EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING

Transcription

1 EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Law 1 March 2015

2 Contents 1 Introduction... 3 Copyright and permissions... 3 Libel Presentation... 5 Appendices A. Figures and Tables... 5 B. House style and spelling... 6 C. Words ending in ise, -ize, and yse... 8 D. References OSCOLA Quick Reference Guide... 9 Bluebook (18th ed.) Legal Citation Format Examples E. Example copyedited pages F. Common proofreading marks G. Example proofread pages

3 1. Introduction We are delighted to be including your work in this book. These notes are intended to help you prepare a chapter file that will harmonize with other contributions and minimize additional work for everyone. A neat, well-prepared text with minimum formatting will enable the copyeditor, typesetter, and proofreader to do their work efficiently. Careful preparation of the chapter file will also reduce the amount of correction required at proof stage. Please remember that amendments and corrections are both costly and time consuming at all stages and may increase the list price of the book as well as delay publication. We hope that you will find the following notes helpful, but please do contact your editor if you have any queries. Our typesetters will use your electronic files to ensure the accuracy of the text and minimize the number of errors introduced during typesetting. Please follow the guidelines closely. Always ensure that the electronic file you submit is the very final version. The chapter should not exceed the length specified unless by prior agreement with the editor. Figures and tables should be included in the word count with each figure counting as 500 words and each table as 300 words. Copyright and permissions It is the author s responsibility to seek written permission for any work in copyright and also to settle any fees which may arise as a result of this. Copyright of material published in the US and UK lasts for the author s lifetime plus 70 years. Quotes: permission to reproduce from academic copyrighted material is required if a quoted extract exceeds 400 words or a collection of extracts exceeds 800 words this is sometimes known as the fair-dealing rule. This is only a rough estimation and permission should be sought from the publisher of any published material if in doubt. Poetry and song lyrics: including published poetry and song lyrics can prove very expensive. If you do wish to include an extract from a poem or similar literary work in your book for instance, in a dedication or at the beginning of an introduction you will need to seek permission to use any quote of any length from the copyright holder and it is likely that you will need to pay a fee for this. Illustrations: permission is required if any tables, diagrams, illustrations, photographs etc. are copied from published sources, which includes work/material posted on the internet and screenshots. Acknowledgement of source, author and publisher must be made. Tables and figures with information drawn from other sources do not need permission but sources must be acknowledged. Authors should request permission for print (hardback and paperback) and electronic editions of the book, as well as world language rights. Below please find a draft permissions letter which can be amended as necessary: ***************************************************************** Dear Permissions Coordinator, I have been invited by Edward Elgar Publishing to contribute a chapter to the book.... I am writing for permission to use the following: I hope that you will grant me non-exclusive world language rights to use the above in both print (hardback and paperback) and electronic formats. I will of course include the normal form of acknowledgement to the original source of publication. I would be very grateful if you would sign and return this letter as confirmation of your permission to use this material as soon as possible. With many thanks for your assistance, Yours sincerely, PERMISSION GRANTED SIGNED 3

4 Libel Please ensure that you do not make any defamatory or injurious statement about living persons, institutions or other organizations which could result in libel claims. 2. Presentation Present your chapter as simply as possible. Do not do any designing or formatting as complex formatting will have to be stripped out. It will take up more of your time and will also complicate and delay the production process. All text should be ranged left, unjustified and without hyphenation for word division at the ends of lines. Use hard carriage ( Enter ) returns only to end headings and paragraphs and to signify indents. Use tabs to identify new paragraphs. Please use the same typeface throughout. Be careful not to key in unnecessary spaces: only one space is necessary at the end of a sentence after a full point. One space must be keyed after a comma or other punctuation and before an opening parenthesis. There is no space following full points after initials (Mr J.B. Smith) or between acronyms (USA). Your chapter should contain a logical sequence of main sections, preceded by a heading and each of these headings can be divided into further sub-sections. Leave additional spacing above and below section headings and above and below indented quotes (see section on Quotations). Text should be saved as a.doc file. A current version of Microsoft Word is recommended. Figures should be saved in separate files. The original figures files should be supplied in a separate file. Do not embed figures in the text. (See Appendix A: Figures and Tables) When you are ready to submit your final chapter use the Save as... option to save the most recent version of your electronic files as a.doc file in MS Word format and then submit the chapter file via or Dropbox to your editor. Chapters that contain maths and/or foreign characters (i.e. Chinese, Japanese, Arabic) should be submitted as both PDF and Word files. Please check the PDF carefully, before submission, to ensure that the maths and/or characters are displayed as intended. Abstracts Please provide an abstract, if possible, as this will be used to increase the visibility of your individual chapter/s on our ebook platform, Elgaronline. 4

