A Companion to European Romanticism

Transcription

1 A Companion to European Romanticism

2 Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture This series offers comprehensive, newly written surveys of key periods and movements and certain major authors, in English literary culture and history. Extensive volumes provide new perspectives and positions on contexts and on canonical and postcanonical texts, orientating the beginning student in new fields of study and providing the experienced undergraduate and new graduate with current and new directions, as pioneered and developed by leading scholars in the field. 1. A Companion to Romanticism Edited by Duncan Wu 2. A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture Edited by Herbert F. Tucker 3. A Companion to Shakespeare Edited by David Scott Kastan 4. A Companion to the Gothic Edited by David Punter 5. A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare Edited by Dympna Callaghan 6. A Companion to Chaucer Edited by Peter Brown 7. A Companion to Literature from Milton to Blake Edited by David Womersley 8. A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture Edited by Michael Hattaway 9. A Companion to Milton Edited by Thomas N. Corns 10. A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry Edited by Neil Roberts 11. A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature and Culture Edited by Phillip Pulsiano and Elaine Treharne 12. A Companion to Restoration Drama Edited by Susan J. Owen 13. A Companion to Early Modern Women s Writing Edited by Anita Pacheco 14. A Companion to Renaissance Drama Edited by Arthur F. Kinney 15. A Companion to Victorian Poetry Edited by Richard Cronin, Alison Chapman, and Antony H. Harrison 16. A Companion to the Victorian Novel Edited by Patrick Brantlinger and William B. Thesing A Companion to Shakespeare s Works: Volumes I IV Edited by Richard Dutton and Jean E. Howard 21. A Companion to the Regional Literatures of America Edited by Charles L. Crow 22. A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism Edited by Walter Jost and Wendy Olmsted 23. A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American South Edited by Richard Gray and Owen Robinson 24. A Companion to American Fiction Edited by Shirley Samuels 25. A Companion to American Fiction Edited by Robert Paul Lamb and G. R. Thompson 26. A Companion to Digital Humanities Edited by Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, and John Unsworth 27. A Companion to Romance Edited by Corinne Saunders 28. A Companion to the British and Irish Novel Edited by Brian W. Shaffer 29. A Companion to Twentieth-Century American Drama Edited by David Krasner 30. A Companion to the Eighteenth-Century Edited by Paula R. Backscheider and English Novel and Culture Catherine Ingrassia 31. A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Edited by Rory McTurk Literature and Culture 32. A Companion to Tragedy Edited by Rebecca Bushnell 33. A Companion to Narrative Theory Edited by James Phelan and Peter J. Rabinowitz 34. A Companion to Science Fiction Edited by David Seed 35. A Companion to the Literatures of Colonial America Edited by Susan Castillo and Ivy T. Schweitzer 36. A Companion to Shakespeare and Performance Edited by Barbara Hodgdon and W. B. Worthen 37. A Companion to Mark Twain Edited by Peter Messent and Louis J. Budd 38. A Companion to European Romanticism Edited by Michael Ferber

3 A C O M P A N I O N T O EUROPEAN R OMANTICISM EDITED BY MICHAEL FERBER

4 ß 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization ß 2005 by Michael Ferber BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA , USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Michael Ferber to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to European romanticism / edited by Michael Ferber. p. cm. (Blackwell companions to literature and culture; 38) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Romanticism. I. Ferber, Michael. II. Series. PN603.C dc A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 11/13pt Garamond 3 by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:

5 Contents Introduction 1 Michael Ferber 1 On Pre-Romanticism or Sensibility: Defining Ambivalences 10 Inger S. B. Brodey 2 Shakespeare and European Romanticism 29 Heike Grundmann 3 Scottish Romanticism and Scotland in Romanticism 49 Fiona Stafford 4 Byron s Influence on European Romanticism 67 Peter Cochran 5 The Infinite Imagination: Early Romanticism in Germany 86 Susan Bernofsky 6 From Autonomous Subjects to Self-regulating Structures: Rationality and Development in German Idealism 101 Thomas Pfau 7 German Romantic Fiction 123 Roger Paulin 8 The Romantic Fairy Tale 138 Kari Lokke 9 German Romantic Drama 157 Frederick Burwick viii

