THE CONSTRUCTIONAL STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATION TO FORM IN LATE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_150 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed THE CONSTRUCTIONAL STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATION TO FORM IN LATE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE Waleed Khaled Yasser (Ph.D. Student), Faculty of Architecture, University of Technology, Iraq Dr. Abbas Ali Hamza Assistant Professor (Faculty Member) Faculty of Architecture, University of Technology, Iraq ABSTRACT The scientific and technological progress that we are witnessing today can be considered as two main pillars of the development of any society. This in turn has a clear impact on the development of architecture on both its theoretical and practical sides. Consequently, architectural design is influenced by this technological development. The architectural and structural designers began using the latest technologies in the design and implementation processes In order to reflect the architectural output, especially in the field of digitalization, which rely mainly on technology in all aspects of formality, construction and informatics. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the relationship between architectural form and constructional structure on the timeline, which can be determined from postmodern to the era of continuous digital revolution by shedding light on the nature of the relationship and its philosophy between form and structure, as well as knowledge of the sources of knowledge affecting their production and form. The research concluded by noting that the attention shifted from (making the form) to (finding form) by employing many digital generation techniques that varied their intellectual references and formal possibilities between non-euclidean and nonquantitative geometry, algorithmic and parametric numerical modeling, and genetic algorithm, which provided a rich repertoire of remittances that contributed to the concept of formal possibilities. Key words: Constructional structure, form, relationship type, architectural output, postmodern architecture, digital revolution, intellectual references, formal possibilities. Cite this Article: Waleed Khaled Yasser and Dr. Abbas Ali Hamza, The Constructional Structure and its Relation to form in Late Contemporary Architecture, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 The Constructional Structure and its Relation to form in Late Contemporary Architecture 1. INTRODUCTION The nature of the relationship between the constructional structure and the form or the architectural output, either be the product of architecture or be a part of it as the essence of it, as for abstract theoretical understanding, the role of constructional structure in the composition of architecture four directions: The first direction: The constructional structure is a means of producing architectural form. - - The second direction: one of the basic principles of architecture within the trilogy of utility and beauty. - The third direction: The constructional structure is a measure that depends on the relationship between man and architecture. Symbolic characteristics. - The fourth direction: The constructional structure is the basic function of construction. The constructional structure of a building is determined by an objective approach by the designer based on equations and mathematical relations, or the constructional structure is chosen in a subjective approach by the designer based on aesthetic facts inherent in the constructional structure. Sometimes the designer combines the two approaches in order to consider that the constructional structure has it carries structural, aesthetic, symbolic properties. The aesthetic characteristics of the constructional structure are accentuated by the use of the concept of pattern and the repetition of patterns of structural systems to generate new forms. The function will be accompanied by the pure operation of the building within the stability of the building (aesthetic function), the building is a pattern of balance between power and shape. 2. NEED FOR THE STUDY As a step toward gaining a better understanding the relationship between structure and shape or architectural output for an important period in the history of architecture. This gives the students the ability to analyze the buildings and to know the type of relationship between the structure and shape and the period of those buildings. On the other hand, this study provides students with the knowledge and ability to choose the type of relationship between structure and shape in the process of designing any building by adopting scientific principles and concepts that result in the election of a reasonable and clear architecture. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1-To know the constructional structure and form or architectural output, and the relationship between them. 2-To analyze the types of relations between structure and form and the most appropriate choice in architectural formation. 3-To learn students how can employ and coordinate the relationship between forms and structure in the process of design of buildings in studio. 4 To learn students how assess the strength and aesthetics and clarity of the relationship between structure and form in design studio. 4. METHODOLOGY As a first step to know the definition of constructional structure and the form of architecture in general as well as through architectural studies in this aspect. And then move towards the knowledge of the types of relations between the structure and form and the period of the editor@iaeme.com

