 118.0 11800 324.1 1487.2 1199.8 2687.0 120.0 12000 325.4 1495.4 1187.3 2682.7 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 18 of 19
Specific Heat Capacity (kj kg 1 K 1 ) T ( C) oxygen sulfur dioxide sulfur trioxide 0 0.909 0.607 0.606 20 0.917 0.619 0.628 25 0.918 0.622 0.634 40 0.924 0.631 0.650 60 0.931 0.642 0.671 80 0.937 0.653 0.691 100 0.944 0.664 0.710 120 0.951 0.674 0.729 140 0.957 0.683 0.747 160 0.963 0.693 0.764 180 0.969 0.702 0.780 200 0.975 0.711 0.796 220 0.981 0.719 0.811 240 0.987 0.727 0.825 260 0.992 0.735 0.839 280 0.998 0.743 0.852 300 1.003 0.750 0.865 350 1.016 0.767 0.894 400 1.028 0.782 0.920 450 1.039 0.796 0.943 500 1.050 0.808 0.963 550 1.060 0.818 0.982 600 1.069 0.828 0.998 650 1.078 0.836 1.012 700 1.086 0.843 1.025 750 1.094 0.848 1.037 800 1.101 0.853 1.048 850 1.108 0.858 1.059 900 1.114 0.861 1.070 950 1.120 0.864 1.080 1000 1.125 0.866 1.091 1050 1.131 0.868 1.103 1100 1.136 0.870 1.116 1150 1.140 0.872 1.130 1200 1.145 0.873 1.146 CTEC343 EXAMINATION, November 2010 Chemistry: UKZN Pietermaritzburg Page 19 of 19