19*4 1 You're too young to smoke. This is a play on words on the two meanings of smoke - to smoke a cigarette and a fire or chimney smokes (i.e give out smoke). 2 I think I'm going down with something. This is a play on words on two meanings of going down. There is the literal meaning go down (descend) and then there is the expression, 'go down with an illness', which means be at the start of an attack of that illness. 3 Let's play draughts. This is a play on words on the two meanings of draughts. One is the game played with round counters and a chess board and the other is a current of air as in 'There's a terrible draught coming from under the door'. 4 He wanted to draw the curtains. This is a play on words on two meanings of draw. The first means make a picture and the second means pull. 5 Because it's full of dates. This is a play on words on the two meanings of dates. One refers to 1066, 1892 and all that and the other to a sweet fruit coming from a kind of palm tree or to an evening spent together by two people (usually romantic). 6 A drum takes a lot of beating. This is a play on words on two meanings of beating. A drummer beats a drum. There is also an expression, 'takes a lot of beating' which means 'is hard to improve on'. 7 Because it's got a tender behind. This is a play on words on two meanings of two words - tender and behind. Tender can mean either susceptible to pain, or a wagon for fuel and water behind a steam locomotive. Behind is normally, of course, a preposition but it can also be an informal noun meaning 'bottom', as in the part of the body that a person sits on. 8 A nervous wreck. A wreck is a boat or ship that, for example, hits a rock and sinks to the bottom of the sea. A nervous wreck, however, is an expression commonly used to describe someone who is extremely nervous. Unit 20 20. 1 1 Prior 3 By the time 5 Previously/Earlier 7 WhedOnceIAfter 2 Till then 4 Whilewhen 6 As soon as 8 The momenthninute Other possible sentences: While she was in Paris, she missed home a lot. She went to the theatre after she'd been to the Pompidou Centre. While driving home from Glasgow, she saw a bad accident on the motorway. Prior to going on to Glasgow, she was in Manchester..Z Possible answers: 1... I usually dream a lot. 2... I usually feel guilty and go on a diet for a while. 3... look at the clock to see what time it is. 4... lived in the same house. 5... reading a story. 6... go back home and look for a job. 7... double-check that everything is booked. 8... upset and want to make it up as soon as possible. English Vocabulary in Use 215
Unit 2 1 1 as long as 1 providing 1 provided that are all okay; on condition that is fine too, and sounds a little stronger. 2 In case of; you can alco say In the event of, which is often seen in notices and regulations. 3 Unless 4 Since this is legal/official language on condition that would be very suitable, or providing / provided that; so long as is also possible, but as long as sounds just a little too informal. 5 Supposing or What if (less tentative, more direct). Suggested sentences: 1 You cannot enter unless you have an Entry Visa. or You may enter providing / provided that you have an Entry Visa. 2 You may go on to university as long as you get 70% or more in the exam. or Unless you get 70%, you cannot go on to university. 3 You can't come in unless you're over 18. or You may enter the club providing you are over 18. 4 Visitors may enter the mosque on condition that they remove their shoes. or You may go in as long as you take off your shoes. 1 No matter where she goes, she always takes that dog of hers. 2 If anyone rings, I don't want to speak to them, whoever it is. 3 Whatever I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing. 4 It'll probably have meat in it, no matter which dish you choose. They don't cater for non-meat eaters here. 5 However I do it, that recipe never seems to work. Some possible answers: 1 For the authors of this book, who are teachers, the prerequisites are a degree and a teaching qualification. 2 Many people might move if they were offered a good job in another part of the country, or if a motorway was going to be built at the bottom of their garden! 3 In Britain, the normal entry requirements are A-level exam passes in relevant subjects. (A-levels are exams taken at 18 years old.) 4 For most people it would be a good idea to make the condition that the person should pay for any breakages, keep the place clean and perhaps pay coal/gas/oil/electricity and phone bills. Unit 22 1 The announcement provoked/generated a strong attack from the opposition. 2 The new Act of Parliament has brought about / led to great changes in industry. 3 The train crash was caused by / due to a signalling fault. 4 A violent storm caused the wall to collapse. or Owing to a violent storm, the wall collapsed. 5 The food shortages sparked off riots in several cities. 6 The food shortages stemmed from / arose out of poor management of the economy. 1 The reason I didn't contact you was (because) I'd lost your phone number. or My reason for not contacting you was... (this is also acceptable, but sounds more formal). 2 I will not sign, on the grounds that this contract is illegal. 3 The aim of the new law the government passed was to control prices. or The government passed a new law with the aim of / with a view to controlling prices. 4 I wonder what her motives were in sending everyone flowers. 5 The high salary prompted her to apply for the job. 216 English Vocabulary in Use