6 vi Contents 10 Early French Romanticism 172 Fabienne Moore 11 The Poetry of Loss: Lamartine, Musset, and Nerval 192 Jonathan Strauss 12 Victor Hugo s Poetry 208 E. H. and A. M. Blackmore 13 French Romantic Drama 224 Barbara T. Cooper 14 Romantic Poetics in an Italian Context 238 Piero Garofalo 15 Ugo Foscolo and Giacomo Leopardi: Italy s Classical Romantics 256 Margaret Brose 16 Spanish Romanticism 276 Derek Flitter 17 Pushkin and Romanticism 293 Michael Basker 18 Lermontov: Romanticism on the Brink of Realism 309 Robert Reid 19 Adam Mickiewicz and the Shape of Polish Romanticism 326 Roman Koropeckyj 20 The Revival of the Ode 345 John Hamilton 21 Unfinish d Sentences : The Romantic Fragment 360 Elizabeth Wanning Harries 22 Romantic Irony 376 Jocelyne Kolb 23 Sacrality and the Aesthetic in the Early Nineteenth Century 393 Virgil Nemoianu 24 Nature 413 James C. McKusick 25 Romanticism and Capitalism 433 Robert Sayre and Michael Löwy 26 Napoleon and European Romanticism 450 Simon Bainbridge

7 Contents vii 27 Orientalism 467 Diego Saglia 28 A Continent of Corinnes: The Romantic Poetess and the Diffusion of Liberal Culture in Europe, Patrick Vincent 29 Lighting Up Night 505 Lilian R. Furst 30 Romantic Opera 522 Benjamin Walton 31 At Home with German Romantic Song 538 James Parsons 32 The Romantic System of the Arts 552 Michael Ferber Index 571

8 Simon Bainbridge is Professor of Romantic Studies at Lancaster University, UK, and author of the monographs Napoleon and English Romanticism (Cambridge University Press, 1995) and British Poetry and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Visions of Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2003). He has also published his work in journals such as Romanticism, Romanticism on the Net, and The Byron Journal. He is a past president of the British Association for Romantic Studies. Michael Basker is Reader in Russian and Head of Russian Studies at the University of Bristol. He has written widely on Russian poetry, particularly of the early twentieth century, and is currently a coeditor of the Russian Academy of Sciences 10-volume Complete Works of Nikolai Gumilev. Among his publications on Pushkin are an annotated edition of The Bronze Horseman (Bristol Classical Press, 2000), an Introduction and extensive notes to the revised Penguin Classics translation of Eugene Onegin (2003), and translations of some of Pushkin s critical and historical writing in The Complete Works of Alexander Pushkin (Milner, ). Susan Bernofsky, the author of Foreign Words: Translator-Authors in the Age of Goethe (2005), works on German Romanticism, Modernism, and translation history and theory. She has published articles on Friedrich Hölderlin, Walter Benjamin, Friedrich Schleiermacher, August Wilhelm Schlegel, and Robert Walser, and is currently at work on a book on Walser. E. H. and A. M. Blackmore have edited and translated 13 volumes of nineteenthcentury French literature. Their Selected Poems of Victor Hugo (University of Chicago Press) received the American Literary Translators Prize and the Modern Language Association Scaglione Prize for Literary Translation. Their other publications include literary criticism, psycholinguistics, and studies of grammatical awareness. Inger S. B. Brodey is an Assistant Professor in Comparative Literature and Adjunct Professor in Asian Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She has

