Histoire naturelle des pigeons or Les pigeons: Coenraad Jacob Temminck versus Pauline Knip

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1 Archives of natural history 37.2 (2010): Edinburgh University Press DOI: /E # The Society for the History of Natural History Histoire naturelle des pigeons or Les pigeons: Coenraad Jacob Temminck versus Pauline Knip EDWARD C. DICKINSON A, NORMAND DAVID B, LESLIE K. OVERSTREET C, FRANK D. STEINHEIMER D and JUSTIN JANSEN E A (corresponding author) Flat 3, Bolsover Court, 19 Bolsover Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7JG, UK ( edward@asiaorn.org). B 10385A Clark, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3L 2S3. C Smithsonian Institution Libraries, NHB CE-G15 / MRC 154, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC , USA. D Naturkundliches Universitätsmuseum, Friedemann-Bach-Platz 6, D Halle (Saale), Germany. E Ravelijn 6, 5361 EJ Grave, The Netherlands. ABSTRACT: Evidence for the dates of the parts of C. J. Temminck s Histoire naturelle des pigeons was planted by the artist who, with the benefit of royal patronage, had earlier made herself the apparent architect of the work as a whole and renamed it Les pigeons. We here reveal the flaws in the planted evidence, available in Philadelphia, and how these flaws show when she committed the deed. Wrappers play a major role, and a set in Berlin reveals the true dates of publication. The consequence is that the work must be seen as two works: one, the combined issue of the last parts where the artist must be allowed her pride of place; the other, the bulk of the work where her evidence crumbles and Temminck is undoubtedly and lead player in the publication not just the author. KEY WORDS: Pauline de Courcelles fine art wrappers deceit Empress Marie Louise Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte. INTRODUCTION The information provided by Ronsil (1957), in this journal, can now be greatly extended. Coues (1880: 794) 1 summarised what he believed to be known regarding the work which began with parts intended to make up the first volume of Histoire naturelle des pigeons et des gallinacés with text by Coenraad Jacob Temminck ( ) and illustrations by Mademoiselle Pauline de Courcelles ( ) 2, and which seemed to become Les pigeons, a single volume by Madame Knip née de Courcelles, the artist, with texts by Temminck. Knip s illustrations played a major role in making this work famous. Coues (1880: ) gave considerable detail on the material in the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). This comprises two volumes originating from the Bibliothèque de J. B. Huzard 3, including a transcription of Huzard s own notes about them. Here it is suggested that it was at the time of the ninth livraison that Knip used subterfuge, a piece of truly feminine finesse, to make the work appear to be hers (Coues 1880: 795) and Coues accepted this view. Huzard also mentioned having at one time had a signed letter from Knip sending to him the parts that she had suppressed from Temminck s original. 4 Coues noted that the letter had later been withdrawn. Since then ornithologists have generally understood that new names proposed in this work needed to

2 204 LES PIGEONS be credited to Temminck, but have generally ignored whether the proper complete citation should be to Temminck in Temminck and Knip or to Temminck in Knip and Temminck. Stone (1905: 756, footnote 1) drew on this same material to provide dates for the different parts of this work. 5 These dates were not doubted until Stresemann (1953: ) reported on the set of this work held in the library of the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin (ZMB). Drawing on dates printed on the set of wrappers there he offered different dates. Recent authors have either used his dates or have used some dates from Stone, and others from Stresemann or, occasionally, different dates. Huzard, Coues (1880) seemed to imply, had a full set of what Temminck had authorised and a full set of what Knip had issued. 6 Huzard s notes make clear that he had the Knip material bound in one volume and the Temminck material in another. With the Temminck material Huzard placed the titres-enveloppes, the covers or wrappers, of the first eight parts. With the Knip material Huzard placed the wrappers for parts 9 to Coues (1880) and Stone (1905) assumed that the resultant set of dates taken from these two lots of wrappers was definitive. However, the dates of Stresemann (1953) were generally earlier, and in 2003 we planned to explore the differences. In September 2006 we received scans of several wrappers and title-pages from Eileen Mathias at the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; following a close examination of these, two of us (ND and LO) visited that library together in April 2007 to examine the Huzard material first hand. By drawing on further copies of this book, including one in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden (RMNH), which is considered to have been Temminck s own set, we have been able to clarify what Knip must have done and when she must have done it. The dates on her wrappers give evidence of her deceit; but they also raise fresh questions. We compare and comment on the dates shown by the Huzard set of wrappers and the Berlin set reported upon by Stresemann and we conclude that, while all new names remain attributable to Temminck, two different citations are needed. CRITICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE WRAPPERS Two sets of wrappers have been located: one in the Huzard material in Philadelphia, the other in the Berlin copy (see Table 1). There is agreement that there were 15 livraisons. All wrappers have a printed date, year only, with the livraison number or numbers handwritten. Our information is too limited to make clear whether double livraisons were planned or just a function of orders received. Livraisons 1 to 3 were published in 1808, and 4 to 8 in 1809: we have found independent support for these dates from the Berlin wrappers. Listings in Journal général de la littérature de France for 1808 (p. 257), and for 1809 (pp 98, 161) support respectively livraisons 1 to 3 by September 1808, livraisons 4 and 5 by April 1809, and livraisons 6, 7 and 8 by June 1809 (Anonymous 1808, 1809a, 1809b). 8 We are also satisfied that the final parts making up the Berlin copy must have been distributed before the final parts issued by Knip and we will explain why below. 9 Our conclusion as regards dates is that the dates given by Stresemann deserve acceptance. Browning and Monroe (1991) made the same recommendation but did not report any exploration of what had happened.