5 Appendix A: Figures and tables Figures, tables, maps etc. should be created in black and white only and should be sharp, clear and legible and with the minimum line weight greater than hairline. If artwork is scanned use 300 dpi (dots per inch) for grayscale (image size should be c1600 x 2600 pixels) and 1200 dpi for line drawings. Please provide figures suitable for use in the finished book. EPS files or PDF files are the ideal, as long they are saved with the fonts embedded, but there is no need to save tiffs/jpegs as eps or pdf files. If the originals are tiffs/jpgs, they are usually uneditable, but are generally acceptable if they are produced to a minimum of 300 dpi. It is always better that figures are produced in grayscale first, not colour, because if they are in colour and then need converting to grayscale, many of the shades will look similar and indistinguishable. Please aim for consistency in the labelling (as far as size and fonts are concerned), as this is very helpful. Tables, figures, maps and other artwork previously published will require permission and it is the responsibility of the author or contributor to clear this prior to final submission, and to advise us what form of acknowledgement is required by the copyright holder. (See Section 1. Introduction Copyright and Permissions for more information.) You should supply all figures, graphs, maps etc., at the same time as the final chapter file. These should not be embedded in the text, but should be supplied separately. You may supply the figures either in one combined figures file or provide each figure separately. Tables should be set out clearly using only horizontal lines/rules and minimal vertical lines/rules. They are likely to be re-keyed by the typesetter. Figure and table captions should be included in the manuscript files with an appropriate note indicating clearly where each figure or table is to appear. All figures and tables should be numbered consecutively within each chapter. Inclusion of photographs is discouraged unless absolutely necessary. Please contact your editor to discuss further. 5

6 Appendix B: House style and spelling The main points of style to which we prefer our books to conform are outlined here but we are happy to accept any reasonable consistent style. We would stress the three c s as criteria in all cases of doubt: common usage, consistency and, above all, clarity. Remember that direct quotations should not be changed to conform to our house style but should appear as in the original publication. ABBREVIATIONS consisting of capital initial letters are usually expressed without full stops GNP, USA. Contractions ending with the same letter as the original word do not take terminal full stops edn, Mr, Dr, St but abbreviations where the last letter of the word is not included do take a full stop ed., ch. Thus ed. and eds are both correct. However, abbreviated units of measurement do not take a full point thus lb, mm and kg are correct and do not take a final s in the plural thus, 5 oz. The abbreviations etc., i.e. and e.g. are usually best replaced by and so on, that is and for example. ACCENTS are retained in foreign words, except in French upper case (for instance, état but Etat not État). APOSTROPHES should be omitted in plurals, for example, 1950s, MPs. An apostrophe should only be used when the possessive is to be indicated, for instance, MPs pay. CHAPTERS of the book should be numbered 1, 2, 3 and referred to as Chapter 1, Chapter 2 (not chapter 1 and so on). CITATIONS should be consistent between chapters. OSCOLA, Bluebook or other standard referencing styles are all acceptable. See Appendix D. COMMAS should be omitted before the final and or or in lists unless the concepts in the list are complicated and the comma aids clarity. Commas are usually unnecessary after adverbial phrases or conjunctions, especially when they begin a sentence for example: yesterday, at last, during the summer. Commas should not appear in relative clauses that are defining clauses but should appear in relative clauses which are commenting clauses thus pilots who are dull will have crashes contains a defining clause whereas pilots, who are dull, will have crashes contains a commenting clause and an unfair comment on pilots in general. DATES should be written 18 August 2014 and decades should be presented without an apostrophe (for example, the 2000s, unless possessive, for instance, 1980s fashion). Please write nineteenth/twentieth/ twenty-first century in full rather than 19th/20th/21st century. Phrases such as nineteenth century do not have a hyphen unless they are used adjectivally, that is, nineteenth-century literature. ELISION OF NUMBERS AND DATES Numbers: minimal elision should be used, in the form 23 4 (not 23 24), (not or ), except for: teens : these should appear in the form (not 11 7). (However, 11 7 would be fine when expressing betting odds.) tens : these should appear in the form (not 20 1). hundreds : these should appear in the form (not or ). Dates: should be elided to the decade: (not or ). ELLIPSES should be written as three spaced points (... ). The ellipsis does not need to be followed by a concluding full point. EMPHASIS Avoid too much emphasis. Italics should be used sparingly for emphasis. FIGURES AND TABLES are normally numbered 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 with A.1, A.2 being used in appendices. In the text refer to Figure 2.1, Table 3.2. FOOTNOTES Insert superior figures in the text at the appropriate point, with each chapter starting a new sequence of numbers. FULL POINTS are not needed after headings (including table headings), sub-headings, figure captions, figure numbers, table numbers or section numbers, or after names and addresses printed below prefaces or in, for example, specimen letters. HYPHENATION is optional in many cases and in many words the hyphen is being used less for instance, microeconomic, cooperate. Avoid using hyphens wherever possible, unless doing so makes the text confusing. 6