3 Waleed Khaled Yasser and Dr. Abbas Ali Hamza architecture of modern and beyond, and on the other hand diagnosis the factors and principles that influenced the relationship between the form and structure, which led to the production of different types of architecture Concept of Constructional Structure The word "construction" means the act or method of building or manufacturing something, the word structure is a building or something constructed or made from a number of parts [1], in the architectural studies, it has moved to several directions. The first direction is concerned with its relation to architecture and considers it complementary to architecture. This came from the fact that architecture is an appearance and a essence, that the constructional structure considers essence[ 2], The second direction is that the structure is one of the three principles of architecture, according to Vitruvius[3], Or structure is considered a means of producing architectural form and at the same time affects human behavior[ 4], The third direction focused on the approach adopted to form the structure and determined by the method of objectivity or method of subjectivity or both together, as in the study of (Collins) on the objectivity side, because the constructional structure gives the characteristics of the building is true by proportionality and the human scale [ 5], It considers architecture to be the art of organizing spaces. The subjectivity aspect emphasizes that the sense of beauty is achieved only by the conscious desire to show the constructional structure explicit in pure and conscious forms that differ from the ordinary structure [6] Concept of Form Al-Mawrid dictionary indicates that the form is a means of conveying ideas because it is an expression of it, and comes in multiple forms, form, style or appearance, or is a homogeneous structure consisting of a group of elements aware of relations, so that they are appropriate to recognize the personal qualities of the mind that produces [7], or is the result of proper content to regulate space for the building [8]. As architectural studies point to the relationship between form and architecture, the shape represents the appearance of architecture that is related to its essence [9], or consider the form as a later product of the function [10]. The studies associated with the theoretical side of it confirmed that the form means clarity and beauty is far from ambiguity [11], the other point of view is that there is a link between the form and the structure, because they have a common properties so that each one needs the other [12] Philosophy of the Relationship between Form and Constructional Structure The relationship between the concept of form and the concept of structure can be determined to be interrelated with different types of relationship, thus indicating their relation to architecture [13], this relationship came in four patterns: - The first pattern - a compact relationship, descriptively. -The second pattern - the relationship of overlapping, within the dual appearance and essence -The third pattern - sequential relationship, considering that the structure is a means of producing architectural form. -The fourth pattern - overlap with other concepts, the most important meaning or utilitarian or story transfer information as in post - modern architecture. The relationship between the concept of form and the concept of structure in modern architecture, either represents the pattern of the integrated relationship, it is conspicuously visible but with other aspects of contribution, the form here directly reflects the pattern of the selected structural system, the expression of the form here is through direct response to the editor@iaeme.com

4 The Constructional Structure and its Relation to form in Late Contemporary Architecture requirements of the structure in addition to the functional requirements and structural materials, so we find the product express the openness, clarity, abstraction and simplicity. In terms of the pattern of interrelationship, they are not clear in the modern architecture because the form reflects the structure, this means that there is no separation between them as a form, depth or essence and appearance, which is represented by the pattern of the relationship between the form and the structure. In terms of the pattern of the sequential relationship, it is clear through the intellectual concept of the modern architecture "form follows function." The design mechanism depends on the rational method in the design process and on the orthogonal grid as well as the patterns of the structural systems to determine the form of production. As for the fourth type of relationship between the form and structure and based on other concepts, we note that the concept of meaning and the concept of beauty did not appear in the modern architecture with kind of patterns, but appeared in strict dry patterns rejecting tradition and symbolism and human representation, where beauty was associated with the machine in terms of strength and durability forms. As a result, the relationship between the concept of form and structure in the modern architecture focused on the pattern of the integrated relationship and the pattern of the sequential relationship, which in turn led to the emergence of the priority of the emergence of constructional structure as a determinant of the form, which tends to it modern architecture Constructional Structure in Postmodern Architecture The civil disintegration of the past and history, and the refusal of human