3 LES PIGEONS 205 Table 1. The contradictory dates on the wrappers. The dates in column 2 are those of Stresemann (1953); those in column 4 agree with those of Stone (1905) based on the Huzard material. Berlin set Philadelphia material Livraison numbers date Livraison numbers date and and and and 10 M. DCCC. XI 10 and M. DCCC. XI 12 and M. DCCC. XI 13, 14 and 15 M. DCCC. XI 14 and 15 M. DCCC. XI Apart from demonstrating differing dates of issue, the succession of wrappers documents changes in the title of the work and, eventually, the addition of Knip as a second distributor: first with one address, and soon after with another. Neither the role of Temminck, nor that of Knip (de Courcelles), was mentioned on early wrappers 10 had they been the events described here might have been slightly less easily engineered. The Berlin set The original wrappers were plain (Figure 1). The printing showed the title, the line on which the livraison number was to be added by hand, mention of Paris, as the place of publication, Chez Garnery at the Ancien Hotel Mirabeau, as distributor, Frères Mame (later Mame Frères) as printers, and a printed year. According to the wrappers held in Berlin, Garnery remained the sole listed distributor up to and including livraisons 12 and 13. The first two wrappers in the Berlin set bore the title Histoire naturelle des Pigeons et Gallinacés which changed on the third to Histoire naturelle des Pigeons. This title was retained up to and including livraisons 12 and There are three dated versions of this original wrapper one each for 1808, 1809 and 1810; each has LIVRAISON printed between two long, thin lines with this word set well to the right leaving space before it for the appropriate number to be added by hand. The wrapper for the combined and final livraisons 14 and 15 in the Berlin set (Figure 2) is different and is elaborately bordered. It bears the title Les Pigeons. Clearly Knip took over here, after the despatch by Garnery of the previous parts. Her name appears first, in large letters, with her new status as premier peintre d histoire naturelle de S. M. l Impératrice Reine Marie-Louise, followed by Temminck s name (spelled Themminck ) in smaller type. Prix 40 francs was added to the printed livraison line. New text stated Chaque livraison, accompagnée de son texte, est composée de six figures en couleurs d après les dessins de l Auteur gravées, imprimées et retouchées sous sa direction. L Histoire Générale des Pigeons aura quinze livraisons formant un volume. In addition Knip now listed herself as a a distributor above the name of Garnery and gave her address

4 206 LES PIGEONS Figure 1. The original wrapper as supplied with livraison 1. Note the name of the work and that the name of neither the author nor the artist is given (scanned by Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; reproduced by permission). Table 2. The plates that are missing from the Berlin set livraison number group plate number species date 1 Columbars 6 Columba aromatica var Columbigallines 1 Columba coronata Columbigallines 2 Columba nicobarica Columbigallines 6 Columba martinica fem Colombes 12 Columba livia Colombes 23 Columba cincta 1809 as Boulevard Mont-Parnasse. This wrapper was dated MDCCCXI. All known wrappers in this new, elaborate style have this date in Roman numerals and reflect the timing of Knip s appointment as premier peintre d histoire naturelle. This set reached the Berlin museum library in 1899; its earlier history is unknown. The plates missing (Table 2) from livraisons 1, 2, 4 and 6 suggest that early parts were collected

5 LES PIGEONS 207 Figure 2. Madame Knip s 1811 new wrapper as supplied by Garnery to a Berlin customer with double livraison 14 and 15. Note the misspelling of Temminck s name and the address given for Knip (scanned by Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; reproduced by permission). Figure 3. Madame Knip s 1811 new wrapper marked for use with livraisons 13, 14 and 15 together but supplied years later by Knip to Huzard (scanned by The Academy of Natural Sciences, Ewell Sale Stewart Library and the Albert M. Greenfield Digital Imaging Center for Collections, Philadelphia; reproduced with permission). and collated, but as far as the later parts are concerned there is no reason to doubt that collection was continued through subscription from the stated distributor Librarie Garnery in Paris. The wrapper for livraisons 14 and 15 seems to have been a first printing of this style of wrapper due to the address there given for Knip. We discuss this later. The Philadelphia material The Philadelphia wrappers for the first two pairs of livraisons bear the title Histoire naturelle des Pigeons and this was maintained through to the wrapper for livraison 8, not to livraisons 12/13 as suggested by Coues. There are two printings, one dated 1809 and one dated 1810; each has LIVRAISON printed on it between two long, thin lines with this word set well to the right as in the Berlin 1808 wrapper. These, all bound in the Temminck volume, are almost certainly the same as the Berlin wrappers, and were no doubt remainders available from stock to Knip when she made up the set to present to Huzard, but they differ in content from those in the Berlin set. The remaining wrappers are in the Knip volume. Here, as early as livraisons 9/10, the ornate wrapper was used. This bore the title Les Pigeons and was always dated MDCCCXI. It shows all the changes apparent in the last Berlin wrapper except that Knip s address is not Boulevard Mont-Parnasse but Rue de

