Sexual Selection I. A broad overview
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1 Sexual Selection I A broad overview
2 Charles Darwin with his son William Erasmus in 1842
3 Emma Darwin in 1840
4 A section of Darwin s notes on marriage, 1838.
5 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
6 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
7 Examples of problematic phenomena for the theory of Natural Selection Peacocks tails Blackbird song Antlers in deer Sexual dimorphism in many species Mating display of Great Crested Grebe
8 Examples of problematic phenomena for the theory of Natural Selection Peacocks tails (technically trains) Blackbird song Antlers in deer Sexual dimorphism in many species Mating display of Great Crested Grebe
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15 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
16 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
17 Darwin (1871, p256): We are, however, here concerned only with that kind of selection, which I have called sexual selection. This depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction.
18 In relation to reproduction... Being more noticed by, more attractive to, or more persuasive towards the opposite sex, and so gaining a mating advantage Inter-sexual selection, female choice Out-competing other members of the same sex in contests whose outcome determines mating success Intra-sexual selection, male competition
19 Darwin s criteria Age: juvenile vs adult Sex: male vs female Season: breeding season vs year-round Use: specially displayed during mating?
20 Why does advantage in reproduction lead to exaggeration? Disproportionate gains chooser makes an all or nothing choice however small the difference is all choosers may make the same choice Our similarity to targets of propaganda any preference rule can be exploited sensory systems have limitations
21 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection
22 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Showy, elaborate
23 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Solves a problem Showy, elaborate Impresses an audience
24 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Solves a problem Sensible Showy, elaborate Impresses an audience Whimsical
25 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Solves a problem Sensible Economical Showy, elaborate Impresses an audience Whimsical Wasteful
26 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Solves a problem Sensible Economical Fixed Showy, elaborate Impresses an audience Whimsical Wasteful Changeable
27 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Solves a problem Sensible Economical Fixed Constructive Showy, elaborate Impresses an audience Whimsical Wasteful Changeable Destructive
28 Natural Selection vs Sexual Selection Utilitarian, functional Solves a problem Sensible Economical Fixed Constructive Dull Showy, elaborate Impresses an audience Whimsical Wasteful Changeable Destructive Exciting
29 Darwin (1871, p256): We are, however, here concerned only with that kind of selection, which I have called sexual selection. This depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction.
30 Human traits possibly related to sexual selection Racial differences skin colour hair colour and texture Gender differences physical psychological Analogy to fashion in clothes and personal styles
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32 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
33 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
34 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
35 Kinds of modern work (with one example) Field empirical Møller on barn swallows Experimental Gerhardt on tree frogs Comparative method Eberhard on reproductive anatomy Concepts / Mathematical modelling Lande on runaway processes
36 Modern topics Fireflies Bird coloration Anatomy of reproductive organs Sperm competition Pollen competition Disease resistance
37 Modern topics Fireflies Bird coloration Anatomy of reproductive organs Sperm competition Pollen competition Disease resistance and more, discussed by Marian Dawkins later in the course
38 Modern topics Fireflies Bird coloration Anatomy of reproductive organs Sperm competition Pollen competition Disease resistance and more, discussed by Marian Dawkins later in the course
39 Eberhard (1985)
40 Population level effects... include polygamy, polyandry, leks and ruts are discussed further later in the course
41 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
42 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
43 Modern study of sexual selection focusses mainly on preferences, treats preferences as adaptive, looks for a selective advantage to preference, and there are several possibilities.
44 Females might choose non-adaptively: because of sensory bias, species recognition. adaptively directly: for reasons of fertilisation ability, fecundity, nutrition, parental ability, territory quality, avoiding venereal disease, social status of offspring adaptively through good genes: because of inherited attractiveness of sons, or heritable disease resistance, or more generally heritable quality.
45 Some formal ideas Fisher s runaway model Lande s model Measuring Sexual Selection: Lande/Wade/Arnold Hamilton/Zuk Handicaps & Signalling
46 Andersson (1994)
47 Literature C. Darwin (1871) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Republished in 1981 by Princeton University Press. Extracts in M.Ridley (1987) The Essential Darwin. Unwin Hyman. M. Andersson (1994) Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press.
48 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
49 Lecture Outline Darwin and his addition to Natural Selection Difficulties with Natural Selection Definition and idea Humans Modern Study of Sexual Selection Types of study Focus on advantages to mate choice
50 In summary, Darwin invented sexual selection to accommodate certain kinds of facts within his scheme, partly as a defence against non-biological theories He established there was female choice but said little about why We now assume selection is at work, and want to know why there is choice
Sexual Selection I. A broad overview
Sexual Selection I A broad overview [picture omitted for copyright reasons] Charles Darwin with his son William Erasmus in 1842 [picture omitted for copyright reasons] Emma Darwin in 1840 [picture omitted
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