representation metaphorical form of the machine on the one hand, and the lack of expression of the meaning associated with the abstract and pure forms of buildings of modern architecture, and their focus on the functional and technological context as sources of creating new forms specific to the requirements, function and structure, all of which led to the rejection of this architecture and the emergence of the so-called postmodern architecture. As a result, the relationship between the concept of form and the concept of constructional structure can be determined in postmodern architecture, this relationship appears to be of the type of interrelationship between a binary (appearance and essence), as well as the pattern of the sequential relationship through series with the effect of the form on the structure, and also the pattern of the interrelationship with other concepts like meaning, all of which led to the emergence of the priority of the emergence of the form as a determinant of constructional structure, which tends to it postmodern architecture. More recently, some studies, including Jencks study, were published in 1969 an article in 1969 entitled "Meaning and Architecture, the study pointed out that Robert Venturi is the first architect who made explicit use of the ideas of "citation" of historical forms in its structures [14]. As a critic, he is considered a major contributor to laying the theoretical foundations for the transition of architecture from modern to postmodernism stage. Robert Venturi stressed that architecture is an appearance and an essence that derived its meaning from its internal characteristics, its own environment and elements, as it is perceived as form, structure, texture and material [15]. The postmodern architecture began to expand its interests influenced by changes in other fields of knowledge, in other words, there has been a shift in architecture. These concepts have been reflected in changes in the products of the pioneers of architecture and their new intellectual orientation, which led to the emergence of diversity in the forms of buildings such as curves and forms of ceilings and walls and this reflects the diversity and multiplicity of constructional structures used in those buildings editor@iaeme.com

5 Waleed Khaled Yasser and Dr. Abbas Ali Hamza 4.5. Form and constructional structure in architecture under the science of complexity In the book "The Architecture of the Jumping Universe," Jencks points out the emergence of the theory of complexity, and asks about the change that occurs in architecture as opposed to universe processes, energy and sudden jumps, folds and waves as in figure (1). The book presents the basic ideas of complexity science and the presentation of many buildings based on these new language. Figure 1 Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, Jencks pointed Eisenman is one of the most prominent architects who have dealt with the origins of science since its early works in the late 1960s, which focused on Chomsky's theory of deep structure, as well as on biological code DNA of the Center for Biological Sciences in Frankfurt, as figure (2). Figure 2 Bio center for the University of Frankfurt (1987), Germany Jencks said the Chaos concept is related to the change in science and technology. He believes that creative work must mediate between the absolute simplicity of the system and the extreme complexity of chaos [16]. This gives the product its creative artistic quality, which translates into a new, to various and varied readings. They may be random but creative. Jencks also defined the concept of organizational depth as transforming the deep structure of the building to the surface and that the overall architecture gained richness from its editor@iaeme.com

6 The Constructional Structure and its Relation to form in Late Contemporary Architecture organizational depth rather than the plurality of its parts. He also pointed out that the evaluation of any work of art or the product of architecture must know the simplicity or complexity of the form in it, as noted in the description of the project (Pompidou Center) emerged the property of the organizational depth at the level of all by showing the structural structure in an explicit way to the surface to glorify construction technology, at the level of the segment, self-analogy has emerged. Some of the human simulations, where the supports that lift the outer structure and the protrusions from the main columns, are in turn overlapping with the slender columns and with the steel intersections, as in figure(3). Figure 3 Pompidou Center, Paris, France ( ) 4.6. The relationship of form and constructional structure in the resulting architecture by digitization The digital revolution and globalization produced thought and philosophy, now called digital forms, which have spread widely in various fields, It is also possible to explain the inclusion of the thought and philosophy of digital forms within the concept of modern plastic theories, which respond to the requirements of this era with all the trends and theories renewed [17], where architecture in the era of the dominance of digital techniques is the building forms free, which adopt in their models or products intellectual references based on the science of complexity and non-linear and folding concept, and their formal possibilities between non- Euclidean geometry and quantity, numerical modeling algorithm and parametric, genetic algorithms [18]. The result is that it has provided a rich repertoire of remittances that have contributed to the so-called "formal possibilities", and on the other hand seeks to bring about convergence between the production of cyberspace and the systems and natural forms within the "digital membership", which depends on the simulated side of the natural systems in the generation of forms, relying on the use of the potential of automation and artificial intelligence [19]. Oxman identified the digital form at the level of cognitive knowledge references, four main concepts [20], as in figure (4): editor@iaeme.com

