History of Sociological Thought ALDWCH PRESS LONDON
CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION The uses of the history of sociology Three approaches to the history of sociology Xi xiii Chapter 1. From the City-State to Modern Civil Society 3 The Sources of Social Theory Plato Aristotle The Social Horizons of the City-State Stoicism: The Discovery of the Supralocal Community Society as the Community of Values: The Two States of Saint Augustine Medieval Organicism and Saint Thomas Aquinas New Horizons of Social Thought during the Renaissance Social Thought in the Seventeenth Century: Natural Law and Mankind The Social Philosophy of G. Vico: The Birth of the History of Culture Conclusion: Historical Conditions of the Science of Society Chapter 2. The Advent of Modern Society: Social Philosophy in the Enlightenment 52 The Enlightenment Defined The Enlightenment in France The Enlightenment in Britain The Enlightenment in Germany Concluding Remarks
vi Contents Chapter 3. Postrevolutionary Sociopolitical Thought as a Source of Social Theory 92 Conservatism Liberalism Utopian Socialism and Utopian Communism The Social Theory of Saint-Simon Concluding Remarks Chapter 4. Historiography as the Study of the "Social Condition" 117 Civilization and Class Struggle: French Historians under the Restoration J. Lelewel's "History of Culture" A. de Tocqueville's Historical Sociology Sociological Interests of Conservative Historians Chapter 5. Philosophy as a Social Theory: Hegel 132 The Significance of Hegel's Ideas The Place of Hegelianism among the Ideological Trends x of the Period. Civil Society versus the State Theory of Historical Development Concluding Remarks Chapter 6. Historical Materialism: Marx and Engels 144 Historical Marxism and Present-Day Marxism Transition from Anthropology to a Theory of Society: Struggle against "Ideology" The Theory of Socioeconomic Formation Social Classes and Class Structure The State Social Consciousness Social Development The Marxian Method Chapter 7. Early Positivism and the Beginnings of Sociology: Comte, Mill, and Quetelet 174 The Concept of Positivism The Sociology ofauguste Comte John Stuart Mill's Logic of Social Science
Contents vii Quetelet's Social Physics Positivism and the Further Development of Society Chapter 8. The Evolutionist Sociology 206 The Concept of Evolutionism in the Social Sciences Theoretical Assumptions of Evolutionism The Comparative Method Herbert Spencer's Sociology The Evolutionist Social Anthropology Determinants of Social Evolution: The Sources of the Disintegration of Evolutionism Summary of Evolutionist Sociology Chapter 9. Psychologism: Psychosociology and the Rise of Social Psychology 244 The Concept of Psychologism Folk Psychology Crowd Psychology and the Psychology of the Public Tarde's Theory of Imitation McDougall's Instinctivism Freud's Psychoanalysis versus Sociology The Psychologistic Sociology of Vilfredo Pareto Psychologism in Sociology: A Balance Sheet Chapter 10. Sociologism: Sociology as the Fundamental Social Science 278 The Concept of Sociologism The Sociology of Gumplowicz The Sociology of Durkheim The Durkheim School Sociologism: The Balance Sheet (yj Chapter 11. Absolute Historicism: The Antipositivism Turn in Sociology 316 The Concept of Historicism Dilthey's Philosophy of the Social Sciences History as a Cultural Science Prerequisites of Humanistic Sociology
viii Contents Chapter 12. The First Systems of Humanistic Sociology: Tonnies, Simmel, and Weber 337 The Concept of Humanistic Sociology Ferdinand Tbnnies's "Eclectic Synthesis" Simmel's Formal Sociology Weber's Interpretative Sociology German Humanistic Sociology: A Balance Sheet Chapter 13. Historical Materialism after Marx versus Sociology 374 Reasons for the Divergence between Marxism and Sociology The "Positivist" and "Evolutionist" Marxism of the Second International L. Krzywicki: A Case, of Marxist Sociology Revolutionary Marxism Armchair Marxism of the Frankfurt School Marxism and Karl Mannheim's Sociology of Knowledge Marxism and Sociology: Concluding Remarks Chapter 14. Social Pragmatism: Dewey, Cooley, Thomas, and Mead 403 Pragmatism versus Social Thought The Psychology of William James and Its Relevance to Sociology r^ Dewey as the Founder of Social Pragmatism Cooley's Social Philosophy The Sociology of W. I. Thomas Mead's Social Psychology The Common Features of Social Pragmatism Chapter 15. Theoretical Horizons of American Descriptive Sociology 437 The Discovery of the Community The Chicago School: Studies in Urbanization and Urbanism Park's Theoretical Conceptions The Social World of the Small Town: The Lynds Middletown Yankee City and Warner's Functionalism Sociography and the Development of Sociological Thought
Contents ix Chapter 16. Culture, Society, and Personality: The New Vistas of Anthropology 464 Anthropology versus Sociology Diffusionism Historicism: Boas and His School Functionalism Psychoculturalism Evolutionism Once More Conclusion Chapter 17. Sociological Functionalism and Its Critics 502 Functionalism as a Specific Sociological Orientation Sociological Theories of Talcott Parsons The Controversy over Functionalism in Present-Day Sociology Conflict Theory versus Functionalism Exchange Theory Functionalism as Seen by the Sociology of Everyday Life BIBLIOGRAPHY 531 INDEX ^ 569