Possible answers: 1 There were awful blizzards, which caused the road to be blocked. 2 Owing to the fact that the performance was cancelled, everyone got a refund. 3 The service was terribly slow. Consequently, all the customers got angry. 4 We missed the last bus. As a result we had to walk home. 1 for 2 of 3 with; of 4 in 5 out of 6 with; to 7 given; to Unit 23 1 I accept (or more formal: I acknowledge) that you weren't solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility. (Accept and acknowledge are most suitable here since the speaker is prepared to agree with one aspect but wants'to go on to make another point to support hidher case.) 2 Okay, I admit I was wrong, you were right; he is a nice guy. (This seems to be a situation where somebody is accusing someone or trying to get them to say they were wrong. Admit is ideal in this case.) 3 The company acknowledges that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept liability. (Acknowledge is perhaps best here; it is often used in formal, legalistic situations like this because it simply says 'We understand your message, but we do not necessarily accept any blame/responsibility'; admit might suggest the company does accept legal responsibility; accept is also possible though less formal.) 4 She accepted /conceded that we had done all we could, but she was still not content. (Concede usually suggests an argument or debate where people might 'give' small points to one another while still holding on to their basic position, and would seem to be a likely choice here; concede here suggests she did not really want to say it.) Possible answers: 2 The house itself is rather small. 3 Jim: Isn't the Plaza rather expensive? 4 In most of the rest of Europe, the traffic drives on the right. (Ireland also drives on the left.) 5 I'm not at all hungry, thanks. Down 1 yawning 2 apart 3 world 4 divide 5 huge 6 gap 7 poles Possible comments using the phrases: 1 There's a great divide between those who believe in the nuclear deterrent, and those who believe in world disarmament. 2 There's a huge discrepancy between what she says and what she does. 3 Jim and Sandra are poles apart when it comes to believing in God. 4 There's a world of difference between being a student and being a teacher. 1 that's all well and good 3 for all that 2 After all 4 It's all very well 3.S 1 on the contrary (it's not true that I'm worried) 2 on the other hand (it is true that it's expensive) English Vocobulory in Use 2 17
Unit 24 24.1 1 Further to 2 In addition to / As well as / Apart from / Besides 3 etc. / and so on 4 in addition to / as well as / apart from / besides 5 Furthermore / Moreover / Likewise Comments: In (2) and (4), the choice is quite wide, but, depending on which one she chooses for (2), the writer would probably then choose a different one, to avoid repeating herself, for (4). In (S), if she wanted to use what's more, the writer would probably write it in full as what is more, so as not to sound too informal. However, what's more / what is more can often sound a little abrupt and argumentative (as if you're trying very hard to convince the reader) and might sound just a bit too strong here. In (3), etc. is slightly more formal than and so on, and the writer may well wish to avoid sounding too informal. In (S), furthermore / moreover add her previous experience on to the rest; likewise not only adds the information but suggests it is of quite equal value to the other experience she has mentioned. Equally would not be suitable here, as it is best used when arguing points (trying to convince someone of the equal value of a point added on to other points). 24.2 1 Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Equally, excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers. 2 My cousin turned up, along with some schoolmates of his. 3 As well as owning a big chemical factory, he runs a massive oil business in the USA. or He owns a big chemical factory as well as running a massive oil business in the USA. 4 She was my teacher and she was a good friend into the bargain. 5 In addition to being their scientific adviser, I also act as consultant to the Managing Director. I work part-time as well as being a student, so I have a busy life. Besides having a good job, my ambition is to meet someone nice to share my life with. Alongside my many other responsibilities, I now have to be in charge of staff training. In addition to a degree, or In addition to having a degree, she also has a diploma. My father won't agree. Likewise, my mother's sure to find something to object to. She is a good footballer and she's a good athlete to boot. He said he'd have to first consider the organisation, then the system, then the finance and so on and so forth. 24.4 1 to boot 2 into the bargain 3 plus (+) 4 on top of (all) that Unit 25 1 fact 2 issue 3 belief 4 problem 5 evaluation 6 view 1 issue (best here because it is something everyone is debating and disagreeing on, question and problem are also okay) 2 problemlmatter; crisis if it is really serious. 3 question (mystery would also be possible) 4 topic 5 approachlresponse/solution/answer 218 English Vocabulary in Use
1 Situation in Sahel worsening daily 2 Scientist rejects claims over fast food 3 Prime Minister sets out views on European union 4 New approach to cancer treatment 5 Solution to age-old mystery in Kenya 6 New argument over economic recession Unit 26 1 no article 2 no article 3 an 4 no article 5 no article 6 no article; if you said a film here it would sound as if you mean one film, and then suddenly change your mind and decide to buy five rolls. 7 no article in both cases Uncountables: clothing information advice travel work baggage Countab1es:garment fact tip trip job case Some uncountable items you might put into your suitcase: soap toothpaste make-up underwear clothing writing-paper film medicine 1 We had such terrible weather that we left the camp-site and got accommodation in town instead. 2 In the North of England, most houses are made of stone, but in the South, brick is more common. 3 I love antique furniture, but I would need advice from a specialist before I bought any. My knowledge in that area is very poor. 4 Her research is definitely making great progress these days. She has done a lot of original work recently. Possible answers: A soldier needs a lot of courage, determination, stamina, loyalty and a lot of training. A nurse needs a lot of patience and goodwill. A bit of charm also helps, and a lot of commitment and training is needed. A teacher needs great patience, a lot of energy, a bit of creativity, intelligence and some training. An explorer needs a lot of stamina, courage and determination, as well as energy. An actor needs a lot of creativity and talent, and some training. An athlete needs great stamina and determination, and a lot of commitment. A writer needs a lot of creativity, talent and a bit of intelligence. A surgeon needs experience, patience and a lot of training. A receptionist needs charm, goodwill, reliability and energy. Could I have some vinegar? Could I have a duster? Could I have a needle? Could I have some thread? Could I have some sellotape? Could I have a tea-bag? Could I have some polish? English Vocabulary in Use