7 INITIAL CAPITALS are used to distinguish the specific from the general for example, he is Professor of Economics at Oxford University, but he is a professor at a university. This principle, however, is capable of wide interpretation and, in general, we try to avoid using capitals because overuse both reduces the importance of those words which have a capital and spoils the appearance of the printed page. IN-TEXT REFERENCES should use et al. if there are three or more authors/editors. If there is more than one reference with the same first author and date of publication, label each one a, b, c and so on. ITALICS Please avoid using italics just for emphasis. Italic type should be used for the titles of films and television programmes and also ships (for example, HMS Ark Royal). Song and poem titles, however, should appear in Roman type, within quotation marks. LISTS should use numbers (1, 2, 3 and so on) for major lists and letters (a, b, c) for lists within major lists. NUMBERS in the text up to and including ten should be written out in full unless accompanied by a unit of measurement, for example 3 kg, 5 m or 2 per cent but two girls and so on. Numbers that begin sentences should be spelled out. Numbers over 10 should appear in figures, unless used in general or estimated terms (for instance, about a hundred people). Four-digit numbers should appear closed up (without a comma: 1000). Five or more digit numbers should appear with a thin space (for example, ). Decimal points should appear as full stops on the line (0.10). Please ensure capital O, zero, lower case l and figure 1 are used correctly. Billion is now more commonly used in its American meaning of a thousand million so it is best to make it clear early in your chapter in which sense it is used. PARENTHESES (round brackets) should be used for simple interpolations, with square brackets used for editorial notes or interpolations in quotations (for example, [sic]). PAROCHIALISMS such as in this country or this year should be replaced with the country name or specific year. PER CENT should be written in full in the text (or percent when US spelling is required) but as % in tables and figures. THE POSSESSIVE S should be used, for example, Keynes s, Jones s, Thomas s except in biblical and ancient classical names (for example, Moses, Aristophanes ). QUOTATIONS/EXTRACTS must be an exact reproduction of the original in both spelling and punctuation even if this conflicts with the style in the rest of the book. Use single quotes for extracts in the text of less than 50 words in length and double quotes for quotes within quotes. For extracts exceeding 50 words in length material should be indented from the left margin, with space above and below and quotation marks omitted. Any notes or editorial comment within the extract should appear in square brackets and any omissions should be indicated by 3 dots followed by a full point if it occurs at the end of a sentence. Ensure that opening quotation marks are distinguished from closing quotation marks. SPELLING can be standardized. It is helpful if you can supply a separate list of decisions made about spellings. Where a dictionary gives alternative spellings for some words please use the -ize suffix where possible. Formal names of institutions, for example, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or World Trade Organization should not be changed. SUPERSCRIPT NOTE NUMBER INDICATORS should follow any punctuation, unless the reference refers to text within brackets when the symbol would be within the bracket. SYMBOLS If there are Greek letters or logical and mathematical signs in the text it would be helpful if a separate list of these characters could be sent in with the text for the benefit of the copy editor and typesetter. Distinguish carefully between superior and subscript characters and use italic text for any characters to be set in italic. 7