7 Waleed Khaled Yasser and Dr. Abbas Ali Hamza Free Form Morphology Parameter Performance Figure 4 Cognitive knowledge references of digital form The concept of "free form" refers to the relationship between the theoretical positions of architecture with respect to the form and "formal possibilities" of the new production capabilities within the non-standard architecture, through mass customization. "Morphology" explains the "complexity" of the process of evolution and growth of the form through "modeling the processes of natural form generation" as it is associated with the method of "form and" self-regulation "in nature and simulated. "Parametric" refers to an influential concept in the process of computer design and a distinctive property of architecture in the digital age, which contributes to the exploration of theological variations and transformations. Performance is linked to the "performance-based design" approach, indicating the ability to act according to the physical properties of a particular design, and confirming the transition from "analytical simulations for evaluation to simulations for installation and generation", performance design approaches are driven by th numerical output of the formula as a measure of proper performance, and as a result, performance design strategies with close affinity for biological engineering appear due to similarity in design thinking [21]. It can be pointed out that the concept of form in architecture by digitization has a role of importance and dominance, as result, the form is considered as determinant to the constructional structure. In order to determine the relation between the concept of form and the structure in architecture resulting from the digitalization and through the four specific patterns of this relationship. In the pattern of the integrated relationship between the concept of form and the concept of structure in the architecture of the age of digitalism, it is clear, but not as we found it in the modern architecture, in which the form reflected and defined the structure. In the pattern of the interrelationship between the concept of form and the concept of constructional structure represented in essence and appearance, it is also evident in many of the products of architecture in the digital age as a result of the use of high techniques based on complex calculations of constructional structures that are sometimes detached from the shape of the exterior. As for the pattern of sequential relationship between the concept of form and the concept of structure, it is clear as a result of the use of multiple strategies to produce one of its characteristics of contradiction and complexity, as well as its clarity in the diversity of mass customization. With regard to the fourth type of relationship, which is determined by the nature of the concepts that are intertwined between the concept of form and the concept of structure, it editor@iaeme.com

8 The Constructional Structure and its Relation to form in Late Contemporary Architecture clearly highlights the concept of nature simulations and the concept of complexity and non- Euclidean geometry in the products of this architecture. The high technologies, the multiplicity of intellectual references, the diversity and the high flexibility that characterize architecture in the digital age make it comprehensive in its formations and outputs for all patterns of relation between the concept of form and the concept of constructional structure, but took a new approach in shifting "form making" to "finding form" Digital generation techniques that varied their intellectual references and formal possibilities. 5. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND ECOLOGY MORPHING In the last decade of the last century, the world has paid particular attention and attention to ecological aspects, the concept of ecology means the science of relationships between organisms and the physical environment, or the surrounding environment, whereby materials and energy exchange the ecosystem. Morphing means the study of the shape and build of the structure, which is one of the branches of biology that deals with the form of the animal and the plant (the shape of the object or its parts), or the science of morphological transformations, the study of the appearance, shape and structure of the organism based on external characteristics [22]. The definition in the field of architecture: it is the construction of formal patterns generated and modified by the adoption of digital technology borrowed from natural and unnatural forms, a hybrid bearing the features of the formal reference in their production. The ecological design takes into consideration the environmental and climatic characteristics and the natural boundaries of the project site and its impact on the design system and its work, rather than focusing solely on the building in isolation from the biosphere. The ecological design aims to achieve a symbiotic relationship between the plant system and the ecosystem, Ecological system surrounds the designer and as a natural part of the continuity of its architecture. The propositions also pointed out how to