Internet of Things (IoT): The Big Picture Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Vitaly Petrov: vitaly.petrov@tut.fi
IoT at a glance q Internet of Things is: o A concept o A trend o The network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment o The infrastructure of the information society o Many more... q [!] Almost any R&D topic in Computer Science today can be connected with IoT q Not bounded to a certain layer / area q Too much data about: definitions, predictions, etc.
Evolution of IoT Disclaimer 1: The presented vision is highly disputative Disclaimer 2: The presented vision is narrow enough to fit it into the lecture time
Ancestor (root) 1: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Automatically identify and track tags attached to objects
Why RFID is a root for IoT? (1) Library example: q Application 1: Add a new book to the library: o Book (thing) -> operator -> Computer (thing) q Application 2: Remove/take a book from the library: o Book (thing) -> operator -> Computer (thing) q Application 3: Change book description (e.g. price) o Book (thing) -> operator -> Computer (thing) Ø Desire: remove operator (costs, speed, reliability)
Why RFID is a root for IoT? (2) Improved library example: q Application 1: Add a new book to the library: o Book (thing) -> Computer (thing) q Application 2: Remove/take a book from the library: o Book (thing) -> Computer (thing) q Application 3: Change book description (e.g. price) o Book (thing) -> Computer (thing) Ø Issue: communications technology (not RFID)
Ancestor (root) 2: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Why WSN is a root for IoT? (1) Remote factory control example: q Application 1: Temperature monitoring: o Sensor (thing) -> Aggregator (thing) -> Router (thing) -> Internet nodes (things) -> Monitoring computer (thing) -> Operator q Application 2: Remote maintenance (send command) o Operator -> Monitoring computer (thing) -> Internet nodes (things) -> Router (thing) -> Sensor (thing) Ø Desire: remove operator (costs, speed, reliability)
Why WSN is a root for IoT? (2) Improved remote factory control example: q Application 1: Temperature monitoring: o Sensor (thing) -> Aggregator (thing) -> Router (thing) -> Internet nodes (things) -> Monitoring computer (thing) -> Automated decision q Application 2: Remote maintenance (send command) o Command -> Monitoring computer (thing) -> Internet nodes (things) -> Router (thing) -> Sensor (thing) Ø Issue: intelligent decision making
So, the IoT, at least, is about: q Component 1: Communication technology o Reliable over human-unattended devices o Automated joining/leaving (connection/ disconnection, authentication, security, etc.) q Component 2: Decision making o Reliable over human-unattended devices o Capable to make non-trivial decisions q Component 3: Vertical Interfaces o Connecting components 1 and 2 o Translating the data and decision/commands Ø Huge room for R&D
Why IoT requires any R&D? q Fundamentally different concept from the peoplecentric computer networks o All (even non-trivial) decisions have to be fully/ mostly automated o Higher level of automation => reliability gain and cost reduction q Many big and small challenges at all the layers o Caused by inherent specifics of IoT
Layer 0: Hardware q 10+ years battery lifetime q 1-2 USD cost per device q Small scale electronics q High reliability required
Layer 1: Physical q Low-cost radio vs. high reliability => How? q 1-2 USD cost per device vs. high reliability => How? q 10+ years battery lifetime vs. small scale => How?
Layer 2: Data link q Human traffic: o Session-oriented o Long (in time): minutes and hours o Great in terms of data (calls, streaming video, data, e.g. files upload/download) o Stochastic o Few devices q IoT traffic (typically, excluding video): o Small bursts of data (tens of KB) o Periodic o Great number of devices
Layer 3: Network q Numerous devices => high addressing overhead q Numerous small packets => high propagation overhead q Coexistence with human traffic
Layer 4: Transport q High reliability vs. unpredictable delay in Internet o Similar to Human networks, but the demands are different
Layer 5: Session q End-to-end security q Privacy and trust (first of all, how to define them)
Layer 6: Presentation q Data visualization for the automated decision systems q Command translation into formal language
Layer 7: Application (plus services and business models) q Human-to-machine interaction q Business models q Monetization
Vision on people-centric IoT INDUSTRIAL context CONSUMER context AR glasses Personalized advertisments Wearable camera Mission-critical alerts Smart watch Smart tracking Smart commuting Social discovery Pet tracking Health monitoring Intention and desires USER Location and context Condition and mood Smart logistics
Natural next step q Merge the Internet of Things and Internet of Humans q Get: Internet of Everything (IoE) q Harmonization through all the layers
We can t solve everything at once... Money, money, money, and concepts Thus, the problems are solved independently: q Radio technologies optimization: o Machine-to-machine communications (M2M) o Machine-type communications (MTC) q Computation and caching on intermediate nodes: o Edge computing or fog computing q Factory automation as a primary use case: o Industrial Internet q Specific delay-critical applications: o Tactile Internet and Internet of Skills q (partly for IoT) Analysis of massive amounts of data: o Big Data q (partly for IoT) Low-cost security and privacy primitives: o Lightweight cryptography