8 Appendix C: Words ending in -ise, -ize, and -yse (i) Use -ize in preference to -ise as a verbal ending in cases where both spellings are in use. Generally corresponding to the Greek -izo, it is added to form verbs to the stems of nouns ending in -ism, -ization, -izer, -y, and to complete nouns. Examples: agony agonize criticism criticize appetizer appetize philosophy philosophize civilization civilize standard standardize colony colonize transistor transistorize Verbs in -ize formed on proper names: bowdlerize, galvanize, macadamize, pasteurize. (ii) The ending -ise must be used when the verb corresponds to a noun having -ise as part of the stem, e.g. in the syllables vis- (seeing, as in televise), -cis- (cutting, as in excise), -mis- (putting, as in compromise), and when it is identical with a noun in -ise, as in exercise, surprise. (iii) Nouns with endings other than -ism, -ization, -izer, and -y, such as those in -ition and -ment, are not usually associated with verbs in -ize (or -ise). Exceptions are aggrandizement/aggrandize, recognition/recognize, and others noted in The Concise Oxford Dictionary as assimilated to verbs in -ize. Reference should be made to COD and Collins Authors and Printers Dictionary in doubtful cases. Some of the more common verbs in -ise follow: advertise demise excise promise advise despise exercise revise analyse devise franchise supervise apprise disfranchise improvise surmise arise disguise incise (iv) -ise is also a termination of some nouns: compromise enterprise franchise surmise demise exercise merchandise surprise disguise expertise reprise (v) In verbs such as analyse, catalyse, paralyse, -lys- is part of the Greek stem (corresponding to the element -lusis) and not a suffix like -ize. The spelling -yze is therefore etymologically incorrect, and must not be used. 8

9 Appendix D: References OSCOLA Quick Reference Guide Downloaded from < accessed 3 March 2015 The complete 4th edition of OSCOLA is available at < Primary Sources Do not use full stops in abbreviations. Separate citations with a semi-colon. Cases Give the party names, followed by the neutral citation, followed by the Law Reports citation (eg AC, Ch, QB). If there is no neutral citation, give the Law Reports citation followed by the court in brackets. If the case is not reported in the Law Reports, cite the All ER or the WLR, or failing that a specialist report. Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884 R (Roberts) v Parole Board [2004] EWCA Civ 1031, [2005] QB 410 Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 (HL) When pinpointing, give paragraph numbers in square brackets at the end of the citation. If the judgment has no paragraph numbers, give the page number pinpoint after the court. Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112 [42], [45] Bunt v Tilley [2006] EWHC 407 (QB), [2006] 3 All ER 336 [1] [37] R v Leeds County Court, ex p Morris [1990] QB 523 (QB) If citing a particular judge: Arscott v The Coal Authority [2004] EWCA Civ 892, [2005] Env LR 6 [27] (Laws LJ) Statutes and statutory instruments Act of Supremacy 1558 Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b) Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amendment of Minimum Age) Order 2004, SI 2004/3166 EU legislation and cases Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13 Council Regulation (EC) 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (EC Merger Regulation) [2004] OJ L24/1, art 5 Case C 176/03 Commission v Council [2005] ECR I 7879, paras Case C 556/07 Commission v France [2009] OJ C102/8 European Court of Human Rights Omojudi v UK (2010) 51 EHRR 10 Osman v UK ECHR 1998 VIII 3124 Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004) Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188 9

10 Books Give the author s name in the same form as in publication, except in bibliographies, where you should give only the surname followed by the initial(s), relevant information about editions, translators and so forth before the publisher, and give page numbers at end of the citation, after the brackets. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268 Gareth Jones, Goff and Jones: The Law of Restitution (1st supp, 7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2009) K Zweigert and H Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, OUP 1998) Contributions to edited books Francis Rose, The Evolution of the Species in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006) Encyclopedias Halsbury s Laws (5th edn, 2010) vol 57, para 53 Journal articles Paul Craig, Theory, Pure Theory and Values in Public Law [2005] PL 440 When pinpointing, put a comma between the first page of the article and the page pinpoint. JAG Griffith, The Common Law and the Political Constitution (2001) 117 LQR 42, 64 Online journals Graham Greenleaf, The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information (2010) 1(1) EJLT < article/view/17> accessed 27 July 2010 Command Papers and Law Commission reports Department for International Development, Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future (White Paper, Cm 7656, 2009) ch 5 Law Commission, Reforming Bribery (Law Com No 313, 2008) paras Websites and blogs Sarah Cole, Virtual Friend Fires Employee (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) < accessed 19 November 2009 Newspaper articles Jane Croft, Supreme Court Warns on Quality Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3 10