6 208 LES PIGEONS Sorbonne, Musée des Artistes 12 (see Figure 3). 13 This is a second, later printing, later than the one found in the Berlin set as it reflects her move. THE NATURE OF THE WORK, ITS ORIGINS AND ITS SUBVERSION Ronsil (1957) stated that Histoire naturelle des pigeons et gallinacés was to run to three volumes containing 250 plates. This information was in Temminck s original introduction and was repeated by Temminck (1815: ). However, the pigeons were all to appear in the first volume, and the title-page for this, reading Histoire naturelle générale des Pigeons, was apparently issued with the first part (Figure 4). 14 The species depicted and described were treated in three groups: Les Columbars : 11 plates (numbers 1 11); pp (following an introduction, of which more will be said below). Les Colombes : 60 plates (numbers I LIX plus XXV bis); pp (but see below for problems with higher page numbers). Les Colombi-Gallines : 16 plates (numbers 1 16); pp Temminck recruited Pauline de Courcelles to execute the paintings he needed for his work. Cuvier and La Cépède provided a Rapport dated 15 June 1807, and later included in the book, on their examination of twelve plates of pigeons executed by de Courcelles and expressed approval of her work, evidently submitted earlier. Temminck arrived in Paris two weeks later (van Lynden-de Bruïne 2001: 67). Whether that report was obtained at Temminck s request and led him to select her or whether the author and artist had already agreed to collaborate and meant this report to be a testimonial for subscribers is unclear. Temminck (1815: 641) reported that he had had 40 dessins (sketches) of pigeons made by Prêtre 15 who had visited him in Holland, that de Courcelles was to base her work on these, and was to use specimens available in the museum in Paris for other subjects. We have found no suggestion that de Courcelles visited Temminck in Holland. 16 It was apparently agreed, although we do not know when, that the work would be printed in Paris and that de Courcelles would supervise the engraving. She clearly also approved proofs and supervised the retouching necessary after colour printing of the engravings (Temminck 1815: 641). Due to the Napoleonic wars it is quite likely that Temminck relied on her to be the contact for the printers but we doubt that Temminck ever appointed her a distributor. Following Napoleon s second marriage 17 Knip must have been presented to S. M. Impératrice-Reine Marie Louise 18, perhaps when she won a gold medal at an 1810 exhibition. It would seem to have been the hope of preferment 19 that led Knip to present Les pigeons to Marie Louise. 20 We do not know whether she waited till the book was complete or presented what had appeared. Huzard, in his notes, wrote that it was this that led to her appointment as Premier peintre d Histoire Naturelle to Her Majesty. Only the new ornate wrappers dated 1811 mention this and we believe her appointment was that year. Those Knip later gave to Huzard, with the Rue de Sorbonne address, suggest she distributed livraisons 9 to 13 in these, but she may in fact not have used this style wrapper until the final combined parts 13, 14 and 15 were available, and that her later gift to Huzard was made up of stock possibly used by her, but not by Garnery, for livraisons 9 to 12. The final wrapper in Berlin with Boulevard de Mont-Parnasse (this address is also mentioned in Bibliographie de

7 LES PIGEONS 209 Figure 4. The 1808 title-page intended for the volume on pigeons probably at a time when Temminck still intended to produce one or two additional volumes for the gallinacées (scanned by Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; reproduced by permission). l empire français (Anonymous 1812)) seems to us to be the earliest version because we think that the Rue de Sorbonne implies the Musée des artistes where her patroness allotted her a studio or a grace and favour apartment. It seems reasonable to believe that she would not use this wrapper in any set presented to Marie Louise, or to others, if she had not yet been assigned these premises and this suggests presentation in OUR INTERPRETATION REGARDING THE THEFT On the evidence of the wrappers, set out earlier, it is only at the time of the issue of the last two livraisons (Berlin), in 1811, that Knip revealed her complete takeover. Not knowing precisely when Knip made her gifts to Huzard it is unclear how much credence can be given to the combinations of livraisons suggested by the wrappers she gave him. She presumably added the livraison numbers herself, and the double or triple livraisons could either have been what she arranged, or thought she had arranged with the copies she sold after the deception began, or could be entirely contrived.

8 210 LES PIGEONS Either way, for her issues no earlier date than 1811 can be used unless better evidence can be found. Her dates, which are later for livraisons 1 to 3 and 6 to 13 than those in the Berlin set could be taken at face value but then play no logical part in her story as they are not the prior dates. Only in the case of livraisons 4 and 5, dated 1809 in both sets, do we not have corroborative evidence that the Berlin versions actually appeared first. In the light of the evidence as a whole we believe the Berlin set to be genuine, and Huzard s set of doubtful evidentiary value. The wrappers held by Huzard were stated to have come from Knip and could so easily have been selected to suit her purposes in shaping Huzard s understanding. The evidence suggesting that livraison 13 was issued with livraisons 14 and 15, and that this Knip triple issue might have appeared before the Berlin double issue is at variance with the 1810 wrapper for livraisons 12 and 13 in Berlin. In addition there is the change of address to consider. Strictly, the International code of zoological nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) would require a date of 31 December 1811 to be applied to the ultimate Berlin double part and to the Knip triple part. Is our evidence sufficient to prove that the date on the triple part is incorrect? The evidence does not quite prove that. We shall revert to this in our conclusions. It is not certain when Temminck discovered what Knip was doing or had done. We know from his wife s diaries (van Lynden-De Bruïne 2001) that she and Temminck were away from Holland from 5 May to 21 October 1811, but the diaries do not mention a visit to Paris in this period. Temminck (1815: 642) wrote Madame Knip eut la prévoyance de ne me faire parvenir que des exemplaires complets, portant le titre de l année This refers to the full sets he received; sets which had been compiled to include what he expected and clearly cannot have included her new wrappers for he seems initially to have been unaware of the substitutions and deceit. We do know from Temminck (1820: xxiv) that he also visited Paris in 1812, but he gave no exact date. So, on present evidence, it could have been in 1812, or possibly late 1811, that Temminck discovered this piracy as seems to have suited the lady s taste (Coues 1880: 795). Temminck (1815: 643) claimed that journalists he spoke to refused to publish his complaints and that this was due to the power of Knip s royal patroness. This, of course, refers to Marie Louise and to the power of her husband, Napoleon. Temminck (1815: ) reported: Tout les moyens mis en oeuvre pour appeler contre un acte si arbritaire, furent sans effet, et ma voix ne put alors s élever contre l intrigue soutenue par des protecteurs puissants. It seems to us that Temminck eventually accepted that he could not take on Napoleon Bonaparte s wife and her artist friend and that he was forced to accept Knip s theft as a fait accompli. Temminck ( ) soon published on the pigeons and the gallinacés, but without the illustrations by Knip which he had commissioned, and he reserved for the future the 160 originals by Prêtre of the gallinacées which he held. 21 Huzard, in his notes in the Philadelphia material, wrote, possibly wholly based on Knip s story 22,... d après les arrangements particuliers des auteurs, Madame Knip est demeurée proprietaire de l ouvrage des Pigeons, which is capable of being interpreted as reflecting an agreement. After the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon and Marie Louise might have seemed irrelevant, but Knip s production in of a second edition of Les pigeons, including a new second volume with text by Florent Prévost, suggests that Knip felt quite secure in her ownership. Indeed, in a letter to Knip dated 24 January , Temminck stated that he

