10/28/14. Chapter Twenty Doing Research

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1 Preparing Your Preliminary Outline: Collect the divisions discovered during the preliminary reading process. The outline may change several times during the research process. Topic: Polygraph Testing Reliability What it measures False Readings Purposely deceiving Use throughout history Use in other countries Law Enforcement Court Intelligence Employment Consequences of test on a person s life Topic/Thesis: Polygraph Testing on the Job Cost Reliability Accuracy Relations between guilt and physical measures from test Consequences of test on a person s life Rights of the individual 1

2 Writing a Working Thesis and Listing Research Questions: A working thesis will give the writer a direction in the research process. Research questions can help define the topic and thesis clearly. Writing a Working Thesis and Listing Research Questions: Working Thesis: Many employers have used polygraph testing as a means for determining the honesty of future employees. Research Questions: What type of jobs use the polygraph test? What are the reasons that an employer would use the polygraph machine? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the polygraph test? What legal rights does an employee have concerning taking a polygraph test? How accurate is the use of a polygraph test in determining the credibility of an employee? Developing a Working Thesis Working Thesis: Many employers have used polygraph testing as a means for determining the honesty of future employees. (lacks interpretation/judgment) Working Thesis: Supporters and critics battle the merits and drawbacks of lie detector tests. (lacks author s opinion) Working Thesis: Research indicates that the use of the polygraph test as a condition of employment is highly unfair. 2

3 Writing a Working Thesis and Listing Research Questions: Working Thesis: Research Questions: Question One Question Two Question Three Question Four Question Five Collecting Sources 10 text available sources 3 printed sources (library loan) Due: Oct 16 2 external sources (outside kslc.org) Citation Cards (3 x5 ) Make a card for every source. (pages ) Ø Periodical Print Articles Ø Reference Books Ø Reference Records for Internet Source articles will look similar to example on page

4 Bibliography Cards (3 x5 ) Bibliography card has three purposes: Ø Enables you to find the source again Ø Enables you to prepare documentation for your paper Ø Enables you to prepare the Works Cited Page Bibliography Cards (3 x5 ) Alder, Ken. The Lie Detectors: The history of an American Obsession. New York: Free Press, Print. 1 Book by a single author (Page 470) Bibliography Cards (3 x5 ) Klein, Ezra. Tax Cutters for Truth. Newsweek 20 Dec. 2010: 18. Print. 2 Selection in a magazine. (Page 469) 4

5 Article in a library database: Author(s) of the article. Title of article. (quotation marks) Title of journal, magazine, or newspaper (italics) Date Month Year or Volume number and issue: 3 Oct Name of Database. (in italics) Medium of publication. (i.e., Web or CD-ROM) Day Month Year accessed. 3 Oct Bibliography Cards (3 x5 ) Alder, Jerry, Daniel Stone, Anna Kuchment, and Paul Tolme. The Race for Survival. Newsweek 9 June 2008: MasterFile Premier. Web. 18 Aug Article from a subscription database. General Research MasterFile Premier: Delivers articles, reference books, and an extensive image collection for every subject area, including access to Consumer Reports. Academic Search Premier: Scholarly multidisciplinary research database. Student Research Center: Browse or search topics from current events to art to math. Includes biographies and images. Newspaper Source Plus: Access full articles from over 850 newspapers. This database now includes transcripts of television and radio news. Kansas Periodical Index: Find articles in 14 current and discontinued Kansas publications, The index contains citations only, no full-text or links to articles. Encyclopedia Britannica Online (select a version): Public Library Edition Academic Library Edition Elementary School Edition Middle School Edition High School Edition Notice the different databases on the KSLC webpage. 5

6 Student Research Center EBSCO Publishing Citation Format: MLA (Modern Language Assoc.): NOTE: Review the instructions at and make any necessary corrections before using. Pay special attention to personal names, capitalization, and dates. Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines. Works Cited Meacham, Jon. "Keeping The Dream Alive.. (Cover Story)." Time (2012): 26. History Reference Center. Web. 27 Oct <!--Additional Information: Persistent link to this record (Permalink): Keeping the Dream Alive THE AMERICAN DREAM The American Dream has seen better days--much better. The perennial conviction that those who work hard and play by the rules will be rewarded with a more comfortable present and a stronger future for their children faces assault from just about every direction. That great enemy of democratic capitalism, economic inequality, is real and growing. The unemployment rate is dispiritingly high. The nation's long-term fiscal health is at risk, and the American political system, the engine of what Thomas Jefferson called "the world's best hope," shows no sign of reaching solutions commensurate with the problems of the day. Article in an online source: (not listed in textbook) * Author and/or editor names (if available). * Title of article in quotation marks. (if applicable) * Title website, project, or book in italics, (i.e.,.com or.net) * Any version numbers, posting dates, volume or issue numbers. (or nd) * Publisher Information (Name and Date). (or Np) * Take note of any page numbers. (if available) * Medium of publication. (i.e., Web or CD-ROM) * Day Month Year accessed. * URL (if required) Bibliography Cards (3 x5 ) Examples of different Parenthetical Citations are in your textbook: pages

7 Three types of notes: Ø Direct Quotation Ø Paraphrase Ø Summary Note Cards (4 x 6 ) Limit your subject and approach to it as soon as you can, so you can perform the job of note taking efficiently. Note Cards (4 x 6 ) Three types of notes: Ø Direct Quotation Problems with internal 2 combustion engines In one year, the average gas-powered car produces five tons of carbon dioxide, which as it slowly builds up in the atmosphere causes global warming. (page 47) Note Cards (4 x 6 ) Three types of notes: Ø Paraphrase Problems with internal 2 combustion engines In the course of a year, automobiles emit five tons of carbon monoxide that is linked to negative environmental issues such as global warming. (page 47) 7