9 ix published widely on Jane Austen, Laurence Sterne, Johann W. von Goethe, and Natsume Soseki, including Rediscovering Natsume Soseki (2000). A forthcoming work entitled Ruined by Design focuses on the history of the novel and the philosophy and aesthetics surrounding the culture of sensibility. Margaret Brose is currently Professor of Italian and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Santa Cruz, where she is also Director of the Italian Studies Program, and will be Director, University of California Education Abroad Programs in Italy, She previously taught at the University of Colorado and Yale University, and has been a Visiting Professor at Stanford University. She has written widely on all periods of Italian literature. In 2000 she was awarded the Modern Language Association Marraro-Scaglione Prize for the outstanding publication in Italian Literary Studies for her book, Leopardi sublime: la poetica della temporalità (1998). She is presently working on a book entitled The Body of Italy: Allegories of the Female Figure. Frederick Burwick has taught at UCLA since 1965, and during that time has also enjoyed eight years in visiting positions in Germany at the universities of Würzburg, Siegen, Göttingen, and Bamberg. He has lectured at the universities of Heidelberg, Cologne, Giessen, Leipzig, and Jena in Germany as well as Oxford and Cambridge in England. He is author and editor of 20 books and over a hundred articles and reviews, and his research is dedicated to problems of perception, illusion, and delusion in literary representation and theatrical performance. As a director, he has brought to the stage Friedrich Dürrenmatt s The Physicists (in 2000), Christian Dietrich Grabbe s Jest, Satire, Irony, and Deeper Meaning (in 2002), and many other plays of the Romantic era. Peter Cochran is the editor of the Newstead Abbey Byron Society Review. He has lectured on Byron in London, Oxford, Cambridge, Newstead, Glasgow, Liverpool, Versailles, Salzburg, Yerevan, and New York, and published numerous articles on the poet. He is author of the Byron entry in the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (1999), and of the entries on J. C. Hobhouse and E. J. Trelawny for the new Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). Barbara T. Cooper is Professor of French at the University of New Hampshire. She is a specialist in French drama of the first half of the nineteenth century and the works of Alexandre Dumas père. She has edited Dumas s The Three Musketeers (2004) and a volume of the Dictionary of Literary Biography on French Dramatists, (1998) and published numerous articles in professional journals and books. Michael Ferber is Professor of English and Humanities at the University of New Hampshire. He has written two books on William Blake, one on Percy Shelley, and A Dictionary of Literary Symbols (1999); most recently he has edited and partly translated an anthology of European Romantic Poetry (2005). Derek Flitter is Head of Hispanic Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK. He has published extensively on Spanish Romanticism and its relationship with other

10 x periods of literature and ideas, including Spanish Romantic Literary Theory and Criticism (Cambridge 1992), Teoría y crítica del romanticismo español (Cambridge 1995) and the jointly authored Don Álvaro et le drama romantique espagnol (Dijon 2003). His latest book, Spanish Romanticism and the Uses of History: Ideology and the Historical Imagination, is to appear in He contributed to the new Cambridge History of Spanish Literature and is completing the Romanticism volume for Palgrave s European Culture and Society series. Lilian R. Furst, Marcel Bataillon Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, is the author of Romanticism in Perspective (1969), Romanticism (1969), Counterparts (1977), The Contours of European Romanticism (1979), European Romanticism: Self-Definition (1980), and Fictions of Romantic Irony (1984). More recently she has worked on realism and on literature and medicine. Piero Garofalo is Assistant Professor of Italian at the University of New Hampshire. He has published extensively on Italian Romanticism including articles on Berchet, Leopardi, Manzoni, Niccolini, and Pellico. He is the coauthor of Ciak... si parla italiano: Cinema for Italian Conversation (2005) and coeditor of Re-Viewing Fascism: Italian Cinema, (2002). Heike Grundmann is a Lecturer in English and Comparative Literature at the University of Munich and has also taught at the University of Heidelberg. She has published a book on the hermeneutics of remembering and articles on Shakespeare, Coleridge, Kleist, and others. Her current research project deals with Fools, Clowns, and Madmen in Shakespeare s Plays. John Hamilton is Assistant Professor of German and Comparative Literature at Harvard University. He is the author of Soliciting Darkness: Pindar, Obscurity, and the Classical Tradition (2004). Elizabeth Wanning Harries teaches English and Comparative Literature at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where she is Helen and Laura Shedd Professor of Modern Languages. Her book The Unfinished Manner: Essays on the Fragment in the Later Eighteenth Century was published in 1994; a related article is Excited Ideas : Fragments, Description, and the Sublime, in Del Frammento, ed. Rosa Maria Losito (2000). Recently she has been writing about European fairy tales; her book Twice upon a Time: Women Writers and the History of the Fairy Tale came out in paperback in Jocelyne Kolb is a Professor of German Studies at Smith College. She has published on European Romanticism and literary revolution in the works of Goethe, Byron, Heine, and Hugo; on the relationship of music and literature in the works of Hoffmann, Heine, and Thomas Mann; and on literal and figurative constructions of Jewishness in Lessing, Heine, and Fontane. Roman Koropeckyj is an Associate Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at UCLA. He is the author of The Poetics of Revitalization: Adam Mickiewicz Between