9 LES PIGEONS 211 would visit her in March and wrote of supplying Prévost before then with pigeons which he hoped she would paint in time for him to have them back then. So it seems likely an agreement had been reached. DIFFERENCES IN THE TEXT As evidence of the actual changes made to the work at the time that Knip finalized the issue of the last livraisons, we have Knip s instructions to bookbinders (Figure 5). These spell out exactly what was to be suppressed and what was to be inserted instead, except that no mention is made of the table or the index, neither of these presumably having been previously distributed, nor of the early dedication pages. 25 Out went the half-title 26 and title-pages for the work by Temminck, with the title Histoire naturelle générale des Pigeons, and in came Knip s versions of these with just Les Pigeons. Temminck s introduction disappeared, a stated loss of nine pages, plus the Rapport which in the original was on the verso of the ninth page of the introduction, both supposedly issued in livraison 1; out too went his 16-page Discours sur l ordre des Pigeons which was to be wholly suppressed. Knip s replacement Discours is an abbreviated composite of text from Temminck s Introduction and from his rewritten Discours. This composition could only be crafted late in the publication process and emphasizes how late the take-over occurred. Huzard s Knip material has a gap between page 14, at the end of her Discours (this page is actually the Rapport), and page 23 which is the first page of the text for the first species of this group of pigeons (Columba militaris plate 1). This is an eight-page gap, equivalent to two signatures 27, and Knip, on the back of the half-title, explained the lack of this as a faute d impression. In the text of his table, Temminck indicated that the index was to appear at the end. Knip s version of the table lacks this note. Huzard s note (Coues 1880: 796) made clear that while both versions had a table, which differed, Temminck s had the index, but Knip s did not. Huzard reported it as suppressed, and he, clearly, had received his copy from Knip as part of the collection of suppressed parts that she gave him. This 16-page index, with pages numbered in lower case Roman numerals, is absent from the Berlin set, but present in the Leiden one. Such pagination would have been quite usual for an index appearing at the back and there is no doubt Temminck intended it to accompany or follow the ultimate livraison. Zimmer (1926: 357) reported some curious pagination and pencil corrections in the text: what should have been (and is corrected by hand to be) pages in the Columbars section was numbered in type as pages 129 to 135 (the last erroneously printed 133 ). Both the pagination and the signature sequence 28 indicate that the printers, setting type for livraisons 14 and 15, were carrying forward from page 123 of the Colombes section and when they reached Columba squamosa (pp ), they continued the pagination for the next three species not realizing that the text no longer concerned the Colombes but was a continuation of the Colombars. Thus, Columba calva was pp , Columba abyssinica pp and Columba vernans pp This pagination when corrected, and placed with the Colombars, becomes pp 35 36, and Since all of the original printing bears these erroneous paginations, unless corrected by hand, it is interesting and indicative to note, that in tome I of the deuxième edition of 1838,

10 212 LES PIGEONS Figure 5. Avis au relieur showing in detail what Knip wished the binders to suppress and what to insert instead (scanned by The Academy of Natural Sciences, Ewell Sale Stewart Library and the Albert M. Greenfield Digital Imaging Center for Collections, Philadelphia; reproduced with permission). as evident in the set in the Tweeddale Library at the Natural History Museum, London, the Columbars section s pages 35 to 41 are similarly incorrectly numbered in type; it therefore seems likely that tome I of this edition is actually a re-issue of remainder sheets from the edition. The Berlin set of the first edition, which the relevant wrapper suggests was issued earlier than the Knip versions, has the corrected pages, within the original wrapper for this double livraison. Finally, there is one question as to where a plate appeared. The information in Journal général de la littérature de France for 1809 placed plate 25, of Columba aurita, in livraison 7. One would expect this as each livraison was supposed to include six plates so that livraison 6 would logically have held plates 19 to 24. The make-up of the Berlin volume places plate 25 in livraison 6, as reported by Stresemann (1953) and confirmed by us; both livraisons date from We choose to accept livraison 7 for plate 25 on the basis of a probable collation mistake in Berlin. This, it will be recalled, is a set with missing plates; perhaps the original collector received this in place of plate 33. In the Berlin set, which includes the introduction by Temminck, the Rapport is printed on the verso of page ix of the introduction. The presence of the introduction lends some support to the claim by Stresemann (1953) that this copy was one of Temminck s twelve approved copies, but the final wrapper is clearly not what Temminck had in mind, and Temminck s index is lacking.