11 Appendix D: References (continued) Bluebook (18th ed.) Legal Citation Format Examples Book published by a single publisher: Frederick Pollock & Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law (2nd ed. 1911). Book published in editions by multiple publishers: Charles Dickens, Bleak House (Norman Page ed., Penguin Books 1971) (1853). Journal article: Charles A. Reich, The New Property, 73 Yale L.J. 733, (1964). Newspaper article: Ari L. Goldman, O Connor Warns Politicians Risk Excommunication over Abortion, N.Y. Times, June 15, 1990, at A1. Shorter work in a collection by multiple authors: Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychological Model of Gender, in Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference 89, 89 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., 1990). Shorter work in a collection by a single author: Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., The Path of the Law, in The Collected Works of Justice Holmes 291 (Sheldon M. Novick ed., 1995). Unpublished manuscript: Anatoliy Bizhko, Capitalism and Democracy 25 (Feb. 29, 2000) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author). U.S. case: United States v. MacDonald, 531 F.2d 196, (4th cir. 1976), rev d, 435 U.S. 850 (1978). U.K. case: R. v. Lockwood, (1872) 99 Eng. Rep. 379 (K.B.). Constitution: N.M. CONST. art. IV, 7. Codified statute: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C (2000). Session law: Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. No , 80 Stat. 931 (1966). International agreement: Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, art. 3, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S Internet document: George McCarthy et al., The Economic Benefits and Costs of Homeownership (Jan. 1, 2001), org/docs/rihaw/00-02.pdf. Short forms: Dickens, supra note 2. Reich, supra note 3, at 739. Id. at

12 Appendix E: Example copyedited pages <recto><cn>2.<em><ct>theories and their uses in social marketing <1/2 line space> <au>linda Brennan, Wayne Binney, Lukas Parker, Torgeir Aleti Watne and Dang Nguyen <a>what IS A THEORY? Theory is a term that can be used formally and informally in academic and non-academic language. It is used in non-academic language to describe something that is abstract or unknown. Words that are often used interchangeably with theory are words such as guess, supposition, proposition and hunch. People say things like in theory or hypothetically without consideration for the real meaning of the terms. The words theory and hypothesis have specific meanings that influence how research and investigation take place. A theory is a structured system of concepts that explain an existing set of observations and can eventually be used to predict future observations (Kemp et al., 2010). The system of concepts explains the observations and does not need to be directly observable. For example, the concept attitude is not directly observable. However, it can be inferred from (manifest) observations such as self-reported survey answers, behaviours, and so on. A theory is based upon hypotheses (formalized questions) or research questions (concepts and ideas that are not yet formalized) and is backed by evidence. Therefore, a theory presents a concept or idea that is testable. A theory is not a guess. A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon. In social marketing, theories are used to provide a model for understanding humans (influences, responses and behaviours) in a social change (usually persuasive) context. In addition, theories can be used to develop strategies based on generalizations. A generalization is a theory that has been tested more than once and has been proved to be true. There are very few generalizations in social marketing. For a theory to be a theory and not a hunch it has to have the potential to accurately describe a phenomenon (in this case a behaviour) and to be able to predict the behaviour occurring in the future. Hence, sometimes, we may have theories that are descriptive and others that are predictive. Importantly, for social marketing researchers, we would like to make the point that you cannot predict something that is not yet well described. Table 2.1 outlines the phases of theory development from definition to prediction. <INSERT TABLE 2.1 ABOUT HERE> If there is a lack of any one of these stages, any supposition, estimation, presumption, hypothesis or a series of hypotheses is not a theory, as there would still be an unexplainable link within the set of relationships. This will then cause the theory to be unable to be proved. In some of the models we 12