8 Note Cards (4 x 6 ) Three types of notes: Ø Summary Direct comparison of 3 combustion engines with electric engines Scientists conducted a series of tests with combustion engines in different environmental settings, gauging the performance of the engine and contrasted those results with electric engines. When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize: Ø Direct Quotation when an idea is especially well stated in a source or when the exact wording is important historically, legally, or as a matter of definition. Ø Paraphrase use as your BASIC NOTE FORM the form that you always use unless you have a good reason to do otherwise Ø Summary use when you have a passage that is too long to be effectively quoted or paraphrased EFFECTIVE NOTE TAKING * Notes should not be too long or short. * Note should contain fact, statistic, unique information, expert opinion, anecdote, or original ideas. The business of rodeo is now as legitimate as any other national sport. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most famous monuments in the world. * Slugs should be specific to the card (not too broad), yet not too specific (no classification in mind). 8

9 EFFECTIVE NOTE TAKING Ø Keep your topic, controlling purpose, and audience in mind at all times. Ø Insure that summaries and paraphrases accurately express the ideas in your sources. Ø Be accurate with direct quotations use quotation marks. Ø Double check statistics and facts. Ø Distinguish between fact and opinion by labeling: Dr. Graves believes or According to Dr. Graves Ø Use ellipsis points to abbreviate notes as long as intent isn t changed. Important Note Taking Information! Ø As you become familiar with your research and topic, you will begin to develop a preliminary, or rough, outline. The sooner this develops, the more focused and effective your research will be. As you learn more about your topic, your preliminary outline will change and grow. Ø WRITING IS A CYCLICAL PROCESS! At any point in the process, you can stop what you are doing and return to an earlier point. You might shift the purpose of your topic or add/eliminate a main point. This process is no more apparent than during the information gathering stage. Research Paper Schedule: This Friday: 10 Notecards with accompanying Oct. 25 bibliography cards Next Friday: 15 Notecards with accompanying Nov. 1 bibliography cards Friday: 25 Notecards with accompanying Nov. 8 bibliography cards (Lecture on internal Friday: Nov. 22 citations and Works Cited Page) Typed Draft w/ Works Cited DUE! 9

10 Parenthetical Citations WORK BY ONE AUTHOR: Indeed, he grew so bitter about the plight of blacks that he rejoiced when his infant son died because the child would never have to experience the prejudice that he had felt (DuBoise 155). DuBoise recounts the story of one black man who was so bitter about his personal plight that he rejoiced when his infant son died because the child would never have to experience the prejudice that he had felt (155). Parenthetical Citations WORK BY TWO AUTHORS: A wide range of job opportunities is available to adventurous travelers (Krannick and Krannick 34). WORK BY THREE OR MORE AUTHORS: Teachers in all courses should determine the writing skills of their students (Anderson et al. 4). Et alia Latin for and others Anderson and her coauthors insist that teachers in all courses should determine the writing skills of their students (4). Parenthetical Citations MORE THAN ONE WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR: Once society reaches a certain stage of industrial growth, it will shift its energies to the production of services (Toffler, Future 221). Society has gone through two eras (agricultural and industrial) and is now entering another the informational age (Toffler, Third 26). Toffler argues in Third Wave that society has gone through two eras (agricultural and industrial) and is now entering another the informational age (26). 10

11 Parenthetical Citations WORKS BY AUTHOR S WITH THE SAME LAST NAME: Critics have often debated the usefulness of the psychological approach to literary interpretation (Fredrick Hoffman 317). WORKS FOR WHICH NO AUTHOR IS GIVEN: Supporters of the polygraph test point out that to help alleviate possible nervousness, the subject is given access to the questions he will be asked during the test as long as he desires (What s It Like 8). Parenthetical Citations MLA recommends placing parenthetical reference at the end of a sentence. The decade of the fifties is often seen as a period when nothing much was asked of us beyond reminding ourselves how good we were as a people (Hardwick 126). On some occasions you may need to place the reference within the sentence to clarify its relationship to the information. Although Hardwick suggests that in the fifties nothing much was asked of us beyond reminding ourselves how good we were as a people (126), the placid decade soon produced unexpected turmoil. Parenthetical Citations When the reference documents a direct quote of four or more typed lines, set the quote off from the text in block format. Elizabeth s Hardwick s memory of the fifties serves as an apt summary of the curiously familiar attitudes of the placid decade: Right after the war, the therapy for all our moral discomforts was the daily recital of the sins of Communism and the Soviet Union, and the subsequent healthy enjoyment of our own virtues or at least our absent sins. Nothing much was asked of us beyond reminding ourselves how good we were as a people and a system and that we did not need to suffer the infection of despairing selfcriticism. (126) 11

12 THE WORKS CITED PAGE Ø Prepare the list on a separate page headed Words Cited. Ø Double-space before typing the first entry. Ø Arrange the entries alphabetically, according to author s last name. THE WORKS CITED PAGE Ø For entries without authors, use the first word in the title, eliminating articles. Ø When you cite two or more sources by the same author arrange works by title. Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic, Print Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretative Anthropology. New York: Basic, Print. 12