11 LES PIGEONS 213 In our view, the Berlin set holds a copy of the earliest wrapper for livraisons 14 and 15 and the Berlin set, in toto, must be accepted as the basis for dating all the parts. THE LEIDEN SET The set in the library of the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, was reported upon by Mees (1975) who, although mainly concerned with the spelling of one particular scientific name, depicted the 1808 title-page showing the title Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons and reported that this copy had been purchased for the Leiden museum from one of Temminck s descendants in December This set contains no wrappers but, as one would expect, holds a full complement of the pages missing from the modified work of Knip. In addition it contains the revised pages 17 to 22, of which page 22 is blank, needed to replace these same pages of Temminck s original Discours in which page 22 had six lines of text. Presumably all Temminck s twelve authorized copies had these pages (but they are not in the Berlin copy, nor, of course, in the Huzard material). We mentioned earlier that Temminck received some sets from Knip. In fact she sent him eight sets and he appears to have managed to assemble four others (Temminck 1815: 643), these twelve he approved. 31 All the evidence suggests that this approval cannot have been given until Thus while Temminck s version may have been authorized it does not have priority and cannot be the one work to be cited. Suppression of Knip s version would leave livraisons 1 to 13 of the Berlin version as the original work and perhaps livraisons 14 and 15 might be cited from Temminck s authorized version except for the lack of the index. This seems to us to be much too muddled to be commended. Temminck s copies may have been distributed, but the only two copies known to us that meet his criteria are Temminck s own set and one in the library of the Teylers Museum, Haarlem (Ekama 1886: 228) 32. What Temminck intended and what Knip put forward as hers is worth summarising. In so far as the plates and their texts are concerned it is hard to argue that there are technically two separate works and that one could be suppressed 33. We considered asking the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to set aside Knip s issue, but on the evidence given above we consider this to be inappropriate. CONCLUSIONS: TWO WORKS OR MORE? What we have are two complementary works, with different titles, apparently followed by a very small authorised edition which, following the principle of priority is shown to be too late to affect names already introduced. All the new names are attributable to Temminck. We believe that the evidence shows that until livraisons 14 and 15 the work would have been seen by subscribers as written by Temminck with illustrations by Knip. However, due to the enclosures with them livraisons 14 and 15 were self-evidently published as a work by Knip with text by Temminck. All the names introduced into ornithological literature came from either Temminck s first thirteen livraisons or from the two final ones given as by Knip and Temminck. The Berlin copy of this work, and its full set of wrappers, provides a reasonably solid basis for citation.

12 214 LES PIGEONS We conclude that when using full citations new names found in this work (see Appendix 1) require citation from the appropriate part and differently, thus: Livraisons 1 to 13: Temminck in Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons (with a date to be taken from Table 1, column 2 above). Livraisons 14 & 15 Temminck in Knip and Temminck, Les pigeons, It is necessary to add the following comments regarding these conclusions. Six plates are not present in the Berlin copy, although the text for them was present. Other sets confirm which species each depicted. Of these six only Columba cincta was newly described and depicted. The Berlin copy of livraisons 14 and 15 is accompanied by a first printing of a new style wrapper; the second printing can be told by Knip s changed address. Livraisons 14 and 15 included the second part on the Colombars (pages 31 to 41 and plates 7 to 11); Columba calva Temminck thus dates from 1811 and not from 1808, a date often used. The text for this section of Columbars is to be found with the original mis-numbered pages or with page numbers that have been carefully corrected by hand. Note that the representative copy that we propose be used for corrected citations, is not one of Temminck s twelve authorized copies because we believe the eleven that he parted with would have been issued later. Nor can the basis for citation be any part of the Knip set that Huzard had, which Knip seems to have wanted her public to believe was the official version; to accept her indication of the make-up of the final three-part issue is to argue against accepting the pairing of livraisons 12 and 13 and their joint issue in The Berlin set of plates, and accompanying texts, is made up of collated and credible wrappers for the livraisons. Most dates are substantiated by the evidence from Journal général de la littérature de France. This set lacks the index which we would expect to find only in the few copies Temminck had to dispose of; and Temminck must have distributed these after discovering the theft, and so probably in 1812 or later. 34 It is possible that comparisons between different sets sent out by Knip would show that her usage of wrappers was inconsistent; she clearly printed wrapper stock dated 1809, 1810 and MDCCCXI, and these may have been misapplied. While Garnery presumably used the original-style wrappers until livraisons 12 and 13 it seems unlikely Knip would have released any later copies of livraisons 9 to 15 without her own distinctive wrapper, but the number of parts included in any given wrapper could have varied from customer to customer. In addition to the Philadelphia, Berlin and Leiden copies we have, between us, examined three sets in the Natural History Museum, London, a set in Vienna, and another in Paris. Appendix 2 compares the contents of what Temminck wanted and what Knip claimed to be hers. In summary, we believe that the dates of issue given by Stresemann (1953) are correct, and that the appropriate methods of citation are now clear. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For access to the Huzard material we are most appreciative of the encouragement and help of William Brown, Bob Peck, Eileen Mathias and Frank Gill, at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Scanning of that material was arranged by the Academy of Natural Sciences, Ewell Stewart Library and the Albert M. Greenfield Digital Imaging Center for Collections, Philadelphia. The Berlin scans were kindly arranged by Sylke Frahnert, Martina Rissberger and Maik Jurke at the Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