13 present in this book, theories are actually conceptual frameworks, not theoretical frameworks and exploration of their theoretical properties has only just begun. In this book, we want you to consider the role theory has in improving social marketing practice. A good theory can save money, time and effort and provide the social marketer with stronger outcomes over time. Theories are not just academic; they are very helpful in framing appropriate strategy. Theory-led practice is both efficient and effective. The purpose of a theory in the social marketing context is to save money, time or effort (efficiency) and to be more successful than you might otherwise be (effectiveness). This is just a brief overview; people wanting to read more about theory development are advised to read in the philosophy of science domain. <a>where DO THEORIES COME FROM? In the sciences, theories are created after observation and testing. They are designed to rationally and clearly explain a phenomenon. For example, Isaac Newton came up with a theory about gravity in the seventeenth century, and the theory proved to be testable and eventually proved to be correct (after nearly 200 years we have gathered sufficient data to be fairly sure that he was right). Scientific theories are not quite the same thing as facts, but they are often very similar; scientists usually test their theories extensively before airing them, looking for obvious problems that could cause the theory to be challenged. This is relatively easy in a laboratory setting or where the phenomenon under examination is stable and testable multiple times. A theory can, in this context, be posited (put forward as an idea), tested, refined, and finally proved by the use of evidence. It is not easy to do this in a natural setting and many theories in social marketing fall down at the point where they have to include the natural, normal lives of humans in the model. In social marketing research we rarely have sufficiently developed theories to be sure of anything and proof with hard evidence is not available. However, we try to use scientific methods to develop and conduct our research so that we may (eventually) make a contribution to the body of knowledge in social marketing. The point at which we accept something as true is the point at which people have stopped arguing about it. For example, we no longer argue about the earth being flat or round. As a relatively new discipline (starting at a debatable point sometime in the late 1960s to early 1970s) social marketing is still arguing about its parameters and boundaries. Therefore, our theories are often borrowed from other disciplines and adapted or adopted for our purposes. In this book, we will try to indicate which are the antecedent disciplines where this is known so that the reader can understand the research paradigm in which the model is based. For an explanation of how the choice of paradigm influences social marketing research, see Brennan et al. (2011). Using the principles of scientific development of theories (Mattingly, 2005), there are a number of phases of theory development. Theory is also developed within a paradigm. In the scientific research paradigm, theory is developed somewhat as can be seen in Table 2.2. We have used apples and gravity as an example of the development of the theory over time as a generic model and one most people should be able to understand, in principle at least. <INSERT TABLE 2.2 ABOUT HERE> 13

14 Appendix F: Common proofreading marks Instruction Textual mark Margin mark Comment Insert new matter Insert additional matter The red hen required. However, as These marks may also be used to indicate where something should be inserted: Additional matter is supplied on a separate sheet marked with reference letter. Delete See the table on page 5. In practice, these are usually the same in modern typesetting: close up can Delete & close up See the table on page 5. be inferred from context Substitute character The little red hun e Substitute string of characters e.g. word The little red hen black Insert a full point This sentence must end The encircling ring helps to identify the character, which might otherwise be mistaken Insert a colon This clause has a point : for a spot on the proof. little. A Insert a semi-colon This is wrong. I should ; In this example, a semicolon is being substituted rather than inserted. Insert a comma Fish chips and peas, Insert single quotes Insert double quotes Insert apostrophe The liberated territory The liberated territory The childs pajamas The additional mark under the punctuation helps to indicate the superscript positioning. Insert hyphen State of the art research N Insert en-dash From An en-dash is used to connect values in a range. En- and em-dashes are used M Insert em-dash The dogs - all 14 - barked to separate out phrases. Insert slash Insert ellipsis Substitute charater in superscript or subscript position In his her field of study As to what happens next 23,500 m3 of lumber An escape of CO2 gas

15 Instruction Textual mark Margin mark Comment Change to italics An incredible fortune Change to bold An incredible fortune Change to bold italics An incredible fortune Change bold to roman An incredible fortune Change bold italics to roman An incredible fortune Change italic to roman An incredible fortune Change to capitals When in Rome, do as Change to small capitals Capitals for initials; rest in small capitals When in Rome, do as When in Rome, do as Some typefaces have a complementary expert set containing small capitals. Change capitals to lower case FAILURE is seen Change small capitals to lower case Failure is seen Start new paragraph are confirmed. The new name for the company is No new paragraph; run on are confirmed. The new name for the Insert space between characters/words This typeface is called or # # is typographer s shorthand for space. Close space between characters/words This type face is called Indent text by amount indicated Cancel indent are confirmed. The new name for the company are confirmed. The new name for the company 1 em An em is a space equal to the body size of the type; other units of measure could also be used e.g. millimetres. Indent left and right Cider apples have been a major source of income Transpose characters Accidents ahppen Transpose words This fat full cheese Take over to new line Cider apples have been a major source of income Take back to preceding line Cider apples have been a major source of income 15

16 Appendix G: Example proofread pages 16

17 17