11 xi Forefathers Eve, part 3 and Pan Tadeusz (2001) as well as articles on Polish and Ukrainian literatures. Kari Lokke is Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of California, Davis. She is the author of Gérard de Nerval: The Poet as Social Visionary (1987), Tracing Women s Romanticism: Gender, History and Transcendence (2004) and coeditor, with Adriana Craciun, of Rebellious Hearts: British Women Writers and the French Revolution (2001). Research and teaching interests include women poets of the Romantic era, Romantic aesthetics and historiography, and theories of myth. Michael Löwy has been Research Director in Sociology at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris, since 1978 and Lecturer at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, since His publications include Georg Lukàcs: From Romanticism to Bolshevism (1981), Redemption and Utopia: Libertarian Judaism in Central Europe (1992), On Changing the World: Essays in Political Philosophy, from Karl Marx to Walter Benjamin (1993), The War of Gods: Religion and Politics in Latin America (1996), Fatherland or Mother Earth? Essays on the National Question (1998), and Romanticism Against the Tide of Modernity with Robert Sayre (2001). James C. McKusick is Professor of English and Dean of the Davidson Honors College at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. His books include Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology (Palgrave, 2000), Literature and Nature: Four Centuries of Nature Writing, coedited with Bridget Keegan (Prentice-Hall, 2001), and Coleridge s Philosophy of Language (Yale University Press, 1986). He has also published more than 20 articles and over two dozen reviews in such journals as Eighteenth-Century Studies, English Literary History, European Romantic Review, Keats-Shelley Journal, Modern Philology, Nineteenth-Century Contexts, Romantic Circles, Studies in Romanticism, University of Toronto Quarterly, and The Wordsworth Circle. Fabienne Moore is Assistant Professor of French in the department of Romance Languages at the University of Oregon in Eugene. She received her PhD in Comparative Literature at New York University in She is completing her first book on The Dynamics of Prose and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century France. A History of Poëmes en Prose. Her next project, Chateaubriand s Lost Paradises, connects Chateaubriand s haunting theme of the Fall with his travels to the New World and the Orient to show how his descriptions and meditations anticipate today s postcolonial discourse. Virgil Nemoianu is William J. Byron Distinguished Professor of Literature and Ordinary Professor of Philosophy at the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. He has also taught at the Universities of California (Berkeley and San Diego), Bucharest (Romania), Cincinnati, and Amsterdam. His The Triumph of Imperfection, to be published by the end of 2005 by the University of South Carolina University Press, is a study of early nineteenth-century European literary and cultural discourses.