13 LES PIGEONS 215 For access to other copies we would like to thank René Dekker and Hein van Grouw at the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden; Ernst Bauernfeind at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Alison Harding at the Natural History Museum, Tring; the staff of the General Library at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, and Didier Partouche at the Museum national d Histoire naturelle, Paris. For other help, over almost six years, we are most grateful to Dick Banks, Murray Bruce, Ann Datta, Bob Dowsett, Steven Gregory, Leo Joseph, Hannelore Landsberg, Marijn van Hoorn, Jean-François Voisin and Michael Walters; and, finally, Florence Pieters was still able to find extra information with has enriched our paper, particularly through her discovery of the 1842 letter in The Hague and her provision of Appendix 2. NOTES 1 Often dated 1879 but Mathews (1920: 24) discovered the date to be 30 September Zimmer (1926: 146) confirmed this from an original wrapper. 2 Born 26 July 1781; died 18 April She married Joseph Knip in 1808, but was divorced in 1824 (Ronsil 1957). We have found no evidence to suggest that she referred to herself as Knip-de-Courcelles; it was as Knip that she was appointed to her position. 3 Not Hazard as given by Coues (1880). Jean-Baptiste Huzard ( ), an agronomist who became inspector-general of national veterinary schools throughout France, was a wealthy Parisian bibliophile. A Bouchard- Huzard publishing house existing at this time was almost certainly part of the family. After his death Huzard s library of over 40,000 works collected over many years was catalogued, in three volumes by Leblanc (1842) published by Bouchard-Huzard, and sold at three auctions held in October 1842, December 1842, and February 1843 in Paris (URL (accessed by ECD, 11 August 2009)). The material in Philadelphia, which must have been bought at these auctions, appears to have been donated on or before 15 June 1847 by Dr Wilson (Anonymous 1847), no doubt Thomas B. Wilson, who later became President of the Academy (Stone 1899: 5). At much the same time his brother, Edward Wilson of London and Tenby, was arranging the purchase on his behalf of collections of bird specimens including that of Victor Massena (the Duc de Rivoli and Prince d Essling, titles given by Napoleon to his successful general), the Gould collection of Australian birds, and the parrots and tanagers of Bourcier (Stone, 1899: 6), Boucier s sunbirds were also acquired but the shipment was lost at sea (Jardine, 1851: 19). 4 Ronsil (1957) said that she was helping Huzard, as a friend, to complete his set. Huzard was around 25 years older. 5 Huzard s notes, cited by Coues (1880), give the date range but which wrappers had which dates was only explained by Stone (1905: 756). 6 In both volumes the plates, as Huzard wrote, were proofs (apparently artist s proofs, being avant la lettre ): black proofs in the Temminck volume and coloured proofs in the Knip one. Huzard stated that both sets of proofs were chosen for him by Knip. Some of the text pages show notations of errors; these do not seem to have been corrected later and are probably not proof sheets. 7 Thus, critically, he did not have two sets of wrappers. 8 Bibliographic research into French publications is well served by Bibliographie de la France which was preceded by Journal typographique et bibliographique (September 1797 to October 1810) and Journal général de l imprimerie et de la librairie (December 1810 to September 1811). This latter title became a subtitle in the successor work, which began in 1813 with a main title of Bibliographie de l Empire français but, after the Battle of Waterloo, it reverted to Bibliographie de la France (URL (accessed ECD, 12 July 2009)). We found nothing relevant in Journal typographique et bibliographique (1808 and 1809) and Journal général de l imprimerie et de la librairie (1810 and 1811). Journal général de la littérature de France (which had varying subtitles) was published from 1798 to 1814, and the entries from 1808 and 1809 are in it. 9 Ronsil (1957) employed the dates for the parts that had been given by Stone (1905) and Zimmer (1926). Peters (1937) used a mixture of dates, in three cases using dates that did not come from Stone and do not agree with Stresemann s later information either. 10 However, both were mentioned in the title-page which appeared; this was dated We prefer to rely upon the issued title-page for the title; the earliest wrappers reflect Temminck s original intention to create a three-volume work but confusion is reduced by considering that the volume title is the most important to cite.