deal with nature and through the metaphorical shapes, models, conical, circular, cylindrical and spherical structures with high stability and the tendency of formal formations to be free from engineering towards membership, flow and dynamism achieved for self-adaptation and simulation of the shapes of living creatures with high efficiency and metaphorical formations to support the composition of structure, harmonize the form with the outer context and integrate it with it, and simulate the shape of the topography of the site and try to dissolve the formal boundaries with the natural and the formal mix between engineering and organic in nature[23]. The hypotheses also included the use of the genetic algorithm in the architectural formations through the adoption of computer simulations, and the development of a model of a virtual digital environment representing populations of virtual flora and fauna. The concept of the genetic algorithm, which refers to the relationship between the virtual genes and the virtual physical properties it produces to produce new and non- Expected and exciting [24]. 6. CONCLUSIONS 1- The relationship between the form and the structure in architecture came in four patterns: compact, overlapping, sequential relationship and overlap with other concepts. 2- Modern architecture tends to constructional structure as a determinant of the form, but postmodern architecture tends to the form as determinant of the structure. 3- Postmodern architecture was expand its interests influenced by changes in other fields of knowledge, which led to the emergence of diversity in the forms of buildings editor@iaeme.com

9 Waleed Khaled Yasser and Dr. Abbas Ali Hamza 4- The digital form at the level of cognitive knowledge references had taken four main concepts: free form, morphology, parameter and performance. 5- Form in architecture in digital age is considered as determinant to the constructional structure. 6- Digital generation techniques is took a new approach which presents shifting "form making" to "finding form" which depends on varied their intellectual references and formal possibilities. 7- Ecology Morphing in architecture mean: the construction of formal patterns generated and modified by the adoption of digital technology borrowed from natural and unnatural forms. REFERENCES [1] Oxford dictionary word power, English -English- Arabic. pp159, 745, Eighth impression, Oxford University Press [2] Cowan, H., "Science & Building", pp5, John Wiley &Sons Inc. New York, [3] Huxtable, Ada Louise, " Pier Luigi Nervi ", pp11, George Braziller Inc.,New York,1960. [4] Wilson, Forrest, " Structure: The Essence of Architecture ", pp 88, Studio Vista Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, [5] Collins, Peter " August Perret 's" Edited in the Rationalist, pp 19,The Architectural Press, London,1978 [6] Angerer, Fred, " Surface Structure in Building ", pp 101, Alec Tiranti Ltd, London, 1961 [7] Al- Baalabaki, Muner, "Al- Mawrid, A Modern English Arabic Dictionary", pp394, Dar El-Elm Lil-Malayen,2004 [8] Thwainy, Ali, Lexicon of Muslims Architecture, term (Architecture), pp339, Al-Hikma publishing house, Baghdad, [9] Schumacher, Thomas L., " Form Abstraction to Symbolism and Back Again in : Autonomous Architecture", Harvard Architectural Review, December,1984. [10] Irfan, Sami, " 20th Century Building", Part 4,pp622, Al-Nafie For Printing & Publishing, Cairo, Egypt,1978. [11] Le-Corbusier," Towards a New Architecture", pp26, The Architectural Press Ltd., London, 1927 [12] Al-Saeed, Qusay Ibrahim "Form and Structure, and Structural Elements, Mathematical Analytical Study ", Master Thesis, Department of Architecture, University of Technology, [13] Khafaji, Ali Mohsen," Structural structure and meaning in architectural form", pp22, Master of Science, University of Technology-Baghdad. [14] Jencks, Charles,"The Architecture of The Jumping Universe", pp20-53,, translated by Rana Subhi Naser, review Subhi Husain, Alaa Al-Deen for translate and publishing, Damascus, Syria,1997. [15] Venturi Robert, "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture", pp41, translated by Suad Abd Ali, review Ihsan Fathi, House of Public Cultural Affairs, Baghdad, [16] Al-Sultani, Khalid, "The Action of Architecture and Its Text, Reading in Modern Architecture and beyond", pp305, Al-Mada Organization for Media and Arts, Baghdad. [17] Rashid, Alia Ahmed Mahmoud,"The intellectual and formal data of digital architecture and sustainability", pp 70, PhD thesis, University of Baghdad (2014) editor@iaeme.com

10 The Constructional Structure and its Relation to form in Late Contemporary Architecture [18] Kolarevic,Branko, " Architecture in the Digital Age Design and Manufacturing", pp18-30 Taylor & Francis, New York and London, (2003). [19] Abel, Chris "Architecture, Technology and Process, pp 75-78, Architectural Press, [20] Oxman, Rivka, " Digital Tectonics as morphogenetic Process", Proceeding the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structure (IASS), Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Spain,2009. [21] Kotnik, Toni, "Digital Architectural Design as Exploration of Computable Functions", international journal of architectural computing, (issue 01, volume 08), [22] Merriam-Webster Dictionary: (http: // com/dictionary/morphology). [23] Akram, J. Mohammed," The Impact of Digital Technology on Biological Formations in Local Architecture", Emirates Journal of Engineering Research, issue01, volume 15,2010. [24] Delande, Mayuel, "Designing for A Digital World": Digital Culture, edited by Neil Leach, pp (2002) AUTHOR S DETAILS editor@iaeme.com