12 xii James Parsons is Professor of Music History at Missouri State University. He edited and contributed two essays to The Cambridge Companion to the Lied (2004). He has lectured in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany, and has published on the music of Mozart, Johann Friedrich Reichardt, Beethoven, Schubert, and Hanns Eisler for such publications as Beethoven Forum and the Journal of the American Musicological Society. He is currently working on a book-length study of twentieth-century German song for which he was awarded fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Fulbright Commission. Roger Paulin has been Schröder Professor of German at Cambridge since He is the author of Ludwig Tieck (1985), The Brief Compass: The Nineteenth-century German Novelle (1985), and The Critical Reception of Shakespeare in Germany (2003) Thomas Pfau is Eads Family Professor of English and Professor of German at Duke University. His publications include Idealism and the Endgame of Theory (1994), Wordsworth s Profession (1997), Lessons of Romanticism (1998), and Romantic Moods: Paranoia, Trauma, Melancholy, (2005). His essays have appeared in numerous collections and journals, including MLN, Journal of the History of Ideas, Studies in Romanticism, Romanticism, and New Literary History. At present he is embarking on a new project that explores the Romantic conception of Bildung as a matrix for the production of aesthetic forms and social knowledge across numerous nineteenthcentury disciplines (biology, instrumental music and musical aesthetics, the novel, speculative philosophy, and dialectical materialism) between 1780 and Robert Reid is Reader in Russian Studies at Keele University. His research centers on nineteenth-century Russian literature, particularly the Romantic period. His publications in this area include Problems of Russian Romanticism (Gower, 1986); Pushkin s Mozart and Salieri (Rodopi, 1995); Lermontov s A Hero of Our Time (Bristol Classical Press, 1997); and Two Hundred Years of Pushkin (Rodopi, 2003). Diego Saglia is Associate Professor of English Literature at the Università di Parma, Italy. His main research interest is British literature of the Romantic period, also in its connections with Continental Romanticisms, and especially such areas as exoticism, the culture of consumption and luxury, the Gothic, gender and women s verse, legitimate drama and historical tragedy, representations of war, and national ideologies. He is the author of Poetic Castles in Spain: British Romanticism and Figurations of Iberia (2000), and his articles on Romantic literature have appeared in ELH, Studies in Romanticism, Nineteenth-Century Literature, Notes and Queries, Comparative Literature Studies, Studies in the Novel, and the Keats-Shelley Journal. His latest publication is a book-length study of British Orientalism, I discorsi dell esotico: l oriente nel romanticismo britannico (2002). Robert Sayre is an American who lives and teaches in France at the University of Marne-la-Vallée. He has written on various topics in modern French, English, and American literatures, notably involving Romanticism. He is coauthor, with Michael

13 xiii Löwy, of Révolte et mélancolie: le romantisme à contre-courant de la modernité (1992), which has more recently appeared in a revised, augmented English translation: Romanticism Against the Tide of Modernity (2001). Fiona Stafford is a Reader in English at Somerville College, Oxford, who works on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature, and on the relationships between English, Scottish, and Irish writing. Her books include Starting Lines in Scottish, Irish and English Poetry, from Burns to Heaney (2000), The Last of the Race: The Growth of a Myth from Milton to Darwin (1994), and The Sublime Savage: James MacPherson and the Poems of Ossian (1988). Jonathan Strauss is Associate Professor and Chair of French and Italian at Miami University. He is the author of Subjects of Terror: Nerval, Hegel, and the Modern Self (1998) and numerous articles on subjects in French literature from the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. The editor of a special edition of Diacritics (Fall 2000) on attitudes toward death in nineteenth-century France, he is currently completing a book entitled Human Remains: An Essay on the Materiality of the Past. Patrick Vincent is Professor of English and American Literature at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He is the author of The Romantic Poetess: European Culture, Politics and Gender, (2004). Benjamin Walton is Lecturer in Music at the University of Bristol. Recent publications include articles in 19th-Century Music, the Cambridge Opera Journal, and a chapter for the Cambridge Companion to Rossini (2004). He is currently completing a book on music, politics, and society in Restoration France.