14 216 LES PIGEONS 12 Temminck (1815: 642) noted the address as Rue Sorbonne Musée des artistes. 13 Bibliographie de l Empire français (7 March 1812: 266) reported the availability of livraisons 11 to 15 and gave the Mont-Parnasse address. This is the address on the wrapper for parts 14 and 15 in the Berlin copy, but not that in Huzard s collection which gave the Rue de Sorbonne and we suppose that a second version with that address could only be created after the work, with the Mont-Parnasse address had been presented by Knip to her patron. 14 It is not possible to be certain that the collation of the Berlin set is absolutely accurate. 15 Jean Gabriel Prêtre, a gifted artist attached to the museum in Paris at the Jardin des Plantes (now the Muséum nationale d Histoire naturelle). 16 Ronsil (1957: 213, footnote), having examined Temminck s personal copy in Leiden made up from original aquarelles, considered that all 74 of these were originals by Prêtre and that to those which de Courcelles copied she made only minor changes. In the circumstances described here, and accepting, as Ronsil did, that this is what happened the aquarelles must have been lent to de Courcelles by Temminck and later returned. 17 By proxy on 11 March 1810, and in person in the Louvre in Paris on 1 April Marie Louise (aged 18), was the daughter of Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, a Habsburg. She was thus by right Archduchess of Austria, before becoming Empress. Napoleon at this time also titled himself as King of Italy hence Impératrice-Reine. 19 And probable pecuniary gain: Ronsil (1957) reported that for this work alone Marie Louise gave her 5,760 francs. Journal general (during 1808 and 1809) gave the price as 40 francs. At that price, 600 francs for the complete work, the sum received from Marie Louise suggests ten copies may have changed hands. Ronsil (1957) reported that each livraison of the later work with Prévost was sold for 30 francs. 20 A dedication by Temminck to Louis Napoleon, King of Holland, had been printed at some earlier date. By 1811 Louis Napoleon had abdicated. 21 See Temminck (1815: 644). However, contrast what Temminck then wrote with Temminck (1813: 10) when he indicated that Prêtre was to have been the artist for his second and third volumes. A few plates inferred as being by Knip but with clear reference to the 160 that Temminck had, were printed and distributed about 1968 by Nutricia, N. V. with the permission of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (A. P. W. M. Kosten to the Natural History Museum, London, 17 July An English translation of a letter, sent out by Nutricia in January 1968 with the first of these prints, was attached; Zoology Library, Natural History Museum, London: Z88TEM.) 22 Huzard once had a letter from Knip in which this may have been mentioned, but where this is mentioned in Huzard s neat copperplate writing another hand has added retiré. 23 Lord Tweeddale possessed a bound set comprising the new work, this includes the new tome II, and a version of the original work which has an undated title page saying deuxième édition on which Knip s address was Rue du Bac No. 77, and her co-distributor was Bellizard, Dufour et Cie., Libraires, Rue de Verneuil 1 bis. Zimmer (1926: 358) reported a similar volume and thought it a reprint with alterations. We have not been able to check for a watermark, but think remaindered pages may have been used as in this set no attempt has been made to correct the mistaken pagination (see pp above). 24 Royal Library, The Hague; ms 79 E 146. We are grateful to Dr F. F. J. M. Pieters for this. 25 Mention of this might have caused questions from Marie Louise. Temminck s original dedication was to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ( ), King of Holland, a younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. Louis was King of Holland from 5 June 1806 to 1 July 1810, when, on the instructions of his brother, he abdicated. Knip s patron was but recently married to Napoleon himself, and while Knip may have seen Louis Napoleon s effective dismissal by his brother as helpful it did not actually clear the way to a dedication of the work to Marie Louise. 26 Faux titre in French. This is an abbreviated title-page usually limited to the name of the work only. 27 But what she removed was the second leaf of signature 4, all of signature 5, and only the first leaf of signature 6. Her assertion of a printer s (or typesetter s) error is belied by the fact that both the signature and page number remain in the correct sequence for an eight-page gap. 28 Signatures are as follows: no. 30 = pp ; no. 31 = pp ; no. 32 = pp ; no. 33 = pp ; no. 24 (recte 34) = pp (recte 135). 29 Peters (1937) seems to have believed that pp had been issued as part of the first livraison; this would explain his use of 1808 for the date attributable to the name Columba calva. 30 The Dutch government purchased this copy from A. Bierens de Haan of Aerdenhout (H. Boschma to A. Bierens de Haan, 22 December 1942; copy of original manuscript letter in Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum,

15 LES PIGEONS 217 Leiden). In addition to the published plates, it included 40 original paintings by Pauline de Courcelles and 34 sketches by J. G. Prêtre. 31 Where did Temminck obtain the index for the four copies not sent to him by Knip? As Temminck was in Paris he may have visited the printers and been able to get some there. That he would find these at Garnery, the original distributor, seems less likely. 32 This set lacks wrappers and although probably received from Temminck is not supported by any evidence that this is the case (Marijn van Hoorn to ECD, pers. comm., 19 August 2009). 33 As regards some of the introductory sections clearly there are, but the plates and their texts are identical, except for a very few page numbering issues. 34 A composite set in the library of the Museum national d Histoire naturelle, Paris, includes the index suggesting a Temminck set, but it has the Rapport on the back of the Discours as a Knip issue should. REFERENCES ANONYMOUS, 1808 Journal général de la littérature de France no. 9: ANONYMOUS, 1809a Journal général de la littérature de France no. 4: 98. ANONYMOUS, 1809b Journal général de la littérature de France no. 6: 161. ANONYMOUS, 1812 Bibliographie de l empire françaid, ou journal de l imprimerie et de la librairie. 1 (23): 266. ANONYMOUS, 1847 Librarian s report. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3: BROWNING, M. R. and MONROE, B. L. Jr., 1991 Clarifications and corrections of the dates of issue of some publications containing descriptions of North American birds. Archives of natural history 18 (3): COUES, E. B., 1880 Third instalment of American ornithological bibliography. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 5 (4): EKAMA, C Fondation Teyler. Catalogue de la bibliothèque. Tome 1. Sciences exactes et naturelles. Livraison 3. Harlem. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, 1999 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. London. JARDINE, W Birds of western Africa. Collections of L. Fraser Esq. Jardine s contributions to ornithology for 1851: KNIP, P. and TEMMINCK, C. J., 1811 Les pigeons. Livraisons 14 & 15. Paris. LEBLANC, P., 1842 Catalogue des livres, dessins et estampes de la Bibliothèque de feu M. J.-B. Huzard. Paris. 3 volumes. MATHEWS, G. M., 1920 Dates of ornithological works. Austral avian record 4 (1): MEES, G. F., 1975 A list of the birds known from Roti and adjacent islands (Lesser Sunda islands). Zoologische Mededelingen 49 (12): PETERS, J. L., 1937 Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts. RONSIL, R., 1957 Madame Knip, née Pauline de Courcelles, et son œuvre ornithologique. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 3 (4): STONE, W., 1899 A study of the type specimens of birds in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with a brief history of the collection. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 51: STONE, W., 1905 On a collection of birds from British East Africa obtained by Mr. George L. Harrison Jr. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 57: STRESEMANN, E., 1953 Vögel, gesammelt von Labilliardiere während der Voyage à la recherche de la Perouse Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologische Museum in Berlin 29 (1): TEMMINCK, C. J., Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons. Livraisons Paris. TEMMINCK, C. J., 1813 Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des gallinacés. Volume 1. Amsterdam & Paris. TEMMINCK, C. J., 1815 Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des gallinacés. Volume 3. Amsterdam & Paris.

16 218 LES PIGEONS TEMMINCK, C. J., 1820 Manuel d ornithologie ou tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe; précédé d une analyse du système général des espèces. Paris. 2 volumes. VAN LYNDEN-DE BRUÏNE, A. M., 2001 In vogelvlucht door Europa. De reisjournalen van Dionysia Catharina Temminck-Cau ( ). Zutphen. ZIMMER, J. T., 1926 Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer ornithological library. Field Museum of Natural History, zoology. Received 23 March Accepted 30 September APPENDIX 1. New names proposed by Temminck in these complementary works which should be cited to that work in which each is found, arranged in chronological order. C. J. Temminck, Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons. Columba Psittacea (Colombars) Livraison 1 (1808): 28, plate 4. Columba arquatrix (Colombes) Livraison 3 (1808): 11, plate 5. Columba gymnophtalmos (Colombes) Livraison 5 (1809): 48, plate 18. Columba elegans (Colombes) Livraison 6 (1809): 56, plate 22. Columba cincta (Colombes) Livraison 6 (1809): 58, plate 23. Columba rufina (Colombes) Livraison 6 (1809): 59, plate 24. Columba aurita (Colombes) Livraison 7 (1809): 60, plate 25 (plate possibly in previous livraison). Columba violacea (Colombes) Livraison 7 (1809): 67, plate 29. Columba larvata (Colombes) Livraison 7 (1809): 71, plate 31. Columba erythrotorax (Colombi-gallines) Livraison 7 (1809): 15, plate 7. Columba holosericea (Colombes) Livraison 8 (1809): 73, plate 32. Columba superba (Colombes) Livraison 8 (1809): 75, plate 33. Columba tympanistria (Colombes) Livraison 8 (1809): 80, plate 36. Columba bitorquata (Colombes) Livraison 9 (1809): 86, plate 40. Columba tigrina (Colombes) Livraison 9 (1809): 94, plate 43. Columba maugeus (Colombes) Livraisons 10/11 (1809): 11, plate 52. Columba talpacoti (Colombi-gallines) Livraisons 12/13 (1810): 22, plate 12. P. Knip and C. J. Temminck, 1811 Les pigeons. Columba calva (Colombars) Livraisons 14/15 (1811): 35, plate 7. Columba mystacea (Colombes) Livraisons 14/15 (1811): 124, plate 56. Columba godefrida (Colombes) Livraisons 14/15 (1811): 125, plate 57.

17 LES PIGEONS 219 APPENDIX 2. Comparative composition. Temminck s intended output as he instructed Madame Knip, and her composition when completed as her work. Knip s text (see line following Discours ) included her explanation of the apparently missing pages as due to a printing error. We omit, from the text on the verso of the title-page, the names of the five species depicted less than life-size. Details given here derive from originals owned by Huzard (now in the library, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia) checked mainly with the set in Berlin. Temminck intended copy Knip intended copy Half-title HISTOIRE NATURELLE DES PIGEONS ET DES GALLINACÉES LES PIGEONS Verso of half-title page DE L IMPRIMERIE DES FRÈRES MAME, Rue du Pot-de-Fer, n o 14. Cet ouvrage, accompagné de son texte, est composé de 87 figures en couleurs, d après les dessins de Madame Knip, née de Courcelles, gravées, imprimées et retouchées sous sa direction, aura 15 livraisons, formant un volume. A l exception de cinq individus, que leur grande dimensions ont obligé de réduire, tous sont représentés de grandeur naturelle. Les cinq individus réduits sont... Quoique le discours sur l ordre des Pigeons finisse à la page 13, et que les descriptions commencent à la page 23, il n y a point de lacune; c est une faute d impression. Nota. Il faut avoir soin de placer la planche toujours en regard de l explication. Title-page HISTOIRE NATURELLE GÉNÉRALE DES PIGEONS, PAR C. J. TEMMINCK, Directeur de L Académie Royale des Sciences et des Arts de Harlem, et membre de plusieurs Sociétés d Histoire Naturelle. AVEC FIGURES EN COULEURS, PEINTES PAR MADEMOISELLE PAULINE DE COURCELLES, GRAVÉES, IMPRIMÉES ET RETOUCHÉES SOUS SA DIRECTION. PARIS GARNERY, RUE DE SEINE, ANCIEN HÔTEL MIRABEAU LES PIGEONS, PAR MADAME KNIP, NÉE PAULINE DE COURCELLES, PREMIER PEINTRE D HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE S. M. L IMPÉRATRICE REINE MARIE- LOUISE. LE TEXTE PAR C. J. THEMMINCK, DIRECTEUR DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS DE HARLEM, etc., [monogram] A PARIS CHEZ [brace] M ME KNIP, AUTEUR ET ÉDITEUR, RUE DU SORBONNE, MUSÉE DES ARTISTES GARNERY, RUE DE SEINE, HÔTEL MIRABEAU, n o 6. DE L IMPRIMERIE DE MAME. M.DCCCXI Dedication A SA MAJESTÉ LOUIS NAPOLÉON, ROI DE HOLLANDE. HOMMAGE offert au Protecteur des Arts, par l estime et le respect le plus profond, SIRE, De Votre Majesté le très humble serviteur et sujet, C. J. TEMMINCK [not included]